Open Aess Liay Jounal A osmologial odel and odifiaions o Einsein s Theoy of Relaiiy Jianheng Liu Dongfang Boile o, Ld, Zigong, hina Reeied 6 Januay 6; aeped Feuay 6; pulished 5 Feuay 6 opyigh 6 y auho and OALi This wok is liensed unde he eaie ommons Aiuion Inenaional Liense ( BY) hp://eaieommonsog/lienses/y/4/ Asa This pape sudied he eisions o Einsein s heoy of elaiiy, inodued he onep of size mass and pu fowad he new elaiiy mass-eloiy fomula; and hen i pu fowad Liu s osmologial odel, analyzed he nasene, ih and deelopmen of he uniese, oained he Uniese oing Equaions, and alulaed he pesen uniese s paamees; and i analyzed he ondiions ha a elesial ody ous he simila ig ang and he model ha he Galaxy oued he seond ig ang The esuls show ha a is nasene, he uniese was a ig neuon of whih he empeaue was 76, he adius was = 44 m and ha was a es, unde he aion of empeaue enegy (hea enegy) eleasing, he ene of his ig neuon geneaed epulsie foe o he suounding Unde he ommon aion of he epulsie foe and gaiaion, a he momen = 677 s, he Big Bang oued Sine he Big Bang, mos elesial o- dies hae een leaing he ene of he uniese and speading aound wih eloiies aoe 47, and he uniese is onsanly expanding When an oje moes elaie o he asolue fame of efeene, is hee-dimensional size will shink y he same popoion The foudimensional inkowski spae-ime is meaningless The size mass of a sysem is edued, if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is enegy will e oespondingly edued, and he ohe sysem aeps an inease of size mass, if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is enegy is oespondingly ineased Keywods Einsein s Theoy of Relaiiy, ass-veloiy Fomula, Liu s osmologial odel, The Big Bang of Uniese and he Uniese oing Equaions Suje Aeas: Speial Theoy of Relaiiy, Theoeial Physis How o ie his pape: Liu, J (6) A osmologial odel and odifiaions o Einsein s Theoy of Relaiiy Open Aess Liay Jounal, : e94 hp://dxdoiog/46/oali94
J Liu Amendmen o Einsein s Speial Theoy of Relaiiy Fame of Refeene We ake he asoluely es ehe as he asi fame of efeene, all he alues measued in his fame of efeene as asolue alues o ue alues, and all his fame of efeene as asolue fame of efeene; while all he oodinae sysem whih is moing wih a onsan eloiy elaie o he asoluely es ehe as he ineial fame, and all he alues measued in his fame as elaie alues o oseed alues The paamee wihou a pime is he asolue alue of his paamee while he oje is a asoluely es, and he paamee wih a pime is he elaie alue of his paamee while he oje is moing elaie o he asoluely es ehe The measuemen uni is he eah sysem uni (ie he inenaional mei sysem), and he soue o e aed is he pesen eah Loenz Tansfomaion Suppose ha he ineial fame is moing wih a eloiy (whih is paallel o he axes x and x') elaie o he asolue fame of efeene, we inodue he Loenz Tansfomaion ([] []): x = x () Fom Fomulas () and (), we ge So x = () x x = x x = x = x = x = x x = x x x = ( ) ( ) ( ) = = ( ) ( x x) x = (4) () OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu Fo an oje whih is moing wih a eloiy ogehe wih he ineial fame, if we wan o measue he lengh of his oje, we mus osee he wo ends of i simulaneously, hen Δ' =, inseing i ino Fomula () and (4), we ge: x = x (5) Tha s say, fo an oje moing wih he eloiy, is lengh is onaed o e he imes of is lengh a asolue es, ie is lengh eome shoe The Fomula (5) is he famous sale eduion (Loenz onaion) fomula Fo a poin on his moing oje, hee ae Δx = and Δx' =, inseing hem ino Fomulas () and (4), we ge Δ' = Δ =, while we an no ge he ime dilaion (slow lok) fomula = The Eo of Slow lok Fomula Suppose ha hee is a auum ue he lengh of whih is Δx, when his auum ue is a asoluely es, i x needs a ime of Δ fo he ligh o ansmi a disane of Δx in he ue, ie hee is = While if his a- uum ue is paallel o he axis x' of he elaie fame along he dieion of is lengh and moes ogehe wih he elaie fame wih a eloiy (whih is paallel o he axis x'), he lengh of i will ona o e x = x If he slow lok fomula is enale, ie i needs a ime of = ansmi a disane of Δx' in he auum ue of he elaie fame, and hen hee is: x x = = fo he ligh o Tha s say, he ansmission eloiy of he ligh in he auum of he ineial fame is, he hypohesis ha he eloiy of ligh in auum is unhangeale is no enale anymoe So he slow lok fomula is wong 4 The Eo of he Deiaion of he Time Dilaion Fomula of Einsein s Speial Theoy of Relaiiy Øyind Gøn and Sigjøn Heik deied he ime dilaion fomula = of Einsein s Speial Theoy of Relaiiy y using he ligh lok model onsising of wo paallel mios ([]) Hee, Δ' is he yle of he ligh lok in a saionay fame of efeene, and Δ is he yle of he ligh lok in a moing fame of efeene, whih is jus he opposie of he sipulaion of his aile In fa, when he ligh lok moes wih he eloiy elaie o he saionay fame of efeene, supposing ha he yle of he ligh lok measued in his moing fame of efeene is, hen he yle of he ligh lok measued in he saionay fame of efeene is: = Then hee is: =, ha OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu is o say, when ligh lok moes elaie o he saionay fame of efeene, he ime ha he ligh ansmied eween he wo mios is shoened As he assumpion ha he speed of ligh is onsan, he disane eween he wo mios has een shoened, fom L edued o L, and hee is L = L This onlusion is onsisen wih he sale eduion fomula Hee Δ and Δ' oh ae a ime ineal, ahe han he naual ime The naual ime will no expand o shink whehe he fame of efeene is moing o no, and i has nohing o do wih he fame of efeene, and is an independen naual aiale The naual ime is one-way, always fowad, nee ak Fom he aoe analysis, i also shows ha when an oje moes elaie o he asolue fame of efeene, is hee-dimensional size will shink y he same popoion, ha is L = L 5 The Eo of Fou-Dimensional inkowski Spae-Time A oninuous fou-dimensional spae-ime domain onsising of he whole se of {, x, y, z} is he inkowski spae-ime in he aegoy of Einsein s speial heoy of elaiiy ([] []) In fa, he alue of he aiale is disane ha he ligh ansmis in he ime ineal, while {x, y, z} ae he hee-dimensional oodinaes of an oje whih is saionay o moing wih a eloiy Beause he ligh moes wih he speed of ligh, while he oje moes wih he eloiy, so he fame of efeene fo he ligh whih moes wih he speed of ligh and he fame of efeene fo he oje whih moes wih he eloiy do no oelap a all, and i is impossile o ouple he oh as a spae-ime, unless = Theefoe, he fou-dimensional inkowski spaeime is meaningless The Size ass and Gaiaional ass Aoding o is oiginal meaning, he mass should mean how muh mae (ie he nume of mae) a susane sysem of ojeie ealiy onains The mass-eloiy elaion fomula of Einsein s Theoy of Relaiiy m = should mean ha: when an oje is moing wih a eain eloiy elaie o he asolue m sysem, is ineia (gaiaional mass) will inease, u i does no mean ha he nume of mae also ineases Heeon, we inodue he onep of Size ass, whih means he nume of mae ha a susane sysem of ojeie ealiy onains and is independen of he moing eloiy of he susane sysem, ie egadless he susane sysem is moing o no o moing wih how high a eloiy, is size mass is unhangeale In fa, in any ineial sysem, he sandad kg of he pesen eah sysem and he mass of a susane sysem measued on he pesen eah will e enlaged o lessen he same imes, so he alue of he mass of a susane sysem measued in he ineial sysem when he susane sysem is moing ogehe wih he ineial sysem is he same as he alue of he mass of he susane sysem measued in he eah sysem when i is moing ogehe wih he eah; in he asolue sysem, he sandad kg of he pesen eah sysem and he mass of a susane sysem measued on he pesen eah will e lessen he same imes, so he alue of he mass of a susane sysem measued in he asolue sysem when he susane sysem is a asoluely es is he same as he alue of he mass of he susane sysem measued in he eah sysem when i is moing ogehe wih he eah Theefoe, he size mass of a susane sysem is unhangeale So alled gaiaional mass, i is he mass of an oje ha appeas in he uniesal gaiaion law fomula When a susane sysem is a asoluely es, is gaiaional mass is equal o is size mass If i is no speially illuminaed, he masses saed in his pape all ae gaiaional masses odifiaions o Einsein s ass-veloiy Fomula Inoduing ino Einsein s mass-eloiy fomula: m = m (6) OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 4 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu Fomula (6) an e ansfomed as ( m) ( m ) ( m) = + (7) The es mass, moing mass and he eloiy of ligh and eloiy fom a pyhagoean heoem (Figue ) Neeheless, Fomula (7) and Figue ae only appliale o he ondiion ha he mass enegy E = m m and he gaiaional mass m = of a oje inease when a exenal foe is doing wok on he oje a es While if no exenal foe does wok on a oje a es and he oje eleases enegy, he mass enegy E = m and he gaiaional mass m (is expession Tempoaily unknown) will deease, and he oje will oain a eain eloiy he mass-eloiy pyhagoean heoem will hange o e he expession () and Figue ( m ) ( m) ( m) = + () m = m + Fomula (9) is a new mass-eloiy fomula of elaiiy, alled he seond mass-eloiy fomula 4 Liu s osmologial odel 4 The ass of Uniese The uniese in whih we lie has aou illions of galaxies, he small galaxy has seeal illions of fixed sas, and he ig galaxy has aou 4 illions of fixed sas, so aeagely eah galaxy has aou illions of fixed sas The Sun in he sola sysem in whih we say is a middle size fixed sa, and he mass of he Sun is 5 99 kg Heey, we an ge ha he masses of he isile maes in he uniese ae 757 kg The asonomial oseaions and he sienifi eseahes disoeed ha he asoluely mos maes in he uniese ae inisile dak maes, and he mass of isile maes suh as fixed sas e is only 5% of he uniese maes So, he size mass of all he maes of he uniese in whih we lie is: 54 5 kg = US (9) Figue ass-eloiy pyhagoean heoem I Figue ass-eloiy pyhagoean heoem II OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 5 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu 4 The Nasene of Uniese and Big Bang 4 The Nasene of Uniese The diamee of a neuon measued on he eah of he sola sysem is aou (also he size mass) of a neuon measued in he eah sysem is: mn A his ime, he densiy of he neuon is: n 6 5 m 7 7 = 665u = 665 66 kg 67 kg 7 mn 67 ρn = = = 9 kg m 4 4 6 πn 4 ( 5 ) =, and he es mass ( ) A is nasene, he uniese was a ig neuon a es and wih sky-high empeaue, supposed ha his ig neuon had he same densiy, and hen we an ge is adius as: 54 U 5 n 7 mn 67 6 ( ) ( ) = = 5 = 44 m m 4 The Big Bang of Uniese I an e deemed ha he enegy of any maeial omposes of hee pas, ie he mass enegy, he empeaue enegy (hea enegy) and he moing enegy (kinei enegy) Supposed ha size mass of his ig neuon was U, densiy was ρ, empeaue was T and speifi hea was UO, hen a is nasene, he mass enegy of he uniese was U, he empeaue enegy (hea enegy) was UUT, he kinei enegy was, and he oal enegy was E = + T While a he momen of he ig ang, he size mass of he U U U U uniese measued was also U, he gaiaional mass is U, he moing eloiy was, he aeage empeaue is T, he aeage speifi hea was U, hen he oal enegy of he uniese a he ig ang was EU = U + U UT + U Aoding o he law of onseaion of enegy, hee is: EU = U + U U T= U + U UT + U () Unde he aion of empeaue enegy (hea enegy) eleasing, he ene of his ig neuon geneaed epulsie foe o he suounding While unde he ommon aion of he epulsie foe and gaiaion, a fis he epulsie foe geae han he gaiaion, he suounding of his ig neuon egan o expand a aeleaing speed Supposed ha a he momen of he naual ime = and he adius of his ig neuon was, he epulsie foe alaned wih he gaiaion, he moing eloiies of he pailes a he suounding eahed a, and he Big Bang oued Heeinafe, we analyze he moemen poess of a paile a he edge of his ig neuon efoe and afe he ig ang Supposed ha he size mass of his paile is dm, he gaiaional mass in he poess of moemen is dm, is disane o he ene of he uniese is, and he moing eloiy is (depaue fom he ene of he uniese is posiie, poining o he ene of he uniese is negaie), hen hee is: = + d Se he expessions of he epulsie foe and he gaiaion ae espeiely: U dm FR = R U dm FG = G A he momen of ig ang, =, =, F = FR + FG =, so: R= G OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 6 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu ie The aeleaion of his paile is: G is he gaiaional onsan, When a= R G = G U U U d = () d d d G U + + = 667 N m kg U a = G = s, a =, hen eween he ime and, he aeage alue of a is: a = a Thus we an ge: onsideing ha While a UO 4 = π ρ, so =, = a = a =, so = + a = + a 4 4 = UO = 4 = πgρ () UO a = = = 677 4 ( ) 6 m s = + a = 44 + 6 677 4 4 = 44 + m ( ) 5 We ake a simila analysis fo he inenal pailes of his ig neuon as follows As fo <, a = R G = G while and = U = + a = + a, similaly we an ge 4 a = G U 4 = = πgρ () UO OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 7 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu Inseing he elaed daa ino Fomula (), we ge: UO ( ) 4 4 44 = = = 54 667 5 677 s 4 The Relaed Paamees of he Big Bang As he ig ang oued unde he ondiion ha no exenal foe was doing wok o his ig neuon, i eleased hea enegy, and is mass enegy and gaiaional mass was deeasing, so he seond mass-eloiy fomula is enale, hee is U U = = U + Inseing ino Fomula (), ge U + UUT = U + UUT + U 4 Supposed ha afe he ig ang, he empeaue of he uniese deeased shaply, and ompaed wih UUT, U UT an e ignoed, hen hee is T = 4 U Of all maes known a pesen, he speifi hea of wae is he lages and is 4 J ( kg K), i an e supposed migh as well ha a he nasene of he uniese, he speifi hea of his ig neuon also was ( ) 4 J kg K, hen T ( ) 4 4 = = K So, a is nasene, he uniese was a ig neuon of whih he empeaue was 76, he adius was = 44 m and ha was a es, unde he aion of empeaue enegy (hea enegy) eleasing, he ene of his ig neuon geneaed epulsie foe o he suounding Unde he ommon aion of he epulsie foe and gaiaion, a he momen = 677 s, he Big Bang oued Afe he ig ang oued, he main foms ha he maes exised wee he eleons, phoons and neuinos Afewads, he maes wee oninuously expanding and speading eause hei eloiies wee slowing down, he empeaue apidly deeased, and he hemial elemens egan o ake shape As he empeaue was deeasing oninuously, aoms wee aking shape oninuously A he same ime, as he empeaue was deeasing, he empeaue enegy was hanging ino mass enegy oninuously, and he gaiaional mass of he uniese was ineasing oninuously The uniese was filled wih he gas louds, unde he effe of gaiy hey ae foming sa sysems, and afe anohe long eoluion, he sella sysems eame oday s uniese Today s uniese is omposed of galaxies, all galaxies ae leaing fom he ene of he uniese and diffusing ouwads; a galaxy is omposed of a nume of sas and all sas ae oaing aound he ene of he galaxy; and eah sa has a nume of planes oaing aound i In addiion, a plane may hae a nume of saellies oaing aound i 4 The Uniese oing Equaions afe Big Bang Afe he ig ang, he mos of he uniesal maeials was speading a he eloiy of ligh Supposed ha duing he fis yea afe he ig ang, he eloiies of hese maeials asially mainained a = m s, 7 5 hen, when > = y = 5 s, > = + d = 945 m, he mos of he uniese mass is on- OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu 5 enaed ouside he sphee of = 945 m, and he mass of he uniese ene deeased apidly o As he gaiaion was igge han he epulsie foe, he eloiies of he pailes a his sphee egun o deease, and hei aeleaion wee: Then As = 5 + d Soling Equaion (4), we ge: Inseing he ounday ondiions Equaion (5), we ge: a = G R G = + + d = () d d d, Fomula () is simplified as: d = (4) d + d d = + (5) d 4 7 5 s = =, ( m s) = Aoding o he physial meaning of Equaion (5), hee mus e: Se Then hee is: = < = > = = and ( ) 5 945 < = = G 667 4 67 kg d d = = d d 4 If = 67 kg, he uniese ene would e a lak hole, afe he ig ang of he uniese, G een a mae whih was moing wih he eloiy of ligh would e aaed y he exessiely song gaiaion of he uniese ene and ould no spead ouwads, and he uniese would no expand o he pesen size So, hee is ino d = (6) d 4 OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 9 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu Heeinafe, we sole Equaion (6) Fom Equaion (6), we ge: Se u =, hen d = d ie: Then hee is: oe, se α = u+, hen Of whih, u u ( ) 4 = u + du ( ) = 4 u u + d du = u u+ = α, du d =, ( ) 4 u ( ) 4 = α α, and hee is: du α dα = u u+ α u α α = u + = d (7) α And moe, se se β =, hen α = se β, dα = se β an βdβ, Equaion (7) hange o e: α of whih β = se se = ( ) 4 While ( ) 4 ( ) 4 d = ( ) So, fom he aoe analysis, we ge: α α β α β d = dβ α sin β sin β os β os β β dβ = + sin sin β β β () sin β os β os β β β = ln an ln an + sin β sin β os os sin β β β β + ln an ln an = 4 β sin β ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) (9) = se β () OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu We all equaions (9) and () as he Uniese oing Equaions Of whih, G = 667 N m kg Take 4 = 5 kg, hen α β = se se = ( ) 4 ( ) 667 5 = = = 4 4 5 667 5 945 β = se = se 44π = 4 ( ) 4 4 ( 667 5 ) Inseing he aoe daa ino equaions (9) and (), hee ae: os β β 6 6 ln an 46 5 + = sin β ( ) 9 7 os β β ln an 46 5 sin β To eify Equaion (), inse β = β = 44π, we ge: ( ) 9 7 = () = 47se β () ( ) = 47se 44π = 999 The Fomula () is enale Equaions () and () namely ae he pefe Uniese oing Equaions 44 The Paamees of he Pesen Uniese 7 The Big Bang has aken plae aou 5 illion yeas ( 47 seonds) Heeinafe, we seek he expanding speed and he adius of he pesen uniese 7 Inseing = 5 = 47 s ino Fomula (), hee is We ge: os β β ln an 46 ( 47 5 ) sin β 9 7 7 9 = = β 5 = 4 ( ) 5 = 47se 4 = 47 When he ime =, β =, = 47 So, he sope of he alues of β is eween 44π and, and he sope of he alues of is eween and 47, mos elesial odies hae een leaing he ene of he uniese and speading aound wih eloiies aoe 47, and he uniese is onsanly expanding The adius of pesen uniese is: ie, illions ligh-yeas + 47 = + 5 5 ly ly o OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu 45 The ondiions Tha a Simila Big Bang of a elesial Body Ous Fo a elesial ody wih ig mass, sky-high empeaue and low eloiy, suppose ha is size mass is densiy is ρ, adius is, empeaue is T and speifi hea is, hen is mass enegy is, he empeaue enegy (hea enegy) is T, he kinei enegy is negleale and he oal enegy is E = + T, and he ime he ig ang of his elesial ody is, hen hee is: Only if he ondiions elesial ody maye will ou 5 The Seonday Explosion of he Galaxy, = 4 = πgρ and () = 4 s = πgρ and m ae saisfied, a simila ig ang of he 5 The odel fo he Seonday Explosion of he Galaxy The size mass of he Galaxy is imes of he size mass of he Sun, ie 4 99 kg ; he size mass of 6 6 he Galaxy ene a pesen is 7 imes of he size mass of he Sun, ie 76 kg Supposed ha illions yeas afe he ih of he uniese, ie 5 illions yeas ago, he seonday explosion of he Galaxy oued, and a his ime he Galaxy ene was a ig neuon sa wih sky-high empeaue Inse 7 5 s = 47se 74 = 47 = = ino Equaions () and (), i an e alulaed ou: ( ) Supposed ha his ig neuon sa had he same densiy, and hen we an ge is adius as: Inseing ino Fomula (), we ge: G 4 G 99 = n = 7 ( ) = mn 67 G 7 ( ) 6 7 5 5 m m 4 4 5 G = = = 4 667 99 G 67 s s So, he oiginal neuon sa of he Galaxy had he ondiion o ou he seonday explosion Though an analysis simila o paagaph 4, and ignoing he effes of he uniese ene and he elesial odies, we an ge he moing equaions of he Galaxy elesial odies: os os sin βg β β β + ln an ln an = 4 G G βg sin β ( ) ( ) (4) Of whih, if ake G = s, So, Take ( ) 4 = G se β (5) G = G + d = m G ( ) < = = G 667 G G 6 G = 76 kg, hen 7 kg ( ) 667 76 = = = 59 6 G 6 G 667 76 G OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu βg = se = se 6π 6 ( ) 4 4 G ( 667 76 ) 59 Inseing he aoe daa ino equaions (4) and (5), we ge: os β β sin β ( ) 9 + 9 ln an = 4 os β β = ( ) (6) sin β ln an 4 = se β (7) Equaions (6) and (7) namely ae he pefe oing Equaions of he Galaxy elesial odies 5 The Paamees of he Galaxy elesial Bodies oing 7 The seonday explosion of he galaxy has aken plae fo aou 5 illions yeas ( 5 s ) Heeinafe, we seek he expanding speed and he adius of he pesen Galaxy 7 Inseing = 5 = 5 s ino Fomula (6), hee is We ge: os β β ln an 4 ( 5 ) sin β 7 = = β 5 = 67 7 7 ( ) 5 = se 67 os elesial odies in he Galaxy hae een leaing he ene of he Galaxy and speading aound wih eloiies aoe The adius of pesen Galaxy is: ie, 45 illions ligh-yeas + = + 5 G 5 Will he Sun Hae a Big Bang? 5 ly 45 ly The uen osmologial heoy deems ha: he sun was oiginally one and one hydogen aom jus podued y a seonday explosion of he Galaxy, due o he effe of gaiy, whih aumulaed in ogehe, eoming a sphee, and he sun was on The size mass of he Sun is (), we an ge: So he Sun ould no hae a ig ang 54 Blak Holes 99 kg and is diamee is ( ) 4 4 695 = = = 667 99 o 9 9 m Inseing hem ino Fomula s s os elesial odies ae moing wih eloiies aoe 47, only if hei adii and gaiaional masses saisfy he elaionship fomula <, hey ould no shine and he lighs ha aie hei iiniy will e OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu ompleely asoed, and hese kinds of elesial odies namely ae lak holes 6 The Summay of Liu s osmologial odel A is nasene, he uniese was a ig neuon of whih he empeaue was 76, he adius was = 44 m and ha was a es, unde he aion of empeaue enegy (hea enegy) eleasing, he ene of his ig neuon geneaed epulsie foe o he suounding Unde he ommon aion of he epulsie foe and gaiaion, a he momen = 677 s, he Big Bang oued Afe he ig ang oued, he main foms ha he maes exised wee he eleons, phoons and neuinos Afewads, he maes wee oninuously expanding and speading eause hei eloiies wee slowing down, he empeaue apidly deeased, and he hemial elemens egan o ake shape As he empeaue was deeasing oninuously, aoms wee aking shape oninuously A he same ime, as he empeaue was deeasing, he empeaue enegy was hanging ino mass enegy oninuously, and he gaiaional mass of he uniese was ineasing oninuously The uniese was filled wih he gas louds, unde he effe of gaiy hey ae foming sa sysems, and afe anohe long eoluion, he sella sysems eame oday s uniese Today s uniese is omposed of galaxies, all galaxies ae leaing fom he ene of he uniese and diffusing ouwads; a galaxy is omposed of a nume of sas and all sas ae oaing aound he ene of he galaxy; and eah sa has a nume of planes oaing aound i In addiion, a plane may hae a nume of saellies oaing aound i So he suue of he uniese is quie sale Sine he Big Bang, mos elesial odies hae een leaing he ene of he uniese and speading aound wih eloiies aoe 47, and he uniese 4 is onsanly expanding Only if he ondiions = s = πgρ and m ae saisfied, a simila ig ang of he elesial ody maye will ou The oiginal neuon sa of he Galaxy had he ondiion o ou he seonday explosion; mos elesial odies in he Galaxy hae een leaing he ene of he Galaxy and speading aound wih eloiies aoe The Sun was oiginally one and one hydogen aom jus podued y a seonday explosion of he Galaxy, due o he effe of gaiy, whih aumulaed in ogehe, eoming a sphee, and he sun was on The Sun ould no hae a ig ang os elesial odies ae moing wih eloiies aoe 47, only if hei adii and gaiaional masses saisfy he elaionship fo- mula <, hey ould no shine and he lighs ha aie hei iiniy will e ompleely asoed, and hese kinds of elesial odies namely ae lak holes 7 The Res ass of Phoon Aoding o Plank s Quanum Theoy, he enegy of a phoon whih is moing is Ep = hν As he phoon is podued fom a mae whih eleases enegy, so he gaiaional mass of he phoon an no saisfy he Einsein s mass-eloiy fomula, u saisfy he seond mss-eloiy fomula, ie: m m + = = m is he es mass of a phoon Aoding o Equaion (), he enegy of phoon is: Ep = m + mt p p + m 4 Ignoing he empeaue enegy (hea enegy), hee is: Ep = m + m = m 4 4 m hν m = () OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 4 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu 4 Plank s onsan h = 66 J s As fo isile ligh, he sope of is waelengh is 4-76 µ m, he eloiy of ligh is = m s, 4 hen is fequeny sope is ν = ( 95-75) Hz Aoding o Fomula (), i an e alulaed ou he 6 asoluely es masses (size masses) of he phoon of isile lighs ae m = ( 74-5) kg An expeimen aomplished y hinese sieniss shows ha, in any ondiions, he mass of a phoon anno 4 exeed kg, his esul is he / of he uppe limi of he phoon s mass known efoe Repoed y Sienifi Times, his innoaional ahieemen was pulished in auhoiaie Physial Reiew Lees Heeofoe, mos physiiss deem ha he pailes ha ansmi he ligh phoons hae no masses A he same ime, hey wish his poin of iew an e poed y expeimens The sieniss said: his is like a mah he amoun of sake fo whih is huge The lassi eleomagneism heoy foids ha he phoon has any mass If his heoy is no longe appliale, hen onsequenes i will ing aou will e adial fo example, he eloiy of ligh will hange as is waelengh hanges, and he ligh wae will hae longiudinal iaion like a sound wae This expeimen elaed o he mass of phoon is aomplished y Pofesso Luo Jun ogehe wih his olleagues of Huazhong Uniesiy of Siene and Tehnology, Wuhan, Huei, PR Suppoed y he Naional Naual Siene Fund of hina, hey ondued he sudy o eify he uppe limi of he es mass of phoon using peision osion alane, and hough he expeimen o look fo he ae of phoon mass in he effe aused y he uniesal magneo moie foe whih is ough aou y he magnei field of a galaxy as well as galaxy goup Aoding o he sensiiiy of his expeimen hey ondued, i is dedued ha he mass of 4 4 phoon mus e less han kg o he of an eleon s mass I an e seen ha, he onlusion of he aoe expeimen has some deiaion, he es masses of isile ligh 6 ae m = ( 74-5) kg The oing Law of an Oje in Sola Sysem Low Speed oing Law The synhesized eloiy fomula of he Einsein s Theoy of Relaiiy is as follows: S + u = (9) + whee, = he moing eloiy of he ineial fame; = he speed of an oje moing elaie o he ineial fame; u = he asolue moing eloiy of he oje; = he uniesal umos eloiy In he sola sysem, = =, suppose ha he moing speed of an oje in he sola sysem (ie ela- ie o he sola sysem) has a geneal expession = a n (in he same dieion as he Sun moing) o = a (in he opposie dieion as he Sun moing)(as fo a lage oje, he moing speed of i n ommonly is less han he hid asonomial speed, ie a) in he same dieion as he Sun moing n ( a ) ) in he opposie dieion as he Sun moing 67 km s 557 < =, hen hee ae: n + a n u = = + 6a + () n ( a ) n u = = 6a n a () Suppose ha he mass of he oje when is a elaie es in he sola sysem (ie = ) is, hen, when i is moing elaie o he sola sysem wih he speed, is maximum mass max has he expession OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 5 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu as follows: While he expession of is minimum mass When 67 km s 557 n max = ( + a ) () n + 6a min is: n min = ( a ) () n 6a = =, ( 446 ) ( 446 ) = + max = min Tha s say when an oje is moing wih he hid asonomial speed in he sola sysem, is maximum moing mass is 446 ppm lage han is elaie es mass, and is minimum moing mass is 446 ppm less han is elaie es mass These wo alues (he same) ae elaiely ey small, geneally ould e ignoed So, een in an ineial fame whih is moing wih a eloiy nea o he umos eloiy (eg he sola sysem), he Newon ehanis an sill wok wih an oje whih is moing (elaie o he ineial fame) wih a low speed High Speed oing Law Take he eleon iling he nulei wih a high speed as an example: suppose he speed of he eleon moing elaie o he sola sysem has a geneal expession e = 9 (in he same dieion as he Sun moing) o e = 9 (in he opposie dieion as he Sun moing), hen hee ae: a) e in he same dieion as he Sun moing 9 + u = = ( ) (4) + 9 ) e in he opposie dieion as he Sun moing 9 u = = 57 (5) 9 Suppose ha he mass of he eleon when is a elaie es in he sola sysem (ie e = ) is, hen, when i is moing elaie o he sola sysem wih he speed e, is maximum mass max has he expession as follows: While he expession of is minimum mass max = = (6) ( ) min is: min = = 64 (7) 57 Thus i an e seen, fo an eleon iling he nulei wih a high speed, is mass is aying fom he minimum 64 o he maximum So, he ois ha he eleon iles he nuleus ae ellipial ois and he nuleus is a one of hese ellipial fouses The eleon in he hydogen nulei an no e an exepion, and is moing oi is no a ound oi A he same ime, eause he dieion of he Galaxy expanding is fixed, ie fom he ene of he Galaxy poins o he ene of he Sun, and he eah is moing elaie o he ene of he Galaxy and is moing dieion is aying, so, he eleon s moing ois measued a diffeen OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 6 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu imes and diffeen plaes ae also aying, ie, is ois ae no epeaed, so an eleoni loud is eaed 9 Ealuaion of Einsein s Geneal Theoy of Relaiiy Aoding o he foegoing analysis, he pemise ha Einsein s geneal heoy of elaiiy an e enale Einsein s speial heoy of elaiiy has seious misakes, heefoe, he many onens of Einsein s geneal heoy of elaiiy ae wong and shall e eonsued on he asis of Liu s heoy of elaiiy The mass-enegy equaion shows ha mass and enegy ae insepaale and onneed ass o enegy is eah ohe s aie, and if hee is no mass, hen hee is no enegy; if hee is no enegy, hee is no mass So, all hings whih hae enegies always hae masses, he ligh and adio waes ae no exepion; he asolue auum has no mass, so i impossily has enegy The quaniy of any mae sysem an eihe e measued y is mass m o measued y is enegy E The enegy of a sysem is edued, if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen he size mass of i will e oespondingly edued, and he ohe sysem aeps an inease of enegy, if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is size mass will e oespondingly ineased; he size mass of a sysem is edued, if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is enegy will e oespondingly edued, and he ohe sysem aeps an inease of size mass, if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is enegy is oespondingly ineased The Quesions Lef fo he Followes o Resole Januay 5, 6, he Liu s Theoy of Relaiiy was on Like he eeyhing of uniese, i will oninuously deelop and gow foee Up o now, he quesions aou he gesaion, ih and gowh of he uniese ae asially esoled; he Liu s Theoy of Relaiiy sides he fis sep Fom now on, i is he oninual followes who may push he heoy go fowads foee On he day of ih of Liu s Theoy of Relaiiy, I leae seeal quesions fo he followes: () How he life was of nasene? () How he Sola sysem will oninue o deelop? () How he human eing and he soiey will oninue o deelop? onlusions The slow lok fomula is wong, and he naual ime will no expand o shink whehe he fame of efeene is moing o no, and i has nohing o do wih he fame of efeene, and is an independen naual aiale The naual ime is one-way, always fowad, nee ak When an oje moes elaie o he asolue fame of efeene, is hee-dimensional size will shink y he same popoion The fou-dimensional inkowski spae-ime is meaningless Aoding o is oiginal meaning, he mass should mean how muh mae (ie he nume of mae) a susane sysem of ojeie ealiy onains The mass-eloiy elaion fomula of Einsein s Theoy of Relaiiy should mean ha: when an oje is moing wih a eain eloiy elaie o he asolue sysem, is ineia (gaiaional mass) will inease, u i does no mean ha he nume of mae also ineases Size ass means he nume of mae a susane sysem of ojeie ealiy onains and is independen of he moing eloiy of he susane sysem, ie egadless he susane sysem is moing o no o moing wih how high a eloiy, is size mass is unhangeale A is nasene, he uniese was a ig neuon of whih he empeaue was 76, he adius was = 44 m and ha was a es, unde he aion of empeaue enegy (hea enegy) eleasing, he ene of his ig neuon geneaed epulsie foe o he suounding Unde he ommon aion of he epulsie = 677 s, he Big Bang oued Afe he ig ang oued, he foe and gaiaion, a he momen main foms ha he maes exised wee he eleons, phoons and neuinos Afewads, he maes wee oninuously expanding and speading eause hei eloiies wee slowing down, he empeaue apidly deeased, and he hemial elemens egan o ake shape As he empeaue was deeasing oninuously, aoms wee aking shape oninuously A he same ime, as he empeaue was deeasing, he empeaue enegy was hanging ino mass enegy oninuously, and he gaiaional mass of he uniese was ineasing oninuously The uniese was filled wih he gas louds, unde he effe of gaiy hey ae foming sa sysems, and afe anohe long eoluion, he sella sysems eame oday s uniese OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 7 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu Today s uniese is omposed of galaxies; all galaxies ae leaing fom he ene of he uniese and diffusing ouwads; a galaxy is omposed of a nume of sas and all sas ae oaing aound he ene of he galaxy; and eah sa has a nume of planes oaing aound i In addiion, a plane may hae a nume of saellies oaing aound i So he suue of he uniese is quie sale Sine he Big Bang, mos elesial odies hae een leaing he ene of he uniese and speading aound wih eloiies aoe 47, and he uniese 4 is onsanly expanding Only if he ondiions = s = πgρ and m ae saisfied, a simila ig ang of he elesial ody maye will ou The oiginal neuon sa of he Galaxy had he ondiion o ou he seonday explosion; mos elesial odies in he Galaxy hae een leaing he ene of he Galaxy and speading aound wih eloiies aoe The Sun was oiginally one and one hydogen aom jus podued y a seonday explosion of he Galaxy, due o he effe of gaiy, whih aumulaed in ogehe, eoming a sphee, and he Sun was on The Sun ould no hae a ig ang os elesial odies ae moing wih eloiies aoe 47, only if hei adii and gaiaional masses saisfy he elaionship fomula < ; hey ould no shine and he lighs ha aie hei iiniy will e ompleely asoed, and hese kinds of elesial odies namely ae lak holes As he phoon is podued fom a mae whih eleases enegy, so he gaiaional mass of he phoon an m no saisfy he Einsein s mass-eloiy fomula, u saisfy he seond mss-eloiy fomula m = The + 6 asoluely es masses (size masses) of he phoon of isile lighs ae m = ( 74-5) kg Fo an eleon iling he nulei wih a high speed, is mass is aying fom he minimum 64 o he maximum So, he ois ha he eleon iles he nuleus ae ellipial ois and he nuleus is a one of hese ellipial fouses The eleon in he hydogen nulei an no e an exepion, and is moing oi is no a ound oi A he same ime, eause he dieion of he Galaxy expanding is fixed, ie fom he ene of he Galaxy poins o he ene of he Sun, and he eah is moing elaie o he ene of he Galaxy and is moing dieion is aying, so, he eleon s moing ois measued a diffeen imes and diffeen plaes ae also aying, ie, is ois ae no epeaed, so an eleoni loud is eaed Beause he pemise ha Einsein s geneal heoy of elaiiy an e enale Einsein s speial heoy of elaiiy has seious misakes, heefoe, many onens of Einsein s geneal heoy of elaiiy ae wong and shall e eonsued on he asis of Liu s heoy of elaiiy The mass and enegy ae insepaale and onneed ass o enegy is eah ohe s aie, and if hee is no mass, hen hee is no enegy; if hee is no enegy, hee is no mass So, all hings whih hae enegies always hae masses; he ligh and adio waes ae no exepion; he asolue auum has no mass, so i impossily has enegy The enegy of a sysem is edued, if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen he size mass of i will e oespondingly edued, and he ohe sysem aeps an inease of enegy; if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is size mass will e oespondingly ineased; he size mass of a sysem is edued; if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is enegy will e oespondingly edued; and he ohe sysem aeps an inease of size mass; if is empeaue is mainained unhangeale, hen is enegy is oespondingly ineased Refeenes [] Einsein, A (6) Relaiiy, Speial and he Geneal Theoy (The Popula Exposiion) Ediion, Peking Uniesiy Pess, Bejing [] Liu, L, Fei, B-J and Zhang, Y-Z () Speial Theoy of Relaiiy Ediion, Siene Pess, Beijing [] Gøn, Ø and Heik, S (7) Einsein s Geneal Theoy of Relaiiy Wih oden Appliaions in osmology Spinge Siene +Business edia, LL OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 Feuay 6 Volume e94
J Liu Appendix: The Soluion of Equaion Fom he oiginal equaion, we ge: Tha is d = U d + d = U i + d (A-) U + d = i Seeking he deiaions of he oh sides of Equaion (A-), we ge: Tha is Seing ' = P(), hen we ge: = U Inseing ino Equaion (A-) and y imming, we ge: Inegaing he oh sides of Equaion (A-4), hee is: Tha is U ( ) i (A-) i = ( ) (A-) d d d d = P = P = P P d d d d dp i = d (A-4) P U P = + i U d P= = + (A-5) d 4 U OALiJ DOI:46/oali94 9 Feuay 6 Volume e94