Florida Native Landscaping ORH 3815/5815C Lecture 1 How to Identify Plants
Lecture Outline I. The Plant Kingdom II. III. IV. Binomial Nomenclature Floral formula technique Flower terminology V. Leaf terminology VI. Fruit terminology
A Typical System Division Spermatophyta- seed plants Subdivision Angiospermae Class Order Gymnospermae Dicotyledon Monocotyledon A group of related families Family Genus Species A group of related genera A group of related species Plants of one kind
Angiosperm Gymnosperm Elaborate Yes, true No Flowers stigma Nutritional tissue Endosperm (3n)=double Gametophyte (1n) fertilization Enclosed Yes- No- naked seed contained in carpel Leaves Simple, compound Awl-like, scale-like, needle-like lik Plants Monocots, Dicots Cycads, Conifers, Ginko
DICOT MONOCOT Flower parts 4 s 4s or 5 s 5s 3 s 3s (usually) (usually) Pollen 3furrows One furrow Cotyledons Two One Leaf Venation Netlike Parallel (usually) (usually) Primary vascular In a ring Complex arrangement bundles Secondary Commonly Absent growth with vascular present bundles
Monocots and Dicots
Angiosperm or Gymnosperm?
Linnaeus system Binomial nomenclature- means of which all plants and all animals are known by all people in all countries who speak or write of them with precision; system began in 1753.
Variety- A subdivision of a species, differing in certain genetically fixed characteristics ti from the rest of the population p Ulmus americana var. floridana Ulmus americana floridana Genus specific epithet variety Species (Haehle)
Cultivar- A cultivated variety Stokesia leavis Color wheel Genus specific epithet cultivar Species PDSI
Hybrids Interspecific hybrid- hybridization between two related species Example: Ilex cassine (Dahoon Holly) x Ilex opaca (Am. Holly) Ilex x attenuata
Botanical Code Today the use of botanical names is governed and regulated by the International ti Code for Botanical Nomenclature http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm. t b / i The principles and rules of the Botanical Code are uniformly applicable to cultivated as well as wild plants. The code promotes uniformity, fixity, and accuracy in naming plants.
Latinized Words Scientific names- often descriptive Specific epithet-designated by morphological characteristics, such as: shape, number, and color; sensual features such as taste, smell, or touch; geography g and ecological conditions; or the name of the person to be honored.
Floral Formula Technique A visual device used to summarize the relationship of flower parts It is based on symbols identifying the sepals (calyx), the petals (corolla), the stamens, and the pistil The use of small superscript numbers adds more information into the formula. *For example: Ca5Co5S5P1 =5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 1 pistil (a complete flower)
Asteraceae disk ray Baumgardt, 1982
Terms Relative to the Flower The flower is the structure most commonly used in classifying and identifying plants Perfect- has both stamens and pistils Imperfect-lacks either stamens or pistils Complete-stamen, pistil, sepals, petals Incomplete-lacks stamen, pistil, sepals or petals
Parts of a Flower Still, 1994
Longitudinal Section of a Complete Flower Still, 1994
Sexuality of Angiosperm Flowers Monoecious-one one plant bears both staminate and pistillate flowers separately (unisexual) Dioecious- two flower types (staminate t and pistillate) t are born on separate plants (unisexual) Perfect-having both stamens and pistils (bisexual) Brickell and Cathey,, 2004
Inflorescence Types Still, 1994 Corymb Cyme Head Panicle Spike Dehgan, 1998 Raceme Solitary Umbel
Terms Relative to the Leaves Deciduous vs. Evergreen Opposite, alternate, whorled Simple vs compound Shape overall, base, apex Margins Venation-parallel, netted, pinnate, palmate
Leaf Types Still, 1994
Leaf Arrangement Brickell and Cathey,, 2004
Leaf Shapes Still, 1994
Leaf Margins Still, 1994
Leaf Apices Still, 1994
Leaf Bases Still, 1994
Leaf Surface Viscid-stickysticky Glaucous- waxy Glabrous- no hairs or wax Pubescent- covered with ih hairs Scabrous-roughrough
Stem and Bud Morphology Dirr, 1998
Types of Fruit Brickell and Cathey,, 2004
Useful References How to Identify Flowering Plant Families (Baumgardt, 1982) Botany in a Day (Elpel, 2004) Plant Identification (Harris and Harris, 2001) Botany for Gardeners (Capon, 1998)