Chemical Names and Formulas ELECTRONS AND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS BONDING AND INTERACTIONS 91 Naming Ions For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 4, 8 15 Essential Understanding Ions are named by determining their charges and applying certain rules Reading Strategy Concept Map A concept map helps you organize concepts, using visual relationships and linking words Mapping out these connections helps you think about how information fits together As you read Lesson 91, use the concept map below Fill in this concept map to show how to identify and name different types of ions Ions Made of a single atom: monatomic ion Made of more than one atom: polyatomic ion Positively charged ion: cation Negatively charged ion: anion The only common positive ion of this type: ammonium ion The names of most common negative ions of this type end in: -ate or -ite Named by: the name of the element the word ion or cation Named by: the root of the name of the element -ide EXTENSION Extend the concept map by providing an example of each of the four types of ions Sample answers: cation: sodium ion; anion: chloride ion; positive polyatomic ion: ammonium ion; negative polyatomic ion: sulfate ion Lesson 91 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 110
Lesson Summary Monatomic Ions A one-atom ion is called a monatomic ion A monatomic ion s charge depends on its place in the periodic table Atoms that lose electrons become positively charged ions, or cations Atoms that gain electrons become negatively charged ions, or anions Polyatomic Ions Polyatomic ions contain more than one atom and behave as a unit Negatively charged polyatomic ions are named using a root word and an -ate or -ite suffix After reading Lesson 91, answer the following questions Monatomic Ions 1 What are monatomic ions? Monatomic ions are ions consisting of only one atom 2 How is the ionic charge of a Group 1A, 2A, or 3A ion determined? The ionic charge is numerically equal to the group number 3 How is the ionic charge of a Group 5A, 6A, or 7A ion determined? The charge of an ion in Group 5A, 6A, or 7A is determined by subtracting 8 from the group number 4 Circle the letter of the type of element that often has more than one common ionic charge a alkali metal b alkaline earth metal c transition metal d nonmetal 5 The Stock system of naming transition metal cations uses a Roman numeral in parentheses to indicate the numeric value of the ionic charge 6 An older naming system uses the suffix -ous to name the cation with the lower ionic charge, and the suffix -ic to name the cation with the higher ionic charge 7 What is a major advantage of the Stock system over the old naming system? The Stock system gives the actual charge of the ion Lesson 91 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 111
8 Use the periodic table to write the name and formula (including charge) for the ion formed from each element in the table below Element Name Formula Fluorine fluoride ion F Calcium Oxygen calcium ion oxide ion Ca 2+ O 2 Polyatomic Ions 9 What is a polyatomic ion? A polyatomic ion is a tightly bound group of atoms that behaves as a unit and carries a charge 10 Is the following sentence true or false? The names of polyatomic anions always end in -ide false 11 What is the difference between the sulfite and sulfate anions? The sulfite ion has one less oxygen atom than the sulfate ion 12 Look at Table 93 Circle the letter of a polyatomic ion that is a cation a ammonium b acetate c oxalate d phosphate 13 How many atoms make up the oxalate ion and what is its charge? It is made up of 6 atoms (2 carbon atoms and 4 oxygen atoms) and it has a charge of 2 14 What three hydrogen-containing polyatomic anions are essential components of living systems? a hydrogen carbonate, HCO 3 2 b hydrogen phosphate, HPO 4 c dihydrogen phosphate, H 2 PO 4 15 Look at Figure 95 Identify each of the ions shown below N 1 P 3 N 1 a ammonium ion b phosphate ion c nitrate ion Lesson 91 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 112
92 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 2 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 Essential Understanding In writing names and formulas for ionic compounds, the cation is listed first, followed by the anion Lesson Summary Binary Ionic Compounds Binary ionic compounds are composed of two elements, one with a positive charge and one with a negative charge The chemical formula of a binary ionic compound includes the cation s symbol, followed by the anion s symbol, with subscripts that balance positive and negative charges Compounds With Polyatomic Ions Ionic compounds are named by joining the cation and anion names To indicate more than one polyatomic ion in a chemical formula, place parentheses around the polyatomic ion and use a subscript Roman numerals indicate the oxidation number of cations having multiple possible oxidation states After reading Lesson 92, answer the following questions Binary Ionic Compounds 1 Traditionally, common names were based on some property of a compound or its source 2 What is the general name for compounds composed of two elements? They are binary compounds 3 When writing the formula for any ionic compound, the charges of the ions must balance 4 What are two methods for writing a balanced formula? a finding the least common multiple of the charges b using the crisscross method 5 What are the formulas for the compounds formed by the following pairs of ions? a Fe 2+, Cl FeCl 2 b Cr 3+, O 2 Cr 2 O 3 c Na +, S 2 Na 2 S 6 What are the formulas for these compounds? a lithium bromide LiBr b cupric nitride Cu 3 N 2 c magnesium chloride MgCl2 Lesson 92 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 113
7 The name of a binary ionic compound is written with the name of the cation first, followed by the name of the anion 8 How can you tell that cobalt(ii) iodide is a binary ionic compound formed by a transition metal with more than one ionic charge? The name includes a Roman numeral representing the ionic charge of the transition metal cation 9 Write the names for these binary ionic compounds a PbS lead(ii) sulfide b MgCl 2 magnesium chloride c Al 2 Se 3 aluminum selenide Compounds With Polyatomic Ions 10 What is a polyatomic ion? A polyatomic ion contains more than one element 11 How do you write the formula for a compound containing a polyatomic ion? Write the symbol or formula for the cation followed by the symbol or formula for the anion, and use subscripts to balance the charges 12 Why are parentheses used to write the formula Al(OH) 3? The parentheses indicate that more than one polyatomic ion is needed in the formula 13 Complete the table for these ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions Cation Anion Name Formula NH 4 + S 2 ammonium sulfide (NH 4 ) 2 S Fe 3+ CO 3 2 iron(iii) carbonate Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 Ag + K + NO 3 silver nitrate AgNO 3 CN potassium cyanide KCN Lesson 92 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 114
93 Naming and Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 1 9 Essential Understanding Molecular compounds consist of nonmetal atoms, none of which is an ion, bonded together Lesson Summary Binary Molecular Compounds Binary molecular compounds consist of two nonmetals The prefixes in the name of a binary molecular compound show the number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound The numbers related to the prefixes are used as subscripts when writing formulas of binary molecular compounds When naming binary molecular compounds from their formulas, the subscripts in the formulas show what prefixes to use for each nonmetal in the compound After reading Lesson 93, answer the following questions Binary Molecular Compounds 1 Circle the letter of the type(s) of elements that form binary molecular compounds a two nonmetallic elements b a metal and a nonmetal c two metals 2 Is the following sentence true or false? Two nonmetallic elements can combine in only one way false 3 What method is used to distinguish between different molecular compounds that contain the same elements? Prefixes are used Match the prefix with the number it indicates c a b d 4 octa- a 4 5 tetra- b 7 6 hepta- c 8 7 nona- d 9 8 What are the names of the following compounds? a BF 3 boron trifluoride b N 2 O 4 dinitrogen tetroxide c P 4 S 7 tetraphosphorus heptasulfide Lesson 93 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 115
9 What are the formulas for the following compounds? a carbon tetrabromide CBr 4 b nitrogen triiodide NI 3 c iodine monochloride ICl d tetraiodine nonaoxide I 4 O 9 94 Naming and Writing Formulas for Acids and Bases For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 1 7 Essential Understanding Acids and bases are ionic compounds Their names and formulas reflect the number of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions they contain Lesson Summary Names and Formulas of Acids Names and formulas of acids are based on an acid s consisting of an anion and enough hydrogen ions to make the acid electrically neutral The general formula for an acid is H X, where X is an anion, H is a hydrogen ion, and n n is the number of hydrogen ions needed to make the acid neutral Binary acids are named by using the prefix hydro-, the root name of the anion, and the suffix -ic, plus the word acid Acids containing polyatomic ions are named according to the name of the anion Names and Formulas of Bases Bases are named like other ionic compounds The name of a base is the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion (hydroxide) The formula of a base is written by showing the number of hydroxide ions needed to balance the positive charge on the cation After reading Lesson 94, answer the following questions Names and Formulas of Acids 1 Acids produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water 2 When naming acids, you can consider them to be combinations of anions connected to as many hydrogen ions as are necessary to create an electrically neutral compound 3 What is the formula for hydrobromic acid? HBr 4 What are the components of phosphorous acid? What is its formula? hydrogen ion and phosphite ion; H 3 PO 3 Lesson 94 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 116
5 Use Table 95 to help you complete the table about acids Acid Name Formula Anion Name acetic acid carbonic acid hydrochloric acid nitric acid phosphoric acid sulfuric acid HC 2 H 3 O 2 H 2 CO 3 HCl HNO 3 H 3 PO 4 H 2 SO 4 acetate carbonate chloride nitrate phosphate sulfate Names and Formulas of Bases 6 A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water 7 How are bases named? Name the cation first followed by the name of the anion (hydroxide ion) 95 The Laws Governing How Compounds Form For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 1 7, 9, 10, 12 15 Essential Understanding Rules for naming and writing compound formulas are possible because laws govern how compounds are formed Lesson Summary The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions The laws of definite and multiple proportions describe the ratios in which elements combine to form compounds The law of definite proportions states that in any sample of a compound, the masses of the elements in the compound are always in the same proportion The law of multiple proportions applies when the same two elements form more than one compound When two elements form more than one compound, the law of multiple proportions says that the masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in simple, whole-number ratios Practicing Skills: Chemical Names and Formulas To name or write the formula of a compound, you must first decide what type of compound it is Types of compounds include acids, binary compounds, compounds with polyatomic ions, and compounds containing metallic cations with different ionic charges Lesson 95 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 117
BUILD Math Skills Finding a Mass Ratio A mass ratio is a way of showing a proportion of two different masses or compounds It tells you how much you have of one substance for every gram or other measurement you have of another substance If you had twice as much mass of compound A than you had of compound B, the ratio would be written as 2:1; which is read as two to one Typically in mass ratio problems, the amount of the element you are trying to find will be based upon the amount of another element For example, for compound A, you may have 328 g of C for every 263 g of O; and for compound B, you may have 632 g of C for every 168 g of O So, if you were trying to find the ratio of carbon, you would need to find how much carbon exists for 1 g of oxygen for both compounds You would do this by simply dividing the grams of carbon by the grams of oxygen To find a mass ratio, follow a few simple steps: Write down the known masses of both elements in both compounds Identify the element for which you are trying to find the ratio Divide the element for which you re finding the mass ratio by the other known element to get both compounds in equal proportions To compare compound A to compound B, divide the mass of A by the mass of B To compare compound B to compound A, divide B by A to obtain the mass ratio If the nearest whole number is requested for the ratio, the answer will need to be rounded to the nearest whole number Sample Problem Carbon reacts with oxygen to create two compounds Compound A contains 478 g of carbon for each 524 g of oxygen Compound B contains 363 g of carbon for each 126 g of oxygen What is the mass ratio of carbon rounded to the nearest whole number? Write down the known masses of each element for both compounds Identify the element for which you are trying to find the ratio Compound A: 478 g C, 524 g O Compound B: 363 g C, 126 g O The question asks for the mass ratio of carbon so carbon is the element we want to compare Lesson 95 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 118
Next, get the two compounds in equal proportions by dividing the element for which you are trying to find the ratio in this case, carbon by the other element present, oxygen Now divide the equal proportioned amounts to get the ratio of carbon Since it is not specified if you want to compare A to B or B to A, either proportion can be used Compound A: 478 g C 524 g O = 0912 g C 100 g O Compound B: 363 g C 126 g O = 0288 g C 100 g O Both compounds are now in g C/100 g O, so they are in equal proportions Mass ratio of carbon = Compound A Compound B = 0912 g C (compound A) 0288 g C (compound B) = 3166 1 Finally, round the answer to the nearest whole number Since 166 is less than 5 the answer rounds down to 300, so the mass ratio is 3 or 3:1 1 Hint: Remember when rounding to the nearest whole number anything equal to or greater than 5 rounds up to the next whole number, while anything less than 5 will round down Now it s your turn to practice finding mass ratios Remember to get the two compounds in equal proportions before finding the mass ratio 1 Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form two compounds Compound A contains 788 g of magnesium for every 1568 g of oxygen Compound B contains 212 g of magnesium for every 691 g of oxygen What is the mass ratio of magnesium rounded to the nearest whole number? 2:1 2 Chlorine reacts with oxygen to form two compounds Compound A contains 843 g of chlorine for every 1367 g of oxygen Compound B contains 587 g of chlorine for every 1733 g of oxygen What is the mass ratio of chlorine rounded to the nearest whole number? 2:1 Lesson 95 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 119
3 Lead forms two compounds when it reacts with oxygen Compound A contains 845 g of lead for every 479 g of oxygen Compound B contains 455 g of lead for every 077 g of oxygen What is the mass ratio of oxygen rounded to the nearest whole number? 3:1 4 Sulfur reacts with oxygen and creates two compounds Compound A contains 134 g of sulfur for every 086 g of oxygen Compound B contains 1163 g of sulfur for every 1049 g of oxygen What is the mass ratio of oxygen rounded to the nearest whole number? 1:1 After reading Lesson 95, answer the following questions The Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions 5 What is the law of definite proportions? In different samples of the same chemical compound, the masses of the elements are always present in the same proportions 6 Circle the whole-number mass ratio of Li to Cl in LiCl The atomic mass of Li is 69; the atomic mass of Cl is 355 a 42:1 b 5:1 c 1:5 7 Circle the whole-number mass ratio of carbon to hydrogen in C 2 H 4 The atomic mass of C is 120; the atomic mass of H is 10 a 1:6 b 6:1 c 1:12 d 12:1 8 In the compound sulfur dioxide, a food preservative, the mass ratio of sulfur to oxygen is 1:1 An 80-g sample of a compound composed of sulfur and oxygen contains 48 g of oxygen Is the sample sulfur dioxide? Explain No; If the sample contains 48 g of oxygen, it contains 32 g of sulfur The ratio 32:48 is equivalent to 2:3, not 1:1 Lesson 95 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 120
9 What is the law of multiple proportions? When two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers 10 Complete the table using the law of multiple proportions Mass of Cu Mass of Cl Compound A 83 g 46 g Compound B 33 g 36 g Mass Ratio Cl:Cu Whole-number Ratio of Cl 055 1 11 2 Practicing Skills: Chemical Names and Formulas 11 How can a flowchart help you to name chemical compounds? It gives step-by-step directions for naming a compound 12 Use the flowchart in Figure 918 to write the names of the following compounds: a CsCl cesium chloride b SnSe 2 tin(iv) selenide c NH 4 OH ammonium hydroxide d HF hydrofluoric acid e Si 3 N 4 trisilicon tetranitride 13 Complete the following five rules for writing a chemical formula from a chemical name a In an ionic compound, the net ionic charge is zero b An -ide ending generally indicates a(n) binary compound c An -ite or -ate ending means that the formula contains a(n) polyatomic ion that includes oxygen d Prefixes in a name generally indicate that the compound is molecular and show the number of each kind of atom in the molecule e A(n) Roman numeral after the name of a cation shows the ionic charge of the cation Lesson 95 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 121
14 Fill in the missing labels from Figure 919 Name of Compound Contains prefixes? no yes Molecular compound Uses prefixes to write formula Ionic compound Identify symbols Group A elements Use Table 91 for charges Roman numerals Give charges for cations Polyatomic ions Use Table 93 for charges Balance charges Use crisscross method Add parentheses for any multiple polyatomic ions 15 Use the flowchart in Figure 919 to write the formulas of the following compounds: a potassium silicate K 2 SiO 3 b phosphorus pentachloride PCl5 c manganese(ii) chromate MnCrO 4 d lithium hydride LiH e diiodine pentoxide I 2 O 5 Lesson 95 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 122
Guided Practice Problems Answer the following questions about Practice Problem 2 How many electrons were lost or gained to form these ions? a Fe 3+ b O 2 c Cu + d Sr 2+ Step 1 Determine the number of electrons based on the size of the charge Step 2 Determine whether the electrons were lost or gained based on the sign of the charge a Fe 3+ lost 3 electrons b O 2 gained 2 electrons c Cu + lost 1 electron d Sr 2+ lost 2 electrons Answer the following questions about Practice Problems 10b and 10c Write formulas for compounds formed from these pairs of ions b Li +, O 2 c Ca 2+, N 3 Li, O 2 Analyze Step 1 Do the ions combine in a 1:1 ratio? No, the charges on the ions are not equal Solve Step 2 Use the crisscross method to balance the formula Write the formula Li 2 O Li 2 O 2 1 Ca 2, N 3 Analyze Step 1 Will the calcium (Ca 2+ ) and nitride (N 3 ) ions combine in a 1:1 ratio? How do you know? No, because then the total charge would be negative, instead of neutral Solve Step 2 Use the crisscross method to balance the formula Write the formula Ca 3 N 2 Ca 2 3 N 3 2 Practice Problems Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 123
Answer the following questions about Practice Problem 15b Write the formula for chromium(iii) nitrite Step 1 Is the compound ionic or molecular? Explain It is ionic because it has no prefixes and it contains a metal Step 2 Use Table 93 to write the formula for the nitrite ion NO 2 Step 3 Use the crisscross method to balance the formula Write the formula Cr(NO 2 ) 3 Cr 3 (NO 2 ) 1 3 Answer the following questions about Practice Problem 48 Lead forms two compounds with oxygen One compound contains 298 g of lead and 0461 g of oxygen The other contains 989 g of lead and 0763 g of oxygen For a given mass of oxygen, what is the lowest whole-number mass ratio of lead in the two compounds? Complete the following steps to solve the problem Step 1 Write the ratio of lead to oxygen for each compound Step 2 Divide the numerator by the denominator in each ratio First compound 298 g lead 0461 g oxygen 646 g lead g oxygen Second compound 989 g lead g oxygen 0763 130 g lead g oxygen Step 3 Write a ratio comparing the first compound to the second Step 4 Simplify Note that this ratio has no units 646 g lead/g oxygen 130 g lead/g oxygen 0497 = roughly 1 1 2 The mass ratio of lead per gram of oxygen in the two compounds is 1:2 Practice Problems Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 124
Copper and chlorine form copper(i) chloride, CuCl, and copper(ii) chloride, CuCl 2 a How do these compounds relate to the number of electrons gained or lost by copper? In both compounds, Cl gains one electron and has a charge of 1 Because the ratio of Cu and Cl in CuCl is 1:1, Cu must have lost one electron and obtained a charge of 1 In CuCl 2, Cu lost two electrons and has a charge of 2 b How does this information support the law of multiple proportions? Comparing the mass of Cu that reacts with one Cl in the two compounds, the ratio of Cu in CuCl to Cu in CuCl 2 is 1:2, which is a small, whole-number ratio Practice Problems Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 125
9 Self-Check Activity For Questions 1 11, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words If you need help, you can go online 91 Naming Ions 1 When metals lose electrons, they form cations 2 A(n) polyatomic ion contains more than one atom and acts as a unit 92 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds 3 To write the formula for an ionic compound, write the formulas for the cation and the anion, then use subscripts to balance charges 4 To name an ionic compound, name the cation, then name the anion 93 Naming and Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds 5 To name a molecular compound, name the first element, add the root of the second element plus -ide, then add prefixes given by the formula s subscripts 6 To write the formula of a molecular compound, write the symbol of each element, then write subscripts given by prefixes in the name of the compound 94 Naming and Writing Formulas for Acids and Bases 7 Acids are named based on the anion present in the compound 8 Bases are named like other ionic compounds 95 The Laws Governing How Compounds Form 9 If the ratio of the number of each type of atom is fixed, their mass ratio is also fixed 10 When naming a compound of a metal that can have more than one charge, use a(n) Roman numeral to show the charge of the metal ion 11 If the name of a compound ends in -ide, the compound is usually binary If You Have Trouble With Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 See Page 264 268 272 274 281 282 286 287 289 292 293 Self-Check Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 126
Review Vocabulary Fill in each of the blanks with a word or words that relate to each vocabulary term 1 monatomic ion A monatomic ion contains only one atom and has either a positive or a negative charge It differs from a(n) polyatomic ion, which contains more than one atom Ions with a positive charge are known as cations, and those with a negative charge are anions The name of a positive monatomic ion is the name of the element The name of a negative monatomic ion is the root of the name of the element plus the suffix -ide 2 binary compound A binary compound might contain many atoms, but it contains only two different types of atoms The name of a binary ionic compound consists of the names of the cation plus the name of the anion in the compound Molecular binary compounds are named by using prefixes that show the number of each type of atom in the compound 3 acid Acids contain hydrogen atoms and release hydrogen ions in solution They differ from bases, which release hydroxide ions in solution Acids are named according to the anion present in the compound The name of a binary acid includes the prefix hydro-, the root of the name of the other element present, the suffix -ic, and the word acid Other acids are named according to the name of the polyatomic ion they contain 4 law of definite proportions 5 law of multiple proportions These two laws help show how elements combine to form compounds The law of definite proportions states that the masses of elements in a specific compound are always in the same proportion The law of multiple proportions is used when more than one compound forms from two elements It states that the amount of one element that combines with a specific amount of the other element in the compounds is in the ratio of small, whole numbers Self-Check Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc, or its affiliates All Rights Reserved 127