Torge Geodesy
Wolfgang Torge Geodesy Second Edition W DE G Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York 1991
Author Wolfgang Torge, Univ. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institut für Erdmessung Universität Hannover Nienburger Strasse 6 D-3000 Hannover 1, Germany ISBN 3-11-007232-7 1st edition 1980, translated from the German by Christopher Jekeli, M.Sc. Translation of the 2nd edition revised by Prof.Dr.-Ing. Delf Egge This book contains 137 figures and 4 tables. Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Torge, Wolfgang. [Geodäsie. German] Geodesy / Wolfgang Torge. 2nd ed. p. cm. Translation of: Geodäsie. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89925-680-5 1. Geodesy. I. Title. QB281.T5815 1991 91-22158 526'. 1 dc20 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloging-in-Publication Data Torge, Wolfgang: Geodesy / by Wolfgang Torge. Transl. from the German by Christopher Jekeli. 2. ed. Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter, 1991 Dt. Ausg. u.d.t.: Torge, Wolfgang: Geodäsie ISBN 3-11-012408-4 Copyright 1991 by Walter de Gruyter & Co., D-1000 Berlin 30. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The use of registered names, trade names, trade marks, etc. in this book, even without a specific statement, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this book is believed to be true and accurate at the date of its going to press, neither the author nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed in Germany Typesetting: Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd., Hong Kong / Printing: Ratzlow-Druck, Berlin Binding: Dieter Mikolai, Berlin / Cover design: Rudolf Hübler, Berlin
Preface to the Second Edition Since the first edition of this book was published about ten years ago, geodesy has experienced a remarkable development. This is mainly due to the continued progress in space technology leading to significant improvements in geodetic control surveying and gravity field modeling. Most remarkable is the fact that, for the first time in history, large-scale movements of tectonic plates have been derived from a global network. But also small-scale applications of space-techniques deserve mentioning, e.g. for monitoring recent crustal movements in areas of high geodynamic activity or for establishing geodetic control in engineering projects. Here, space techniques are frequently combined with refined terrestrial techniques. Changes in data acquisition systems and the still ongoing increase in computing power have triggered the development of more sophisticated data reduction and evaluation methods and have also led to refinements in theory. As a consequence, this second edition has been thoroughly revised and, in parts, has been extended. The basic subdivision into six main chapters has been retained; however, some reorganization and supplements were appropriate in the parts referring to satellite geodesy, combined evaluation methods, and geodetic control. In order to represent the contents of the modified material more clearly, the headings of chapters 5 and 6 have been renamed to "Evaluation Methods, Global Geodesy" and "Geodetic Networks", respectively. Further updating refers to topics such as the International Earth Rotation Service, free-fall gravimeters, satellite laser ranging, the Navstar Global Positioning System, remove-restore methods for gravity field determination, earth models, geodynamic applications, and large-scale geodetic networks. Si-units are now used throughout the book. Historical notes, examples, and more detailed explanations have been set in smaller types. The reference list was expanded, 50% of which now consists of new entries. During the past decade the interdisciplinary aspects of geodesy also received a remarkable strengthening. This refers to the geosciences, particularly to solid earth geophysics, oceanography and geology, and to astronomy, being one important root of geodesy. Interrelations to surveying engineering and terrestrial and space navigation also became stronger, which is mainly due to the efficiency of space-based methods. The main purpose of this second edition is again to serve as an introductory textbook for students of geodesy, geophysics, and surveying engineering. However, the book should also be a valuable reference for geoscientists and engineers facing geodetic problems in their professional tasks. The contents of this book are partly based on courses given at the University of Hannover. The author is indebted to individuals and organizations for providing illustrations. He thanks Prof. D. Egge for checking the new English text passages. The help of the staff at the Institut für Erdmessung, Universität Hannover, is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, the long-standing good cooperation with the publisher continued during the preparation of this book. Hannover, May 1991 Wolfgang Torge
Preface to the First Edition This book is oriented in the first place toward graduate students whose areas of study include geodesy and surveying (also photogrammetry and cartography). To supplement the various specialized lectures, it is meant to provide a systematic overview of reference systems, and of the collection and processing of data in both global geodesy and geodetic surveying; in addition, it can serve as a text for reference. To the land surveyor who in his profession is often concerned only marginally with the problems that are treated here, this text offers a review of the rapid development which geodesy has experienced in the last two decades. For this reason, the more recent results and new, promising developments have also been presented. Particular importance has been attached to the representation of temporal variations in the reference systems, the earth's surface, and the gravity field. In the future, geodesy will be engaged much more strongly in considering and investigating this area of geodynamics. Throughout, it has been attempted to view geodesy as a discipline of the geosciences which particularly in recent times have found themselves in closer association. The presentation can therefore provide the geoscientists in neighboring fields with insights to the problems and methods of geodesy. The present text is the English translation of the book "Geodäsie", which in the German language appeared in 1975, as published by Walter de Gruyter, Berlin-New York. A thorough revision was undertaken on the occasion of the translation. The latest theoretical and technological developments could thereby be taken into consideration, while it also enabled the inclusion of new global and regional results. Extensions and supplements were incorporated pertaining to such areas as marine geodesy, satellite geodesy, as well as lunar and planetary geodesy. The bibliography has been brought up to date and expanded considerably by adding to the German literature an increased number of references in the English language. Wolfgang Torge, 1980