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Name: OBJECTIVES Correctly define: asteroid, celestial object, comet, constellation, Doppler effect, eccentricity, eclipse, ellipse, focus, Foucault Pendulum, galaxy, geocentric model, heliocentric model, local time, luminosity, meteor, revolution, rotation, solar system, tides, universe THE UNIVERSE: State that the universe is approximately 10-20 billion years old. Explain the Big Bang Theory and give two pieces of evidence which support it. Explain the significance of the blue and red shifts. Correctly arrange by increasing/decreasing size: universe, galaxies, and solar system. STARS: Identify the main classifications of stars. Use the Luminosity & Temperature of Stars diagram on the ESRTs to identify the characteristics of specific stars in relation to Earth s sun. Explain the process by which stars generate their energy. THE SOLAR SYSTEM: Differentiate between asteroids, comets, and meteors. Identify the key characteristics of each of the planets by the use of the Solar System Data Table on the ESRTs Classify the planets as jovian or terrestrial and how those classifications compare with regard to average density, average size, and length of year. Calculate the eccentricity of an ellipse and identify the planets with the most and least circular orbits. Explain the difference between a heliocentric and geocentric model of the solar system. 1

EARTH S MOTIONS: Explain and demonstrate the difference between rotation and revolution. Be able to calculate the rate of rotation and the movement of celestial objects through the sky. Be able to explain the motion of Polaris in the sky as well as the motion of constellations. Provide evidence for the Earth s rotation---focault Pendulum and Coriolis Effect specifically. Provide evidence for Earth s revolution---different constellations through the year, specifically MOON: Draw the eight phases of the moon. Explain that the phases of the moon are caused by the moon s revolution around the Earth. Explain that the tides are caused the by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun. Explain the difference between neap and spring tides and during which phases of the moon each occurs. Explain the difference between lunar and solar eclipses and during which phases of the moon each can occur. Explain why the moon rises 50 minutes later each day. 2

Asteroid Celestial object Comet Constellation Coriolis Effect Doppler Effect Eccentricity Eclipse Ellipse Focus Foucault Pendulum Galaxy Geocentric Model Heliocentric Model Local Time Luminosity Meteor Revolution Rotation Solar System Tides Universe 3

How old do scientists believe the universe is? What is the Big Bang Theory? Give two pieces of evidence for the Big Bang Theory. Explain the significance of the blue and red shifts. Blue Shifts Red Shifts Put these items in order of size: galaxy solar system universe Largest Smallest 4

What are the main classifications of stars? What two characteristics are used to classify stars? And What type of star is our Sun classified as? on the chart above. Circle where it is Shade the chart where all of the stars are hotter than our sun. Draw a line on the chart which separates those stars brighter than our sun and those less bright. The star Betelgeuse is located in the constellation Orion. What color is it? The star Rigel is located in the constellation Orion. What color is it? How do stars generate their energy? 5

Explain the difference between asteroids comets meteors JOVIAN vs TERRESTRIAL: Draw a line across the table between the terrestrial and jovian planets and label. Which are more dense? Jovian terrestrial Which have more moons? Jovian terrestrial Which have longer periods of revolution? Jovian terrestrial Which are larger in size on average? Jovian terrestrial ROTATION vs REVOLUTION: Which planet has the longest day? Which planet has the longest year? 6

ECCENTRICITY: How are the orbits of the planets described? Which planet has the least perfectly circular orbit? Which planet has the most perfectly circular orbit? Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse below: Show All Work & Formulas Below When does a planet move fastest in its orbit? When does a planet move slowest in its orbit? Explain the difference between the geo- and helio-centric models of the solar system. geocentric model heliocentric model 7

How long is one rotation of Earth? How long is one revolution of Earth? For each of the following events state whether it is caused by the Earth s rotation or revolution: Rising and setting of the sun: Rising and setting of the moon: The seasons: Changing Constellations: Movement of Stars through the sky: Show how to calculate the Earth s rate of rotation in degrees per hour. How many degrees did the stars move from diagram 1 to diagram 2? How can you find Polaris? What hemisphere must you be in if you can see these constellations? Why? What direction must you be looking? Do the stars appear to move clockwise or counterclockwise? What causes them to appear to move at all? 8

What evidence do we have that the Earth rotates? What evidence do we have that the Earth revolves? What are the bright white objects on the surface of the moon? What were they caused by? Why is Earth not like this? 9

What causes the phases of the moon? How long does one revolution of the moon take? What phenomenon does this explain? One rotation? Why does the moon rise later each day? Approximate Times of Moonrise and Moonset moonrise moonset new moon 06:00 AM 06:00 PM waxing crescent 09:00 AM 09:00 PM first quarter 12:00 PM 12:00 AM waxing gibbous 03:00 PM 03:00 AM full moon 06:00 PM 06:00 AM waning gibbous 09:00 PM 09:00 AM third quarter 12:00 AM 12:00 PM waning crescent 03:00 AM 03:00 PM new moon 06:00 AM 06:00 PM Based on the chart above, approximately how many hours is the moon visible each day? What do waxing and waning mean? The phases of the moon are what type of event? 10

What causes the tides? Based on the diagram below. Which tides are larger---neap or spring? NEAP TIDES SPRING TIDES During which phases of the moon do neap tides occur? During which phases of the moon do spring tides occur? Why are there not exactly 12 hours between each high or low tide? 11

Draw the position of the Sun, Earth, and Moon in each diagram for a solar and lunar eclipse. SOLAR ECLIPSE LUNAR ECLIPSE In order to have a solar eclipse, what phase must the moon be in? In order to have a lunar eclipse, what phase must the moon be in? Why don t we have solar and lunar eclipses every month? 12

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