Basic human requirements Core Temperature 37 0 C 36 0 C 34 0 C 32 0 C 31 0 C 28 0 C Room Temperature 0 o C 20 o C 35 o C
Energy [kw/(m² μm)] 2.0-1.5 - Black body at 800 K Solar radiation at atmosphere s boundaries 1.0 - Solar radiation at sea level Clear sky, sun at 30 above the horizon 0.5 - UV visible IR 0-0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Wavelength [μm]
Ground Reflection 5% Cloud Reflection 20%+ Atmospheric Absorption & Scattering 25%
Earth s orbit seasons Equinox March 22 Winter solstice Dec 21 Summer solstice June 21 Equinox Sept 21
Solar course Earth s orbit seasons latitude and elevation s impact 1400 1200 1000 800 600 1385 [W/m2] Height above sea level 0 m 500 m 3000 m 400 2500 200 [kwh/m2 an] yr] 2000 1500 1000 500 Dakar Cairo Alger Lisbon Carpentras Rom e Hambourg Paris Helsinki 0 0 102030405060708090 η [ ] 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Latitude du lieu
Parameters in incoming radiation Earth s orbit seasons latitude and elevation s impact earth s inertia 90 o h Average outside temperature T o C 20 o 60 o 30 o Solar elevation 10 o 0 o 57 o F 41 o F a 16 F difference for the same solar elevation 0 o 21 juin 23 sept 22 dec 21 mars 21 juin Critical for solar protections
Earth s orbit seasons day
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential N h Z elevation η azimuth φ latitude L declination δ δ solar time H solar N' N η noon = 90 - L + δ Equatorial Plane Zenith Latitude Elevation Azimuth S'
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection Latitude: 49 o 10 h 9 h 8 h 7 h 6 h 5 h N 11 h 12 h F EG DH CI BJ AK L S 13 h 14 h 15 h 16 h 17 h 18 h 19 h 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 N E Sun h a S W 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 N
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection Sun Zenith Nadir
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection N 21 Juin 23 Sept. - 21 Mar 21 Dec. Solar radiation 15 o 0 o 345 o 47 o N 330 o 30 o 315 o 45 o 300 o 60 o Jan 75 o May 26 21 6 Jul 285 o 18 21 270 o 90 o April 14 10 o 20 o 30 o 40 o 50 o 60 o 70 o 80 o +90 o 8 16 31 Aug 10 21 14 105 o 12 Sep Mars 23 Feb 26 Oct 17 255 o 120 o Jan 16 Nov 27 240 o 135 o Dec 21 225 o 150 o 210 o 165 o 180 o 195 o Images by MIT OCW.
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection 10 11 12 13 14 15 9 16 8 17 90 o S 75 o A 60 o J 7 6 120 o 105 o D N O 135 o 150o 165o 180 o 195 o 210 o 225 o 19 240 o J F 255 o M 270 o A M 285 o J 300 o 18 45 o 315 o 30 o 330 o 15 o N 345 o
2 2 180 Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection A D 5' 10' 15' 20' 25' Site plan Solar radiation C tan E = y/x B E y 20' A 36' 60 120 12060 30 150 0 1 1 + 0 180 30 150 10 o 40 150 20 o Jul 21/May 21 Jun 21 30 o 40 o 60 120 Aug 21/Apr 21 50 o 5 7 8 7 60 o 6 6 6 6 Sept 21/Mar21 70 o 7 5 80 o 7 5 E 8 4 8 4 W 9 3 9 3 10 10 11 11 Oct 21/Feb 21 Nov 21/Jan 21 Dec 21 15030 Dec 21 120 60 Oct 21/Feb 21 Nov 21/Jan 21 w ESep 21/ Mar 21 Jul 21/ May 21 Jul 21/ May 21 June 21 +
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection Horizontal sun protections stereographic projection 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 40 50 50 60 40 60 70 80 50 60 70 80 70 80 90 90
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential cylindrical projection stereographic projection Vertical sun protections 60 70 80 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 90
Apparent movement of the sun lococentric (local) referential 330 340 350 N 10 20 30 cylindrical projection stereographic projection Combined protection 280 W 290 260 300 D C B 310 320 F E 18 16 14 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 12 10 8 40 50 F G 60 6 H J I 70 80 E 100 250 110 240 A 230 220 3 L 140 130 120 + 210 150 200 190 - S 170 160
Daylight
Daylight Sky type Clear Milky-white Partly cloudy Whitish Light grey Dark grey Dark Sun Shiny Clear Partly veiled Veiled Still visible Barely visible Invisible Global radiation [W/m 2 ] 800 to 900 600 to 800 300 to 700 250 to 400 200 to 300 100 to 200 20 to 100 Diffuse component 10 to 20% 20 to 40% 20 to 50% 40 to 80% 50 to 100% 75 to 100% 100%
Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force North Pole E W Subpolar low-pressure belt L L H L W High pressure Low pressure High pressure Subtropical high-pressure belt H H L H Wind flow from high to low pressure zones Intratropical convergences Subtropical high-pressure belt H H H E E Tropopause Subpolar low-pressure belt L L L W Polar high H E South Pole Prevailing westerlies Cold front Warm front Convergence W = Westerly winds E = Easterly winds Warm wind Cold wind H = High pressure L = Low pressure Images by MIT OCW.
Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water
Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water Mountains Rain Shadow San Francisco 190 miles Precipitation: Temperature: 19 Inches 46o F January 64o F July Reno 210 miles 7 Inches 20o F January 91o F July
Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water Mountains Friction Altitude (m) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 50% 100% 75% Percentage of Gradient Wind Velocity 100% 75% 50% 75% 50% 100% 1600 1200 800 400 00 Altitude (ft) Effect of terrain on wind velocity profiles
Climate Atmospheric phenomena (global climate) Wind flows and Coriolis force Water Mountains Friction Greenhouse effect CO 2 concentration in ppm 360 320 280 240 200 160 1992 1750 Temperature in o C 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1992 1750 160 120 80 40 Millennia ago.
Human needs and outside environment Reading assignment from Textbook: Introduction to Architectural Science by Szokolay: 1.3 Additional readings relevant to lecture topics: "How Buildings Work" by Allen: Chap 1 "Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: 5.1-5.6 + 6.1-6.13 Sun Wind Light by Brown & DeKay: 1-6 in Chap 1A