First Lunar Results from the Moon & Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE)

First Lunar Results from the Moon & Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE) Grant Matthews Accelerating certainty in climate change prediction GSICS Lunar cal meeting 6 th Dec 2016

Overview "The single largest uncertainty in determining the climate sensitivity to either natural or anthropogenic changes are clouds and their effects on radiation IPCC Earth s weather/climate system is the work done by a global heat engine driven by the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB SW & LW), which must be measured from space to constrain and validate climate models The single most critical issue for current climate change observations was their lack of accuracy and low confidence in observing the small climate change signals over long decade time scales NRC 2007 decadal survey ERB Fig by H. E. Brindley

Wielicki et al (2013) Fig 3b finds we cannot detect and hence prove disputed Cloud Climate Trends of size 0.8% decade -1 for around a quarter of a century

Earth Radiation Budget Short & Long Wave SW or Reflected Solar (0<λ<5μm) LW or Thermal Infra Red (5<λ<200μm) SeaWIFS is the one device to have calibration stability sufficient for near term climate CRF trend detection by using the Moon as a perfect solar diffuser. But all ERB missions on the right also have regular lunar/solar views (being largely un-used today)

Led to the Concept of the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE), building on Matthews 2008 and the 1000 s of lunar scans already made but currently un-used by ERB devices such as CERES Matthews 2008: Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer: application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES, Appl. Opt. 47(27), 4981-4993

But the Matthews 2008 technique produced only one lunar result per day and the numerical integral accuracy suffered in the case of sparse coverage for CERES Flight Models (CFM) 1-3 on Terra & Aqua Matthews 2008: Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer: application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES, Appl. Opt. 47(27), 4981-4993 Lunar Albedo results had a noise of around 2%

So instead each MERBE device Moon Field of View is now precisely mapped Mere `lunar glances can be regressed against such maps, increasing the number of Moon measurements by an order of magnitude from Matthews 2008

This allows thousands of independent lunar radiance retrievals to be made since 2002 and a factor of three reduction in noise All instruments must measure same lunar reflectivity of 13.166% & temperature/emissivity of 365.498K/0.97271 at +7 o static phase angle (see below) Preliminary Results Shown

Lunar Albedo Trends are Removed with < 0.05% decade -1 confidence (one sigma) Preliminary Results Shown

Lunar Emissivity Trends are Removed with < 0.01K decade -1 confidence (one sigma) Preliminary Results Shown

Why a Lunar Emissivity of 97.271% (364.498K) and Albedo of 13.166%? CERES device ground & onboard LW calibration has fair SI traceability but the SW does not, largely due to using un-characterized laboratory solar reference detectors. This likely is a primary cause of the implausible CERES measured +7 Wm -2 ERB imbalance. Thermal MERBE-Watt (lunar emissivity) chosen based on Terra LW Moon data. Solar MERBE-Watt (lunar albedo) chosen to make a +0.85Wm -2 start of century ERB imbalance Preliminary Results Shown

Due to device longevity, below in solid black is when they actually do become detectable from MERBE data to be released in 2016 (using actual Terra Moon data shown 3 slides ago)

False Trends in CERES results for use today in GCM Validation Primary CERES climate device on Terra has artificial negative Earth albedo bias sizes >2% and trends of -1% decade -1 (0.9% & max 0.2% decade -1 claimed respectively) Primary CERES climate device on Terra has artificial positive Earth LW biases >1% and trends of +1% decade -1 (0.5% and max 0.15% decade -1 claimed respectively) Preliminary Results Shown Preliminary Results Shown

Summary/Conclusions CERES ERB results available today for CRF trend detection and GCM validation are less accurate and far less stable or precise than the climate community is being told. MERBE has completely re-calibrated all US ERB measurements dating from the start of the century. It improves accuracy across the board often by an order of magnitude, based on lunar scans and pre-published calibration methodologies. Independent results suggest MERBE is an existing climate observing system already decades old, whose data will be provided free of charge to all. It brings the desired climate change detection accuracies immediately and 23yrs before even future CLARREO-like missions could, with the added possibility of halving climate sensitivity uncertainties by 2022. grant.matthews@zedikasolv.com

The Concept of the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE) has simple Golden Rules 1. Different instruments viewing the same target must measure the same thing for all scenes 2. Different instruments viewing the Moon must measure the same SI traceable lunar albedo and emissivity for all time MERBE does this while using pre-published and improved in-flight spectral calibration combined with more sophisticated signal processing and inversion techniques, making use of advances in computing and radiative transfer theory since the last century

Golden Rule 1 SW Earth Results: Evaluation of CERES and MERBE relative accuracy of 2 identical ERB CERES Flight Models (CFM) on the same satellite Using Loeb et al 2016: CERES Top-of-Atmosphere Earth Radiation Budget Climate Data Record: Accounting for in- Orbit Changes in Instrument Calibration, Remote Sens., 8(3), 182 Using Matthews 2009: In-Flight Spectral Characterization and Calibration Stability Estimates for the Clouds and the Earth s Radiant Energy System (CERES), Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26(9), 1685-1716 Mere relative SW CERES errors and trends are larger than the absolute 0.9% and 0.2% decade -1 values quoted to the climate community (1 sigma) Preliminary Results Shown

Golden Rule 1 LW Earth Results: Evaluation of CERES and MERBE relative accuracy of 2 identical ERB CERES Flight Models (CFM) on the same satellite Using Loeb et al 2016: CERES Top-of-Atmosphere Earth Radiation Budget Climate Data Record: Accounting for in- Orbit Changes in Instrument Calibration, Remote Sens., 8(3), 182 Using Matthews 2009: In-Flight Spectral Characterization and Calibration Stability Estimates for the Clouds and the Earth s Radiant Energy System (CERES), Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26(9), 1685-1716 Mere relative LW CERES errors and trends are well over twice the absolute 0.5% and 0.15% decade -1 values quoted to the climate community (1 sigma) Preliminary Results Shown

Animation credit NASA A Fourier series tensor instantaneously generates a clear, cloudy and allsky MODTRAN 5.3 spectral signature for every footprint to be used in un-filtering (whose integral is constrained to SI traceable MERBE data)

MERBE LW Lunar Model

At 7 degrees phase the Lunar LW filtering factor is sensitive to the surface temperature gradients at the 0.1% level so thermal spectrum generation uses Diviner maps

Impulse Response Found using In-flight Lamp/IBB/Space scans

Impulse Enhancement also removes CERES scene dependent biases of >1%

MERBE IE corrects Instantaneous CERES errors of > 10%

CERES detectors are linear to <0.1% Opportunities to Intercalibrate Radiometric Sensors from International Space Station C. M. Roithmayr et al 2014

3. Placement on and Holding to the MERBE Watt SI Traceable Scale The mathematics of convolution integrals allowed absolute measurements of lunar radiance to be made by an under-filled ERB device (Matthews 2008, Applied Optics)

Fig. 3b from Wielicki et al (2013)

Lunar A value is in-sensitive (~0.013%) to changes in solar spectrum S(λ)

All Un-filtering and lunar results normalized to VIRGO composite (by Claus Fröhlich)

ROLO model Kieffer & Stone 2005 Preliminary Results Shown

But how many MERBE Watts to the Watt? This will require <0.15% accurate lunar albedo How to use the Sun for calibration of a high spatial resolution solar spectrometer? Use angular rather than CLARREO proposed spatial attenuation: Radiance units are W/m 2 /Sr MERBE-Sat CubeSat Concept submitted to ESAS2017 Decadal survey RFI#2 (click link below) http://surveygizmoresponseuploads.s3.amazonaws.com/fileuploads/15647/2604456/26-1bf2db1b778f5a22e7f6dddf1b856ebb_matthewsgrant2.pdf

MERBE-Sat: SI traceable Extension to the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE) Using a 3U CubeSat Use Ocean Optics STS VIS spectrometer already deployed in CubeSats

Two telescopes, one Wide field of View (WFOV), the other Narrow field of View (NFOV), both able to see through same compound ConCave (CC) lens MERBE-Sat spin stabilized in orbit as above

Ground Calibration of MERBE-Sat in a Gimbal to Measure Optical Alignment Ratio (OAR) - all other Calibration done on-orbit

Ground Calibration of MERBE-Sat Gimbal to Measure Optical Alignment Ratio (OAR) using LED illuminated Integrating Sphere Uniform degradation in-flight makes no change to OAR O k value