The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal, W2AGZ Technologies w2agz@pacbell.net www.w2agz.com 2004 SuperGrid 2 25-27 October 2004, Urbana, Il Technical Plenary Session Levis Faculty Center -- UIUC Monday, 25 October 2004, 9:30 AM
The Discoveries La-Ba-Cu-O Onset T C = 40 K! Leiden, 1914 Zürich, 1986
Superconductivity 101 Cooper Problem e -ikr 2 single particles e ikr 1 H(k) + H(-k) + V(k) V(k) = -V 0 0 k f dk e ik(r 1 - r 2 ) ψ(r 1 -r 2 ) = φ(r 1 -r 2 )χ(s 1,s 2 ) + + e - + + 2 2 e -2/N(E f )V 0 pairs e - Fermion-Boson Feynman Diagram T C = D 1.14 θ exp( 1/ λ ) k' 1 k 1 q k' 2 k 2 θ D = 275 K, λ = 0.28, T C = 9.5 K (Niobium)
GLAG 1 G[ φ] d 3 r[ ( iη + e* A) φ*( iη + e* A) φ+ aφφ* + 1 2 bφφ* φφ*] 2m* 2 2 ( i A) f + f ( 1 f ) = 0 2 * * κ ( A) + 1 2 2 i( f f f f ) + Af = 0 φ = ( a b) A = ( Φ / 2πξ) A 0 κ = λ / ξ L 1 2 f
The Flavors of Superconductivity -M Magnetic Field Normal 1/4π H C1 Meissner Temperature T C λ < ξ H C1 H Type I
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H Dipole Force
The Flavors of Superconductivity λ > ξ Type II -M Magnetic Field H C2 Mixed Normal 1/4π H C1 Meissner Temperature T C H C1 H C2 H
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H J Dipole Force F
The Flavors of Superconductivity λ > ξ Type II -M Magnetic Field H C2 NOT PERFECT CONDUCTOR! Mixed Normal 1/4π H C1 Meissner Temperature T C H C1 H C2 H
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice Pinned H J Dipole Force F
The Flavors of Superconductivity H C2 Normal Magnetic Field H C1 R = 0 Mixed R 0 Irreversibility Line Meissner Temperature T C
No More Ohm s Law E (V/cm) 2.0E-05 1.5E-05 1.0E-05 5.0E-06 0.0E+00 Typical E vs J Power Law E = aj n n = 15 T = 77 K HTS Gen 1 E = 1 µv/cm 0 25000 50000 75000 J (A/cm^2)
ac Hysteresis -M M H 1/4π H C1 H C2 H
T C vs Year: 1991-2001 200 Temperature, T C (K) 150 100 50 164 K High-T C MgB 2 Low-T C 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year
HTSC Wire Can Be Made! 1. Powder Preparation 2. Billet Packing & Sealing Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor 3. 4. Deformation & Processing Oxidation - Heat Treat A. Extrusion C. Rolling B. Wire Draw But it s 70% silver!
Finished Cable
Reading Assignment 1. Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb 3 Sn) 2. Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH 2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC) 3. Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH 2 and Nb 3 Ge) 4. Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km) 5. Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH 2 +HTSC) 6. Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002 These articles, and much more, can be found at www.w2agz.com, sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography
1967: SC Cable Proposed! 100 GW dc, 1000 km!
Hydricity SuperCables +v I H 2 H 2 -v I Circuit #1 Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench +v I H 2 H 2 Circuit #2 -v I
SuperCable HV Insulation Super- Insulation D H Flowing Liquid Hydrogen D O Al Al Superconductor Conductor Al Al core of of diameter D C wound with HTSC tape t s thick
Power Flows P SC = 2 V IA SC, where Electricity P SC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) I = Supercurrent A SC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus P H2 = 2(QρvA) H2, where Hydrogen P H2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H 2 oxidation energy (2.46 ev per mol H 2 ) ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube
Power Flows: 5 GW e /10 GW th Electrical Power Transmission (+/- 25 kv) Power Current HTS J C (MW e ) (A) (A/cm 2 ) D C (cm) t S (cm) 5,000 100,000 25,000 3.0 0.38 D H HV Insulation Super- Insulation Flowing Liquid Hydrogen Al core of D O Al Chemical Power Transmission (H 2 at 20 K, per "pole") Power D H -effective H 2 Flow D H -actual (MW Superconductor th ) (cm) (m/s) (cm) Conductor 5,000 40 4.76 45.3 diameter D C wound with HTSC tape t s thick
Radiation Losses W R = 0.5εσ (T 4 amb T4 SC ), where W R = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = 5.67 10-12 W/cm 2 K 4 T amb = 300 K T SC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface D H = 45.3 cm W R = 16.3 W/m Superinsulation: W Rf = W R /(n-1), where n = number of layers = 10 Net Heat In-Leak Due to Radiation = 1.8 W/m
Fluid Friction Losses W loss = M P loss / ρ, Where M = mass flow per unit length P loss = pressure loss per unit length ρ = fluid density Fluid Re ε(mm) D H (cm) v (m/s) P (atm/10 km) Power Loss (W/m) H (20K) 2.08 x 10 6 0.015 45.3 4.76 2.0 3.2
Heat Removal dt/dx = W T /(ρvc P A) H2, where dt/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m W T = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate C P = H 2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube SuperCable Losses (W/M) K/10km Radiative Friction ac Losses Conductive Total dt/dx 1.8 3.2 1 1 7 10-2
SuperCable H 2 Storage Some Storage Factoids Power (GW) Storage (hrs) Energy (GWh) TVA Raccoon Mountain 1.6 20 32 Alabama CAES 1 20 20 Scaled ETM SMES 1 8 8 One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2 LH 2 in 45 cm diameter, 12 mile bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain
Relative Density of H2 as a Function of Pressure at 77 K wrt LH2 at 1 atm 1.2 1 Rho(H2)/Rho(LH2) 0.8 0.6 0.4 Supercritical 100% LH2 0.2 0 50% LH2 Vapor 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Pressure (psia) H 2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H 2 and 100% at 6800 psia
Hybrid SuperCable HV Insulation D H Super- Insulation Flowing High Pressure Hydrogen Gas D O Flowing liquid N 2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter D N Al Superconductor Conductor Al core of diameter D C wound with HTSC tape t s thick
Electrical Issues Voltage current tradeoffs AC interface (phases) Ripple suppression Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!) Power Electronics GTOs vs IGBTs 12 wafer platforms Cryo-Bipolars
Construction Issues Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation) Coax vs RTD Rigid vs Flexible? On-Site Manufacturing Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths) Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped? Joints Superconducting Welds Thermal Expansion (bellows)
Jumpstarting the SuperGrid Do it with SuperCables Focus on the next two decades Get started with superconducting dc cable interties & back-to-backs using existing ROWs As hydrogen economy expands, parallel/replace existing gas transmission lines with SuperCables Start digging
Nukes 20% Hydro 7% Electricity Generation - June 2004 Oil 2% Coal 49% Gas 18% Renewable 2%
Al-Can Gas Pipeline Proposals
Mackenzie Valley Pipeline 1300 km 18 GW-thermal
LNG SuperCable Electrical Insulation Super- Insulation Thermal Barrier to LNG Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Superconductor LNG @ 105 K 1 atm (14.7 psia)
SuperCable Prototype Project H 2 e Cryo I/C Station H 2 Storage SMES 500 m Prototype Appropriate National Laboratory 2005-09
Regional System Interconnections