RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS IN CANADA

RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS IN CANADA EDUCATION GUIDE A prjct f

Cvr: Map f rsidtial schls i Caada (curtsy f Natial Ctr fr Truth ad Rcciliati, Uivrsity f Maitba). Thmas Mr, Rgia Idia Idustrial Schl, c. 1874 (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada/NL-022474). Wh th schl is th rsrv th child livs with its parts, wh ar savags; h is surrudd by savags, ad thugh h may lar t rad ad writ his habits, ad traiig ad md f thught ar Idia. H is simply a savag wh ca rad ad writ. It has b strgly prssd myslf, as th had f th Dpartmt, that th Idia childr shuld b withdraw as much as pssibl frm th partal ifluc, ad th ly way t d that wuld b t put thm i ctral traiig idustrial schls whr thy will acquir th habits ad mds f thught f whit m. Prim Miistr Sir Jh A. Macdald, Official rprt f th dbats f th Hus f Cmms f th Dmii f Caada, 9 May 1883, 1107 1108 Tabl f Ctts Itrducti: Rsidtial Schls 2 Itrducti: rsidtial schls Mssag t Tachrs 3 Th Lgacy f Idia Rsidtial Schls 4 Rsidtial schls wr gvrmt-spsrd rligius schls stablishd t assimilat Idigus childr it Eur-Caadia scity. Succssiv Caadia gvrmts usd lgislati t strip Idigus ppls f basic huma ad lgal rights, digity ad itgrity, ad t gai ctrl vr th ppls, thir lads ad atural rights ad rsurcs. Th Idia Act, first itrducd i 1876, gav th Caadia gvrmt lics t ctrl almst vry aspct f Idigus ppls livs. Th Act rquird childr t attd rsidtial schls, th majrity f which pratd aftr 1880. Timli 5 Histrical Sigificac: Timli Activity 8 Aalyzig Histrical Phtgraphs 9 Udrstadig Rsidtial Schls 9 Th Oral Traditi 10 Udrstadig th Trm Cultural Gcid 10 A Timli fr Rcciliati 10 What Happd t Rsidtial Schls? 11 Ethical Dimsis: Cratig a Musum Exhibit 12 Rsidtial schls wr rigially cratd by Christia churchs ad th Caadia gvrmt. Th gals f ths schls wr t civiliz Idigus ppls by frcibly cvrtig thm t Christiaity, ad t itgrat thm it Caadia scity thrugh a prcss f cultural, scial, ducatial, cmic ad plitical assimilati. Rsidtial schls wr udrfudd ad vrcrwdd; thy wr rif with starvati, glct, ad physical, mtial, ad sxual abus, ft icludig islati frm rmal huma ctact ad urturig. Studts wr frcibly rmvd frm thir cmmuitis, hms ad parts, ad frqutly frbidd t spak thir Idigus laguag ad prfrm traditial music ad dac. Hwvr, th xpric f Survivrs varid dramatically frm schl t schl. Rsidtial schls causd immasurabl damag, disruptig livs, disturbig halthy cmmuitis ad causig lg-trm prblms. Th lgacy f th schls has b t aliat gratis f Idigus ppls frm thir blifs, traditis ad lifstyls. Th damags iflictd by ths schls cratd itrgratial trauma that ctius t affct Idigus ppls acrss Caada tday. A stimatd 6,000 childr did whil i th rsidtial schl systm, ad may mr rmai uaccutd fr. Oft, fficials rfusd t sd th bdis f dad childr back t thir parts, claimig th cst was t high. May childr wr burid i gravs with multipl bdis. Accrdig t th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi f Caada, apprximatly 150,000 First Natis, Iuit, ad Métis childr attdd rsidtial schls. This Educati Guid aims t rais awarss f this chaptr i Caada s histry ad icras udrstadig f th imprtat rl ducati plays i th rcciliati prcss. As th Excutiv Summary f th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi f Caada ts, Schls must tach histry i ways that fstr mutual rspct, mpathy, ad gagmt. All Caadia childr ad yuth dsrv t kw Caada s hst histry, icludig what happd i th rsidtial schls, ad t apprciat th rich histry ad kwldg f Idigus atis wh ctiu t mak such a strg ctributi t Caada, icludig ur vry am ad cllctiv idtity as a cutry. Fr Caadias frm all walks f lif, rcciliati ffrs a w way f livig tgthr. Hurig th Truth, Rccilig fr th Futur, Summary f th Fial Rprt f th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi f Caada, 21. 2 Nus with a grup f studts i Qubc, c. 1890. (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada / H.J. Wdsid / Library ad Archivs Caada / PA-123707).

Classrm at All Saits Idia Rsidtial Schl, Lac La Rg, Saskatchwa, March 1945 (curtsy f Natial Film Bard f Caada / Bud Gluz / PA-134110). First Natis ppls i Caada wr iitially calld Idias by clial Eurpas. W lgr us this trm t dscrib First Natis, thugh it is still i us as a lgal dfiiti. Idia rsidtial schls is similarly a histric trm, usd by th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi f Caada, as wll as by this Guid. Abrigial, cvrsly, is a umbrlla trm that icluds status ad -status First Natis, Métis, ad Iuit ppls. Abrigial ad Idigus ar usd itrchagably, ad sic th prfrrd trm is Idigus, w hav primarily usd that thrughut this Educati Guid. Rsidtial schl studts at Frt Grg cmtry, Québc, Nvmbr 3, 1946 (public dmai/hadut/truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi). Thr is a wrld f diffrc btw big a Idia ad big Aishiab. A Idia is a crati f th Eurpa imagiati ad is lgally iscribd us by th fdral gvrmt. Thr wr Idias i ur trritris prir t Eurpa arrival. I fact, thr ar ly Idias i ctmprary trms if th fdral gvrmt is allwd t tak ctrl f Idigus idtitis. Jh Brrws, Caada s Idigus Cstituti, 415 MESSAGE TO TEACHERS Fr this st f larig tls, yu will d t cduct sm rsarch ad lad discussis arud th histry ad lgacy f Caada s Idia rsidtial schls. This is a pprtuity fr studts t dvlp thir iquiry skills t hlp thm udrstad th rass fr th actis, blifs ad dcisis that mtivatd th crati ad maitac f this systm fr mr tha a ctury. It is vry imprtat t udrstad th difficult atur f th tpic, ad th mtial impact it might hav sm studts. Th tpic shuld b brachd with cmpassi, ad it must b xamid with attti t studts rspss. Th classrm climat shuld curag studts t rlat t athr i psitiv, rspctful ad supprtiv ways. Establish grud ruls fr class discussis that dmstrat rspct fr privacy, divrsity, ad th xprssi f diffrig viwpits. Shuld ay ccrs aris, ifrm a admiistratr r cusllr ad sur that studts kw whr t g fr hlp ad supprt. W strgly advis that yu watch th Chai Wjack Hritag Miut ad chck liks prvidd bfr sharig with studts, as ctt may b upsttig. W ar i th uiqu psiti f big abl t har frm Survivrs ad Itrgratial Survivrs. Th histry f Idia rsidtial schls is ctmprary; this is a livig histry. Th lgacy ctius t affct Survivrs, thir familis, ad gratis f Idigus ppls wh ar dalig with th csqucs f prvius gvrmt plicis. Studts at Mrly Idia Rsidtial Schl - McDugall Orphaag, Fially, t avid th prblms f misrprstati i past ffrts t tach abut Idigus ppls, it is rcmmdd that yu augmt th activitis i this Guid with tachig rsurcs writt frm th prspctiv f Idigus ppls. Mrly, Albrta, ca. 1885 (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada / David Ews Cllcti/PA-182270). 3

s Dfiiti d a s m r Ky T rs: ppl tial Surviv Itrgra y th crssb d affct b av h h w d by th fucti crat ys d al ti ra g tial schl, dig rsid t at f c abusd xpri hav b h w l p p icludig Survivrs r victims f rs iv rv u S y b wh liv i rally, ppl g r m, ad at ar rtd mmuitis th c al i ct mmuity dysfu family ad c f g ri tu ac i th fr s f childr grati causd by th thir familis. aratd frm p s r w 287,350 wh a stimatd s, 0 9 19 ly ar livig I th urvivrs wr S al ti ra Itrg -rsrv. a, - ad ff acrss Caad r.ca/watc_ rarthchild h /w :/ p tt h Frm urvivrs/ ratial-s rg t /i d ar blackb Histrical Ctxt Th activitis icludd i this Guid hav b dvlpd i li with th Histrical Thikig Ccpts dvlpd by Dr. Ptr Sixas. Studts ad histrias ar ft rquird t mak judgmts wh studyig histry, but it is imprtat t csidr histrical ctxt. This ivlvs csidrig what scity ad attituds wr lik i th past. Wh tryig t udrstad ppl s mtivatis r blifs, histrias ad studts f histry must balac this awarss f past blifs whil wrkig t avid xcusig thir actis as rsultig slly frm thir histrical ctxt. t t Educatrs N Accmmdatis fr Spcial Educati, ELL ad ESL studts ar icludd udr th apprpriat sctis, ad idtifid as mdificatis. Studts practisig pmaship, Rd Dr Idustrial Istitut, Albrta, c. 1914 (curtsy f th Uitd Church f Caada Archivs / #93.049P/850). Furthr ducatial activitis ad rsurcs ar availabl Th Caadia Ecyclpdia. W hp this Guid will assist yu i tachig this imprtat subjct i Caadia histry. Th Lgacy f Idia Rsidtial Schls Th lgacy f Idia rsidtial schls rmais a ctrvrsial subjct i Caadia histry. Yu will d sm rsarch t bttr udrstad th ittis f ad mtivatis fr th schls. Wrkig i grups, rsarch f th fllwig qustis. Us th rsurcs listd blw t bgi yur rsarch. a. What wr th gals f th rsidtial schls? Hw did th rsidtial schls sk t mt ths gals? Was attdac at rsidtial schls madatry? Hw was it frcd? b. Dscrib lif at rsidtial schls. Lk at circumstacs ad plicis. Hw wr studts at th rsidtial schls affctd by th glct, abus, ad lack f affcti? c. Wr fficials awar f prblms such as hugr ad vrcrwdig at rsidtial schls durig th tim thy wr i prati? Hw did tachrs ad pratrs ract t ths issus? D. Hw did Survivrs rlatiships with thir familis ad cmmuitis chag as a rsult f attdig rsidtial schls? Hw hav th plicis that traumatizd studts affctd latr gratis? Shar yur fidigs as a class, ad discuss what yu hav lard frm yur rsarch. 4 Shigwauk Idia Rsidtial Schl, Sault St. Mari, Otari, May 1966 (curtsy f Archivs f Otari/I0012275/Mildrd Yug Hubbard Fds/F4369-1-0-7RG 1-653). Natial Ctr fr Truth ad Rcciliati: ctr.ca/map.php Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi Rprts: ctr.ca/rprts.php Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi: thcaadiacyclpdia.ca//articl/truth-ad-rcciliati-cmmissi Rsidtial Schls: thcaadiacyclpdia.ca//articl/rsidtial-schls Idia Rsidtial Schls Sttlmt Agrmt: thcaadiacyclpdia.ca//articl/idia-rsidtial-schls-sttlmt-agrmt

1831 TIMELINE Th Mhawk Istitut bcms Caada s first rsidtial schl i Bratfrd, Otari. At first, th schl ly admits bys. I 1834, girls ar admittd. 1800 1844 Th Bagt Cmmissi prpss that sparatig Idigus childr frm thir parts is th bst way t achiv assimilati. It als rcmmds that th Mhawk Istitut b csidrd a mdl fr thr idustrial schls. Mhawk Istitut, Bratfrd, Otari, c. 1884 (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada/PA-051882). 1857 Th Gradual Civilizati Act rquirs mal Idias ad Métis vr th ag f 21 t rad, writ ad spak ithr Eglish r Frch, ad t chs a gvrmt-apprvd suram. Th Act awards 50 acrs f lad t ay sufficitly advacd Idigus mal, ad i rtur rmvs ay tribal affiliati r traty rights. 1867 Cfdrati f Caada Caada s first prim miistr, Sir Jh A. Macdald (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada/W.J. Mr/C-021595). Udr th Cstituti Act (British Nrth Amrica Act), Idias ad lad rsrvd fr Idias ar mad a fdral rspsibility, as is ducati. 1883 Sir Jh A. Macdald authrizs th crati f rsidtial schls i th Wst basd th rcmmdatis f th 1879 Davi Rprt. Th Fathrs f Cfdrati by Rx Wds. Th rigial paitig by Rbrt Harris was istalld i th Parliamt Buildigs i 1883 ad was dstryd durig th 1916 fir. This imag is a rprducti by Wds, cmmissid t mark Caada s ctial (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada, Acc. N. 1967-49-11). 1884 Amdmts t th Idia Act f 1876 prvid fr th crati f Idia rsidtial schls, fudd ad pratd by th Gvrmt f Caada ad Rma Cathlic, Aglica, Mthdist, Prsbytria ad Uitd churchs. Th Caadia gvrmt als bas traditial Idigus crmis. 1896 45 rsidtial schls ar i prati acrss Caada. Each schl is prvidd with a allwac pr studt, which lads t vrcrwdig ad a icras i disass withi th istitutis. Studts at Alrt Bay Missi Schl, British Clumbia, c. 1885 (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada/Grg M. Daws/PA-037934). 5

TIMELINE (ctiud) 1907 Aftr visitig 35 rsidtial schls, Dr. P.H. Bryc, chif mdical fficr fr Caada s Dpartmt f th Itrir ad Idia Affairs (1904 1921), rvals that Idigus childr ar dyig at alarmig rats. Bryc suggsts th mrtality rat culd b as high as 42%. Idia rsidtial schl systm has a twrk f 80 t 90 schls with a rlmt f vr 17,000. Dr. P. H. Bryc s 1922 rprt th cditis i rsidtial schls (curtsy Library ad Archivs Caada/Jams Hp ad Ss Ltd). 2000 1900 1920 1922 Dputy Supritdt Gral f Idia Affairs, Duca Campbll Sctt, maks attdac at rsidtial schl madatry fr vry Idia child btw 7 ad 16 yars f ag. Dr. P.H. Bryc publishs Th Stry f a Natial Crim, xpsig th gvrmt s supprssi f ifrmati th halth f Idigus ppls. Bryc argus that Sctt glcts Idigus halth ds, ad ts a crimial disrgard fr th traty pldgs. Duca Campbll Sctt, c. 1915 (curtsy Library ad Archivs Caada/ Dupras & Clas/C-003187). 1930s Dr. P. H. Bryc, c. 1920 (curtsy Library ad Archivs Caada/ Tply Studi/PA-042966). Bys platig i th filds utsid th schl, Prtag la Prairi Idia Rsidtial Schl, Maitba, c. 1930 (curtsy f th Uitd Church f Caada Archivs / #93.049P/1752). 1955 Th fdral gvrmt xpads th systm f rsidtial schls ad hstls t th Iuit i th far rth. Prsal family pht f Chai Charli Wjack (curtsy Parl Achpiskum). NOVEMBER 17, 1966 Bys watchig tlvisi at Prtag la Prairi Idia Rsidtial Schl, c. 1960 (curtsy f th Uitd Church f Caada Archivs / #86.158P/53). 6 Crr s jury dlivrs its vrdict fr th iqust it th dath f Chai Charli Wjack (s pag 9). Amg th rcmmdatis is that [a] study b mad f th prst Idia ducati ad philsphy. Is it right? 1960 1980 THE SIXTIES SCOOP As rsidtial schls cls, thusads f Idigus childr ar tak frm thir familis by prvicial ad fdral scial wrkrs ad placd i fstr r adpti hms. Oft ths hms ar -Idigus. Sm childr ar v placd utsid f Caada.

1969 Th agrmt btw th churchs ad th Caadia gvrmt cms t a d, with th Dpartmt f Idia Affairs assumig rspsibility fr th rmaiig schls. Th trasfr f a fw schls t lcal bads bgis. 1979 1900 12 rsidtial schls ar still pratig i Caada, with 1,200 childr attdig. Th Dpartmt f Idia Affairs valuats th schls ad crats a sris f iitiativs. Amg thm is a pla t mak th schl admiistrati mr culturally awar f th ds f Idigus studts. 1991 Prim Miistr Bria Mulry iitiats th Ryal Cmmissi Abrigial Ppls, with sv cmmissirs. Th rprt is cmpltd i 1996. 1991 Grad Chif f th Assmbly f Maitba Chifs, Phil Ftai, spaks f th abus h suffrd at rsidtial schl. Grd Idia Rsidtial Schl, Puichy, Saskatchwa, c. 1930 (Aglica Church f Caada Archivs / P75-103-S7-151). 1996 Th Fial Rprt f th Ryal Cmmissi Abrigial Ppls rcmmds a public iquiry it th ffcts rsidtial schls hav had subsqut gratis. Th 4,000pag dcumt maks 440 rcmmdatis callig fr chags i th rlatiship btw Idigus ppls, -Idigus ppls, ad gvrmts i Caada. 1996 2000 2000 Ju 1, 2008 Th Caadia gvrmt authrizs th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi f Caada (TRC) t dcumt th truth ad ifrm all Caadias abut what happd i rsidtial schls. Ju 11, 2008 Prim Miistr Stph Harpr issus a statmt f aplgy bhalf f th Gvrmt f Caada t frmr studts f Idia rsidtial schls. Th last fdrally-ru facility, Grd Rsidtial Schl, clss i Puichy, Saskatchwa. 2007 2012 Th Idia Rsidtial Schls Sttlmt Agrmt prvids cmpsati t Survivrs f rsidtial schls. All Survivrs rciv th Cmm Expric paymt, basd th umbr f yars thy attdd rsidtial schl. Claims f sxual ad physical abus ar assssd a cas-by-cas basis. Assmbly f First Natis Chif Phil Ftai (right) watchs as Prim Miistr Stph Harpr fficially aplgizs fr mr tha a ctury f abus ad cultural lss ivlvig Idia rsidtial schls at a crmy i th Hus f Cmms Parliamt Hill i Ottawa, Ju 11, 2008 (curtsy f Th Caadia Prss/ Tm Has). 2015 Th TRC issus its fial rprt, Hrig th Truth, Rccilig fr th Futur, dcumtig th tragic xprics f apprximatly 150,000 rsidtial schl studts. Th rprt als icluds 94 Calls t Acti. 27 7

Ky Trms is ad Dfiit qucs: Itdd Cs f ticipatd rsults xpctd r a s ial utcm a acti; itt squcs: Uitdd C lly t spcifica rsults that wr y utcm; th plad as a atd r may b aticip but ar t th uaticipatd, ial pla. Nt: aim f th rig qucs ar uitdd cs gativ. t cssarily Nt t Educatrs I hlpig studts dtrmi th histrical sigificac f a giv vt, rfr t th critria prvidd by Th Histrical Thikig Prjct. Hw d w mak chics abut what is wrth rmmbrig? Evts that rsultd i grat chag vr lg prids f tim, r affctd larg umbrs f ppl, ar ft csidrd sigificat. But a histrical prs r a smallr vt ca acquir sigificac if histrias ca mak liks t largr trds ad stris that rval smthig imprtat fr us tday. Rad mr abut histrical sigificac hr. Rad abut caus ad csquc hr. Th rsidtial schls wr dsigd t radicat ay ss f Idia-ss. Thy did us th pprtuity t lar abut urslvs. Phil Ftai, frmr Natial Chif f th Assmbly f First Natis Histrical sigificac: TIMELINE ACTIVITY 1. Frm th timli, slct 3 5 vts yu fl ar sigificat i th histry f th rsidtial schl systm i Caada. Csidr histrical sigificac wh makig yur slctis. Explai why yu thik thy ar sigificat. Us a chart lik th blw t hlp yu rgaiz yur thughts. 2. I pairs, pick 1 f th vts yu listd ad visit Th Caadia Ecyclpdia fr furthr rsarch. Dtrmi th causs ad csqucs f this vt. Chs 3 itdd csqucs ad 3 uitdd csqucs. Csidr th histrical sigificac f ths causs ad csqucs: Which hav had th lgst lgacy? Which affctd th mst ppl? Why? 3. Lkig back at th timli, chs 2 3 vts which rflct th pit Phil Ftai maks i th qut abv, ad xplai yur chics. Laudry day at Mut Elgi Idustrial Istitut, c. 1909 (curtsy f th Uitd Church f Caada Archivs / #90.162P/1173N). EVENT ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PEOPLE AFFECTED DEPTH OF IMPACT DURATION OF IMPACT Hw sigificat was this vt? Hw dply has it affctd th ppl ivlvd? Hw lg has th impact f this vt lastd? // Mdificatis Ask studts t slct 2 3 vts frm th timli that thy fl ar sigificat. Hav studts wrk i pairs t chs f th vts thy listd, rsarch it Th Caadia Ecyclpdia, ad fill i th 5Ws chart fr th articl. 8 Yu ca als hav studts chs 5 vts ad rwrit thm i thir w wrds, ad idtify 5 w wrds ad crat thir w dfiitis. Classrm at St. Mary s Rsidtial Schl, Bld Rsrv, Albrta, July 1946 (curtsy f Glbw / Archivs NC-7-746). Chai watd t g hm. Stills frm Chai Wjack Hritag Miut.

Aalyzig Histrical Phtgraphs Th phtgraph t th right, titld Quwich ad his childr, was tak arud 1900 at th Qu Appll Idustrial Schl i Saskatchwa. Nt much is kw abut its subjcts, but this pht was frqutly usd by th Dpartmt f Idia Affairs t display thir cfidc i th rsidtial schl systm. Study th phtgraph clsly, th aswr th qustis blw. 1. What ds this phtgraph tll yu abut th plicy f assimilati? What ca yu ifr frm th diffrcs btw th part ad childr? What ds this say abut sparati frm traditial virmts ad ways f lif? 2. What mssag d yu thik th Dpartmt f Idia Affairs thught was big cmmuicatd thrugh displayig this phtgraph? 3. What imprssi ds th phtgraph lav with yu? // Mdificatis Th qustis ca b aswrd i a varity f mars, dpdig class ability lvl. Studts ca aswr i pit frm, ad mr advacd writrs ca aswr i paragraph frm. Udrstadig Rsidtial Schls Quwich ad his childr, Qu Appll Idustrial Schl, c. 1900 (curtsy f Saskatchwa Archivs Bard phtgraph cllcti, Brck Silvrsids Fds / R-A 22202 #23965). [C]hildr hav rblld agaist th harsh discipli by ruig away. Caught ad brught back, thy ar lckd i a rm with just a mattrss th flr, lft ly thir udr-clths, ad put a brad-ad-milk dit. Ia Adams, Th Idias: A Abadd ad Dispssssd Ppl, Wkd Magazi,. 31, 1965, 4 Accrdig t his family, Chai Wjack s am was chagd t Charli by th ppl wh ra th Ccilia Jffry Idia Rsidtial Schl. What ds this tll yu abut cultural rprssi ad assimilati? Hw ds this ctribut t fligs f disccti ad islati? What d yu thik wr th gals ad th impacts f am chagig? As a class, watch th Chai Wjack Hritag Miut. Aftr, rspd t th fllwig qustis tgthr i grups. Rad mr abut Chai at Th Caadia Ecyclpdia. a. Why d yu thik Chai chs t ru away frm rsidtial schl? What ds this say abut th cditis studts facd i th schl? b. Th qut i th Miut, Kill th Idia i th child, was frqutly usd t dscrib th aim f th rsidtial schls. What ds this tll yu abut th ittis f th plicis that ld t th frmati f th Idia rsidtial schl systm i Caada? D yu thik th qut accuratly rflcts th ittis f th rsidtial schls? c. Why d yu thik this Miut is tld frm th prspctiv f Chai s sistr, Parl? Hw ds this cct t th traditi f ral histry? S Th Oral Traditi t pag 10. D. What kid f imprssi f th rsidtial schls ds this Miut lav? Cmpar this t what yu hav lard abut rsidtial schls frm thr surcs. Why is it imprtat t xplr diffrt prspctivs ad us multipl surcs?. Hw d yu thik this stry might b diffrt if it wr tld frm th prspctiv f th schl s pricipal r a tachr? What ds this tach yu abut histrical prspctiv ad hw w rmmbr th past? // Mdificatis Ask studts t idtify ad dfi fiv w wrds frm th Miut. Studts ca writ a pit-frm timli f th vts i th Miut. Gig sc by sc, hav studts mak a list f wrds dscribig Chai s mtis, ad a list f thir w mtial rspss t what thy ar viwig. 9

Th Oral Traditi Idigus scitis i Nrth Amrica hav lg trustd th ral trasmissi f stris, histris, lsss, ad thr kwldg t maitai a histrical rcrd, chricl agrmts, ad sustai culturs ad idtitis. Wstr discurs valus th writt wrd vr th ral, ad util rctly, scitis with ral traditis wr charactrizd as ppls withut histry. Thr ar may frms f ral rcrdkpig, frm strytllig ad myths t prfrmac-basd arrativs such as dacig ad drummig. Mst ral scitis hav adptd th writt wrd as a tl fr dcumtati, xprssi ad cmmuicati, thugh may still dpd ral traditis ad plac grat valu th ral trasmissi f kwldg as a ky lmt f thir culturs ad scitis. (Adaptd frm http://idigusfudatis.arts.ubc.ca/hm/cultur/ral-traditis.html ad frm Th Caadia Ecyclpdia.) Udrstadig th trm Cultural Gcid Thmas Mr, Rgia Idia Idustrial Schl, c. 1874 (curtsy f Library ad Archivs Caada/NL-022474). It is th abslut dstructi f ur ways, ur laguags, ur familis ad idtitis. Frm my prspctiv it is a stppig st i th right dircti t call it cultural gcid. It is th startig pit t a much largr prcss f awarss, rcgiti ad rcciliati. Kaht Hr-Millr (Kai:kha ka/mhawk; Assistat Prfssr i th Schl f Caadia Studis, Carlt Uivrsity) Cultural gcid is a w ad ctrvrsial trm usd t rfr t th ittial radicati ad dstructi f cultural artifacts ad structurs, th baig f cultural activitis, ad th blitrati f scial structurs rtd i uiqu culturs. Tw primary bjctivs f th rsidtial schls systm wr t rmv ad islat childr frm th ifluc f thir hms, familis, traditis ad culturs, ad t assimilat thm it Eurpa clial cultur, causig Idigus ppls t cas t xist as distict lgal, scial, cultural, rligius, ad racial titis i Caada. Ths bjctivs wr basd th assumpti that Idigus culturs ad spiritual blifs wr ifrir t whit Eurpa cultur. Furthr, may blivd that ulss Idigus ppls wr assimilatd it th dmiat Caadia cultur, thy wr dstid t di ut as civilizati ivitably ad aturally advacd. I Ju 2015, th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi dsigatd th rsidtial schl systm a plicy f cultural gcid. (Hurig th Truth, Rccilig fr th Futur, 134.) A Timli fr Rcciliati Frm th utst, this Cmmissi has mphasizd that rcciliati is t a -tim vt; it is a multi-gratial jury that ivlvs all Caadias. H urig th Truth, Rccilig fr th Futur, Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi f Caada, 209 I th 1980s ad 1990s, Survivrs bga t spak ut abut th abuss thy had xpricd i th rsidtial schls. Thy tk th Gvrmt f Caada ad th churchs ivlvd t curt fr damags ad cmpsati. By 2001, a stimatd 78,500 ppl had g t curt r wr prparig t d s. Mst f ths ppl wr wrkig tgthr i a umbr f class acti lawsuits. Facd with a dlug f lgthy curt battls, th Gvrmt f Caada ad th churchs trd it a gtiatd sttlmt with th Idia rsidtial schl Survivrs. Th rsult was th Idia Rsidtial Schls Sttlmt Agrmt, rachd i 2005. It was ratifid i prvicial curts i 2006, ad implmtd i 2007. Yu ca rad mr abut th Idia Rsidtial Schls Sttlmt Agrmt hr. 10 Justic Murray Siclair grts th audic at th rlas f th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi s Fial Rprt, i Ottawa, Otari, Dcmbr 15, 2015 (curtsy f Th Caadia Prss / Adria Wyld).

A imag f a black-rbd by stars ut frm th wall f th w-dmlishd St. Michal s Idia Rsidtial Schl i Alrt Bay, British Clumbia (curtsy f UC Obsrvr, Ju 2015, Pita Wlly, usd with prmissi). O f th lgacis f th Idia Rsidtial Schls Sttlmt Agrmt was th crati f th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi f Caada (TRC) i 2008. Th TRC dlivrd its fial rprt i Dcmbr 2015. Mr tha 6,750 ppl gav statmts t th Cmmissi. Th TRC idtifid 94 rcmmdatis, r Calls t Acti, which ar spcific ways that Caadia scity ca hlp mak amds fr th ijustics xpricd by Idigus ppls, particularly th lgacis f th Idia rsidtial schl systm. May f th Calls t Acti call fr th Gvrmt f Caada t tak acti, whil thrs iclud prvicial, trritrial ad muicipal gvrmts. May f th Calls t Acti appal t th Caadia ppl t hur th lgacy f th rsidtial schls ad t hlp right ijustics thrugh ccrt actis. Yu ca rad mr abut th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi at Th Caadia Ecyclpdia. Yu ca als rad th full TRC rprts hr. Participats i th Rcciliati Walk march twards Qu s Park i Trt, Otari, May 31, 2015 (curtsy f Nwzulu/Lars Par). I pairs r small grups, thik abut th fllwig qustis. 1. Rad th Idia Rsidtial Schls Sttlmt Agrmt articl at Th Caadia Ecyclpdia. What wr th mai utcms f th Agrmt? Summariz th fiv cmpts that wr agrd. 2. Hw ar yu ivlvd i th rcciliati jury? Hav yu participatd i ay activitis that hav cmmmratd rsidtial schl studts ad thir familis? Hav yu gagd i prjcts r vts that hav hurd Idigus culturs? (Thik abut th fact that right w yu ar larig abut Idia rsidtial schls.) 3. Hw is yur icrasd udrstadig f this part f Caada s histry imprtat t yu ad t th rcciliati jury? 4. What ca yu d t hlp mak rcciliati a rality? O plac t lk fr suggstis is th TRC wbsit. Furthr Radig: It Mattrs t M - trc.ca/wbsits/rcciliati/idx.php?p=328 // Mdificatis Studts ca rad th Th Caadia Ecyclpdia articl rsidtial schls ad crat a 5Ws chart. Hav thm wrk i pairs t discuss thir rspss ad chck udrstadig. If yu wuld lik studts t aswr th abv qustis, hav studts rply i th frm thy ar mst cmfrtabl with. I Culd t Frgt: Rflcti Truth ad Rcciliati by authr L Maracl - thcaadiacyclpdia.ca//articl/i-culdt-frgt-rflctis--truth-ad-rcciliati What Happd t Rsidtial Schls? What rmais f th 139 rsidtial schl buildigs acrss Caada? Th physical rlics f th rsidtial schl systm ar big tratd diffrtly acrss th cutry. Cmmuitis ar grapplig with which apprach t tak, askig qustis abut whthr is it bttr t lav th buildig r t wip th schl ff th fac f th arth, lavig thig as a markr f th dark past. Th buildigs srv as a prsc that rmids Survivrs f thir stl cultur, laguag ad idtity, brk familial bds ad, i sm cass, th physical r sxual abus thy durd. But thy ca als srv as a mmrial t Survivrs ad t ths wh did, ad as a lastig physical rmidr fr utsidrs wh did t xpric th trauma. Sm cmmuitis ar mbracig th structurs, cratig cultural ctrs, ffic spacs, r mmrials t th atrcitis cmmittd. Othrs ar tarig th buildigs dw t spar Survivrs th paiful mmris that cm with sig th sit f thir trauma. Sm xampls f rvatd spacs iclud th Wdlad Cultural Ctr (i th frmr Mhawk Istitut) i Bratfrd, Otari; th Shigwauk Rsidtial Schls Ctr at Algma Uivrsity i Sault St. Mari, Otari; ad Nchi Istitut: Ctr f Idigus Larig, i St. Albrt, Albrta. Hwvr, sm cmmuitis hav t csultd with Survivrs f th schls, ad hav tr th buildigs dw with littl rgard fr th paiful histry attachd t thm. Tday, ly i rsidtial schl buildigs rmai stadig i Caada. 11

Kahawak:r artist Michl Bauvais carvd this mumt t rsidtial schl survivrs frm a 80-milli-yar-ld st that was brught t th cast frm Txada Islad. Th sculptur rprsts a shíshálh Nati child big tak frm th prtctiv arms f its gradmthr (Jacb Rbrts/Cast Rprtr, Sptmbr 24, 2015, rprducd with prmissi). Ethical Dimsis: Cratig a Musum Exhibit Hw shuld w rmmbr th ijustics f th past? As w study rsidtial schls, w must csidr th thics f hw w rmmbr th past ad its lgacy i th prst. Hw ca w prst histry frm a ubiasd prspctiv? Ca w shw diffrt prspctivs withut stigmatizig? What d w w t th ppl f th past? Hw shuld w rspd t past wrgs? With that i mid, i grups f fur, yu will rsarch ad pla a virtual musum xhibit th lgacy f rsidtial schls. 1. Bgi by braistrmig with yur grup. Tak ts yur plaig. Thik abut what maks a pwrful xhibit. Hw ca a musum xhibit mv us, mak us thik, r succssfully prsrv a mmry? What udrstadig d yu wat visitrs t walk away with? Is thr a vrall mssag? Hw ca mmrials wrk t prvt ijustics frm ccurrig i th futur? Hw ds udrstadig th past crat a way frward? 2. Nw bgi yur rsarch. Discuss with yur grup mmbrs what faturs yu wuld lik yur xhibit t hav. As part f yur rsarch, lk li fr xhibits that musums r mmrials hav cratd fr similar vts f rprssi r gcid that hav tak plac (.g., Australia, Suth Africa, Grmay). Us yur rsarch t hlp yu aswr th fllwig qusti: What stry d yu wat yur xhibit t tll? Visit Th Caadia Ecyclpdia ad d sm rsarch th histry ad th lgacy f rsidtial schls. Yu ca als visit th wbsit f th Natial Ctr fr Truth ad Rcciliati, ad rad th 94 Calls t Acti frm th Truth ad Rcciliati Cmmissi. Thik abut th fllwig qustis: Giiigaaiimaaig (Lkig Ahad) (curtsy f Idigus ad Nrthr Affairs Caada). a. Wh ar th mai histrical figurs t b icludd? Which vts will b faturd? Why ar ths ppl ad placs sigificat t th stry yu ar tllig? Th Witss Blakt at th Caadia Musum fr Huma Rights stads as a atial mumt t rcgis th atrcitis f th Idia Rsidtial Schl ra, hur th childr, ad symbliz gig rcciliati. Dcmbr 14, 2015 (curtsy f Th Caadia Prss/ Jh Wds). b. Will yu chs spcific schl t xami, r spcific stry? Or will yu addrss th lgacy f rsidtial schls as a largr tpic? c. Wh wuld yu csult i th crati f this xhibit (.g., acadmics, Survivrs, cmmuity mmbrs, tachrs, tc.)? Which vics ad prspctivs wuld yu iclud i yur xhibit? Hw wuld yu iclud thm? 3. What ky imags r writt pics wuld yu us ad why? What visual rprstatis f artifacts (.g., phts, clthig, bks, lttrs, tc.) wuld yu wat t iclud i yur xhibit? 4. Crat a pla fr yur virtual xhibit. Hw will yu prst th stris? Will yu rgaiz th xhibit thmatically r chrlgically? Hw will yu rgaiz imags ad txt t cmmuicat th vrall stry f yur xhibit? Hw will this affct udrstadigs f yur xhibit? 5. Basd yur rsarch, dvlp a writt prpsal fr yur xhibit. Each grup mmbr will als writ a -paragraph prsal rflcti why yu fl yur xhibit is a imprtat stp i tllig th stry f Idia rsidtial schls. Is it a stp tward rcciliati? Is it a mmrial t th past, r ds it crat ways f mvig frward? Hw d yu fl abut tllig this stry? O f th rcmmdatis i th TRC Fial Rprt calls gvrmts t istall public mumts t hur Survivrs ad all th childr wh wr lst t thir familis ad cmmuitis. I 2012, a staid glass widw was placd i a prmit widw i th Ctr Blck f Caada s Parliamt Buildigs. Th wrk f art, by Métis artist Christi Blcurt, is calld Giiigaaiimaaig (Lkig Ahad). It cmmmrats th lgacy f studts f th Idia rsidtial schls, ad als Caada s aplgy i 2008. // Mdificatis Hav studts fcus thir musum xhibit imags rathr tha wrds. What will studts us t hlp tll this stry? Allw studts t prst th musum xhibit as a visual stry. Studts ca cctrat clsly stry, fcusig schl r idividual. What imags r artifacts ca tll a stry? 12 Tachr Tip If pssibl, pla a class trip t a lcal musum t xplr hw Idigus histris ad culturs ar dpictd. Yu ca als visit whrarthchildr.ca t s a xampl f hw t prst this ssitiv subjct mattr. Yu may wat t csidr altrativ ways studts ca prst thir rsarch. Exampls iclud a Przi r PwrPit prstati, a WrdPrss sit, a li Flipbk, a Wrd dcumt, r v a bristl bard prstati.