IMO - IMOMEC INSTITUUT VOOR MATERIAALONDERZOEK Perovskite solar cells dr. ir. Bert Conings bert.conings@uhasselt.be
state-of-the-art http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg
outline! introduction! planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells! low-temperature processing! intrinsic stability! conclusions
introduction Published on Web 04/14/2009 Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima, Yasuo Shirai, and Tsutomu Miyasaka*,,, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The UniVersity of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Figure 1. (a) Crystal structures of perovskite compounds. (b) SEM image of particles of nanocrystalline CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 deposited on the TiO 2 surface. The arrow indicates a particle, and the scale bar shows 10 nm. η = 3.8% http://www.chemphys.lu.se/research/project/s/wholedssc
introduction Cite this: Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 4088 www.rsc.org/nanoscale 6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell Jeong-Hyeok Im, Chang-Ryul Lee, Jin-Wook Lee, Sang-Won Park and Nam-Gyu Park* COMMUNICATION
introduction 2 : 591 DOI: 10.1038/srep00591 Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9% Hui-Seon Kim 1, Chang-Ryul Lee 1, Jeong-Hyeok Im 1, Ki-Beom Lee 1, Thomas Moehl 2, Arianna Marchioro 2, Soo-Jin Moon 2, Robin Humphry-Baker 2, Jun-Ho Yum 2, Jacques E. Moser 2, Michael Grätzel 2 & Nam-Gyu Park 1
introduction C Ag Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites Michael M. Lee et al. Science 338, 643 (2012); DOI: 10.1126/science.1228604 Spiro-OMeTAD Photoactive Layer FTO Perovskite Mesoporous Oxide Compact TiO 2 Glass A IPCE (%) B Current density (ma cm -2 ) η 10.9% Wavelength (nm) Voltage (V)
introduction c 30 25 Counts 20 15 10 5 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Efficiency (%) Science 2012, 338, 643 Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1739 Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 3249 Nat. Photonics 2013, 7, 486
porous layers; infiltration issues; fluctuation in results ambipolar perovskite planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells
planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells 100 C CH 3 NH 3 I PbCl 2 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 2 Cl
planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells B. Conings, L. Baeten, C. De Dobbelaere, J. D Haen, J. Manca, H.-G. Boyen, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2041-2046
planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells absorbance / arb. units 2 1 0 V / V 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 400 600 800 λ / nm perovskite precursor concentration (wt%) efficiency (%) 22.5 5.7 ± 0.3 30 7.6 ± 0.1 37.5 8.5 ± 0.4 45 7.7 ± 0.5 J sc / ma cm -2 5 10 15 20 10.8% 60 10.4 ± 0.4 25 B. Conings, L. Baeten, C. De Dobbelaere, J. D Haen, J. Manca, H.-G. Boyen, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2041-2046
low temperature processing TiO 2 layer typically requires ~500 C to sinter bottleneck towards large-scale / roll-to-roll processes necessity for low(er) temperature fabrication intensity 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 particle diameter (nm) B. Conings, L. Baeten, T. Jacobs, R. Dera, J. D Haen, J. Manca, H.-G. Boyen, submitted
low temperature processing & performance improvement P3HT Ag CH 3 NH 3 PbI 2 Cl TiO 2 ITO glass 0 full device stack prepared <150 C V (V) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 J (ma/cm 2 ) 5 10 15 J sc = 21.0 ma/cm 2 V oc = 0.936 V FF = 0.691 η = 13.6 % 20 B. Conings, L. Baeten, T. Jacobs, R. Dera, J. D Haen, J. Manca, H.-G. Boyen, submitted
intrinsic stability the$holy$trinity$of$photovoltaic$technology$ efficiency perovskite? lifetime cost
intrinsic stability - it will get hot up there perovskite is easily created at slightly elevated temperature we should be suspicious about its stability at slightly elevated temperature
intrinsic stability 85 C as in IEC 61646 test
intrinsic stability impact of atmosphere 24h$@$85 C$ O 2$ 24h$@$85 C$ N 2$ 24h$@$85 C$ air $
intrinsic stability - crystalline properties upon degradation pristine 24h @85 C in O 2 O 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 2θ ( ) pristine 24h @85 C in N 2 N 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 2θ ( ) PbI 2 2θ ( ) pristine 24h @85 C in ambient air 10 20 30 40 50 60 2θ ( )
intrinsic stability - Friday night experiment H 2 O
conclusions! perovskite solar cells possess many of the desirable features for next (4 th?) generation photovoltaics! high efficiencies with simple planar device structure! low temperature fabrication; towards roll-to-roll! questionable intrinsic stability! presence of Pb might or might not be a problem
acknowledgements! IMO/IMOMEC dr. Linny Baeten prof. Hans-Gerd Boyen prof. Jean Manca prof. Jan D Haen dr. Christopher de Dobbelaere prof. Marlies K. Van Bael dr. Anitha Ethirajan Lien D Olieslaeger Tanya Jacobs Rafael Dera Bart Ruttens Thijs Vandenreijt Johnny Baccus Bijzonder$Onderzoeksfonds$
Thank you for your attention! IMO - IMOMEC INSTITUUT VOOR MATERIAALONDERZOEK Institute for Materials Research Hasselt University Division IMOMEC, IMEC vzw Wetenschapspark 1 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium Tel. +32-11-268824 Fax. +32-11-268899 bert.conings@uhasselt.be