Course Name: AP Chemistry AP Course Audit AP Chemistry Syllabus Textbook: Chemistry, 7 th Edition. Zumdahl and Zumdahl, 2007, Houghton Mifflin. Other Resources: The Ultimate Chemical Equations Handbook. Hague and Smith, 2001, Flinn Scientific. Laboratory Experiments for Advanced Placement Chemistry. Vonderbrink, 2006, Flinn Scientific. Experimental Chemistry, 7 th Edition. Hall, James F., 2007, Houghton Mifflin. Master AP Chemistry, 2 nd ed. Barker, 2007, Peterson s. Fast Track to a Five. Ohn-Sabatello, Morlan, and Knoespel, 2006, McDougal Littell. Laboratory: Laboratory experiments are an integral part of the AP Chemistry course. Students will spend an average of the equivalent of a double period per week (including set-up) in laboratory investigations, all of which will be hands-on, wet-labs. Duplicate or triplicate trials are run on most experiments so that precision can be calculated. Students will work in teams of two to conduct lab investigations, but will independently keep a lab notebook and write lab reports. Lab reports will be done in the bound lab notebook and will include Purpose, Procedure, Data Tables, Calculations and/or Graphs, Conclusions, Discussion of Theory, Error Analysis (this also includes calculations of % deviation and % error), and a critique/evaluation section. Students will alternate lab reports between two notebooks so that one lab report can be collected and graded while the next lab is performed. Following each experiment, students will share results and interpretation of those results in class discussions. All College Board Recommended Labs will be covered, with additional labs done in the areas of Thermochemistry and Acid/Bases. In the mornings during the week of OGT testing, AP Chemistry students will conduct the cation/anion qualitative analysis lab Homework: Homework is assigned daily and will typically require about 45 minutes for textbook reading and required calculations. Reading assignments for each topic will include the Zumdahl text (entire chapter) as well as the Zumdahl study guide and related chapters in the Peterson s AP manual and in Fast Track. Required homework problems will include most of the problems from the textbook study guide and selected problems from the textbook end-of-chapter problems. Review before chapter tests will include assignments from Fast Track and from
Peterson s AP Chemistry study manual which both include Free Response practice. Daily homework will constitute 10% of the grade each quarter. Lab reports are in addition to this daily homework. Net Ionic Equations: Starting with Chapter 4, different classifications of reactions will be studied and net ionic equations will be practiced and tested throughout the year. Tests/Quizzes: Short quizzes will be given very frequently(2-4 per week). These will usually be multiple-choice, as a combination of calculation-based and conceptual questions. Tests will be given at the conclusion of each chapter and will be extremely rigorous, with a combination of multiple-choice and free-response questions, and net-ionic equations. The questions are at the level of AP exam questions, and each test will include some questions from previous chapters as the year progresses. Independent Study: Chapters 1-3 in Zumdahl were extensively covered in the Honors Introductory Chemistry course and homework from those chapters will be done as review over the summer. A test over Chapters 1 and 2 will be given the 2 nd day of school, and a test over Chapter 3 will be the 2 nd week, after completion of the Gravimetric Analysis lab. Chapter 22, on Organic Chemistry, will be done independently over Winter Break. A test over this chapter will be given the 2 nd day after break. The lab Synthesis, Purification and Analysis of an Ester will be conducted the final week of regular classes, after the AP Chemistry exam. Chapter 18, on Nuclear Chemistry, was extensively covered in Honors Introductory Chemistry, and will be done as an independent assignment over Spring Break, with a test given the 2 nd day after break. AP Exam Review: The last 3-4 weeks before the AP exam will be review. Students will do old AP exams and practice exams as homework, with a multiple-choice section done one night, and the free-response section the next night. A set of net ionic equations will be done every day. Additional equilibrium problems will be done on the weekends. Students are encouraged to come in before and after school to work in study groups and also to form study groups outside of school.
Chapter Outline (Zumdahl) Chapters 1-3 (Mainly done over the summer; 1 ½ weeks to complete in the fall.) Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations Scientific Method, Units of Measurement, Precision and Accuracy, Significant Figures, Dimensional Analysis, Temperature, Density and Classification of Matter. Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions Historical Development, Dalton s Theory and Modern Atomic Theory, Introduction to the Periodic Table, Formulas and Nomenclature of Compounds. Chapter 3 Stoichiometry Average atomic mass, molar mass, % composition, empirical and molecular formulas. Balancing Chemical Equations Stoichiometry, limiting reactant, % yield. The following two experiments were conducted the last three weeks of Honors Introductory Chemistry with rigorous, calculation-based lab reports written according to the AP Chemistry format. Determination of the Formula of a Compound ~ 1.5 hours (Formation of MgO, using a crucible. Fulfills the College Board Recommended Experiment #1) Determination of the Percentage of Water in a Hydrate ~1.5 hours (Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Fulfills the College Board Recommended Experiment # 2) Analytical Gravimetric Analysis (Done the 2 nd week of AP Chemistry) ~ 3.5 hours (Determination of the concentration of Na 2 CO 3 by precipitation with SrCl 2, and vacuum filtration with a fritted glass Gooch crucible. This is a slight modification of Experimental Chemistry, Exp. 34, Choice II. Fulfills the College Board Recommended Experiment #16)
Chapter 4 Types of Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry (4 weeks) Electrolytes, Molarity, dilution Types of Reactions: Precipitation (solubility rules, net ionic equations, stoichiometry), Acid-Base (neutralization and titration), and Oxidation-Reduction (balancing redox equations) Finding the Ratio of Moles of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction. (Vonderbrink, Exp. #5. Fulfills college Board Recommended Experiment #9) ~1.5 hours Standardization of a Solution Using a Primary Standard. (Standardize NaOH with KHP, for use with acetic acid determination. (Experimental Chemistry, Exp. 29 Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment #6) ~ 2 hours Determination of % Acetic Acid in Commercial Vinegar by Acid-Base Titration. (Experimental Chemistry, Exp. 29 Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment # 7) ~ 1.5 hours Determination of Concentration by Oxidation-Reduction Titration (Vonderbrink, Exp. 20. Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment # 8) ~ 2hours Net Ionic Equations/Reactions emphasized: Precipitation, acid-base, redox (including single-replacement) Chapter 5 Gases (3 weeks) Pressure, Gas Laws (Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures, Graham s Law of effusion/diffusion, Ideal), gas stoichiometry, kinetic molecular theory, real gases, van der Waals Equation Determination of Molar Mass by Vapor Density (Vonderbrink, Exp. #9. Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment # 3) ~ 2hours
Determination of the Molar Volume of a Gas ~ 2 hours (Vonderbrink, Exp. # 8. Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment # 5) Graham s Law (Diffusion tube with NH 3 and HCl) Net ionic Equations/Reactions emphasized: Formation of gases by doublereplacement. Chapter 6 Thermochemistry (2 ½ weeks) 1 st Law of Thermodynamics, enthalpy and calorimetry, Hess s Law, standard enthalpies of formation. Determination of Specific Heat of a Metal (Determination of specific heat of lead or copper by heating in a water bath, then transferring to a coffee-cup calorimeter) ~ 1.5 hours Thermodynamics- Enthalpy of a Reaction and Hess s Law (Vonderbrink, Exp. # 6. Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment # 13) ~ 2 hours Net ionic Equations/Reactions emphasized: Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions Chapters 7, 8 and 9 (These topics were extensively covered in Honors Introductory Chemistry at the AP level, including expanded octet hybridization and sigma/pi bonding. Although students will read these three chapters in Zumdahl and the Peterson s AP manual over these topics and do practice problems over each skill, these chapters will be reviewed in approximately one week, followed by a test taken from AP exam multiple-choice and free-response questions) Chapter 7- Atomic Structure and Periodicity Electromagnetic spectrum, energy/frequency/wavelength calculations, Rydberg equation, photoelectric effect, continuous vs. line spectra, Bohr model, Quantum model and quantum numbers, orbital shapes and energies, Aufbau, Pauli and Hund, development of the Periodic Table, trends in the Periodic Table(atomic and ionic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity), electron configurations.
Chapter 8- Bonding: General Concepts Ionic and covalent bonding, lattice energy, bond energy calculations, Lewis structures, resonance, formal charge, VSEPR model Laboratory Investigation: Liquid Chromatography (Vonderbrink, Exp. #10 Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment # 18) ~ 1.5 hours Chapter 9- Covalent Bonding: Orbitals Hybridization and localized electron model, sigma and pi bonds, paramagnetism Chapter 10- Liquids and Solids (one week) Intermolecular forces, liquid state, types of solids(crystalline vs. amorphous, molecular, ionic, network covalent), vapor pressure and phase changes, heating curves, phase diagrams. Chapter 11- Properties of Solutions (2 weeks) Solution composition (molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percent), enthalpy of solution, factors affecting solubility, vapor pressures of solutions (Raoult s law), nonideal solutions, colligative properties (boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression and osmotic pressure), determing molar mass from colligative properties, electrolytes, colloids. Heat of Solution (Determination of molar heat of solution of various ionic compounds through coffee-cup calorimetry) ~ 1.5 hours Determination of Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression (Vonderbrink, Exp. # 11 Fulfills College Board Recommended Exp. # 4) ~ 2.5 hours
Chapter 12-Chemical Kinetics (2 weeks) Reaction rates, rate laws(differential vs. integrated, first, second, third order reactions), half-lives, reaction mechanisms, collision model, Arrhenius equation, catalysts and reaction pathways. Laboratory Investigation: Determination of the Rate of a Reaction and Its Order (Iodine Clock) (Experimental Chemistry, Exp. # 25 Fulfills College Board Recommended Exp. # 12) ~ 2 hours Chapter 22-Organic Chemistry (done over Winter Break, independently) Structure and nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amines), types of isomerism, types of polymers, basic organic reactions. Laboratory Investigation: (done the final week of classes, after the AP exam) Synthesis, Purification and Analysis of an Ester (Vonderbrink, Exp. # 25 Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment # 22) ~ 3 hours Net ionic Equations/Reactions emphasized: Hydrocarbon combustion and organic reactions (formation of an ester, etc.) Chapter 13-Chemical Equilibrium (2 weeks) Equilibrium constant vs. equilibrium position, calculation of equilibrium pressures and equilibrium concentrations, reaction quotient, Le Chatelier s Principle(concentration, temperature, pressure) LeChatelier Lab (applies LeChatelier s Principle to predicting and interpreting results of applying various stresses to several equilibrium situations, involving solubility, acid/base indicators, and colored complex ion formation) ~ 2 hours
Chapter 14-Acids and Bases (3 weeks) Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry Acids and bases, weak vs. strong acids and bases, ph, poh, using Ka and Kb to calculate ph, % dissociation, polyprotic acids, salt hydrolyis, effect of structure on acid/base properties, acid/base properties of oxides, Lewis acids/bases. Calibration of ph meters and determination of ph of strong and weak acid and base solutions. ~ 1 hour Salt Hydrolysis - Determination of ph of salt solutions. ~ 1 hour Chapter 15-Applications of Aqueous Equilibria (3 weeks) Acid/base equilibrium calculations with common ion, buffer problem calculations/buffer capacity, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, titrations and ph curves, acid/base indicators. Solubility equilibria, (Ksp) relative solubilities, common ion, effect of ph on solubility Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis, Complex ions and solubility Preparation and Properties of Buffer Solutions (Vonderbrink, Exp. #17 Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment #19) ~ 1 hour Determination of Ka of weak acids (Vonderbrink, Exp. #14 College Board Recommended Exp. #10) ~ 1.5 hours Fulfills Selecting Indicators for Acid/Base Titrations (Vonderbrink, Exp. #16 Fulfills College Board Recommended Exp. #11) ~ 2 hours Separation and Qualitative Analysis of Cations and Anions (Vonderbrink, Exp. #19 Fulfills College Board Recommended Exp. #14) This will be conducted during the 10 hours of OGT testing when the school has late arrival for juniors and seniors. ~ 10 hours
Preparation and Analysis of Tetraamminecopper(II) Sulfate Monohydrate (Vonderbrink, Exp. #24 Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiments #15 and #17) ~ 2.5 hours Net Ionic Equations/Reactions emphasized: Weak acid/base reactions, salt hydrolysis reactions, Lewis acid/base reactions, anhydride reactions. Introduce Complex Ions, (nomenclature and basic reactions) Chapter 16-Spontaneity, Entropy and Free Energy (3-4 days) Entropy, 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics, effect of temperature on spontaneity, calculating Gibb s Free Energy and spontaneity, 3 rd Law of Thermodynamics, dependence of free energy on pressure, calculating equilibrium constant from free energy. Chapter 17-Electrochemistry (2 weeks) Galvanic cells, standard reduction potentials, calculating cell potential and free energy, Nernst equation and concentration cells, equilibrium constants from cell potentials Electrolytic cells, types of batteries, corrosion, electroplating calculations, electrolysis of aqueous solutions vs molten ionic compounds. An Activity Series (Vonderbrink, Exp. #7 Fulfills College Board Recommended Experiment #20) ~ 1.5 hours Electrochemical Cells (Vonderbrink, Exp. #22 Fulfills College Board Recommended Exp. #21) ~ 2 hours Net ionic equations/reactions emphasized: electrolysis reactions Chapter 18- The Nucleus: A Chemist s View (This topic was extensively covered in Honors Introductory and will be done over Spring Break as independent review, followed by a test) Types of radioactive decay, half-lives, nuclear transformations, decay series, detection and application of radioactivity, mass defect and binding energy, nuclear fission and fusion, reactors
Review for AP Exam