Navigating the Periodic Table

Navigating the Periodic Table 1

What is the Periodic Table? An organization of Earth's elements arranged according to atomic number, the number of protons each element's nucleus contains The structure of the periodic table corresponds directly to atomic structure. This makes the table an invaluable tool for determining the property and behavior of elements and predicting how they will interact. 2

Introduction to the Periodic Table In the 1860 s a Russian chemistry teacher named Dmitri Mendeleev was searching for a way to categorize and make sense of the growing number of elements for his students and invented the Periodic Chart. He placed the elements in columns (groups or families) according to their similar chemical and physical properties and in rows (periods) by increasing mass. The chart is periodic because the chemical and physical properties of the elements repeat again and again. The same way that a calendar is periodic. His brilliance came because of his willingness to leave spaces where he expected elements to be in his chart, but where none had yet been discovered. Sure enough is a few years three more undiscovered elements were isolated to fit in the holes in his chart 3

Groups and Periods Columns aka Groups aka Families Rows aka Periods Why is it called the Periodic Chart? 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 4 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo

Group (Family) A column or group of columns in the periodic table; elements in one group have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell Period A row of the periodic table; each row corresponds to the number of electron shells in an atom of the elements in that row Elements in each group share similar chemical properties The elements in the second period each have two electron shells, and the elements in the sixth period have six electron shells 5

Metals vs Nonmetals Nonmetals Metals 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 6 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo

Metals vs Nonmetals Metals are elements that are generally shiny when smooth and clean, solid at room temperature, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are elements that are generally gases or brittle, dull-looking solids, and poor conductors of heat and electricity. Physical properties include Efficient conduction of heat and electricity Malleability (can be hammered into thin sheets) Ductility (can be pulled into wires) A lustrous (shiny) appearance Generally lack those properties that characterize metals and show much more variation in their properties than metals do 7

Some Metal Families Alkali Metals (very, very reactive) Alkaline Earth Metals (quite reactive) Transition Metals 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 8 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo

The Mixed Groups Families containing both metals and nonmetals The aluminum family The the eight metals (and more) under the staircase 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 9 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo

Metalloids (Semimetals) Close to the stair-step and often show a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties. 10

Some of the Nonmetals Halogens Noble Gases aka Inert Gases (Unreactive) 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 11 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo

Modern Period Table 12

Natural State of Elements Most elements are reac-ve We do not o1en find elements in nature in pure form (more o1en combined with other things) There are excep-ons of course! ~ Noble Gases ~ Diatomic Molecules (N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2, H 2 ) 13

Ions and the Periodic Table What types of ion is formed? (i.e. Ca-on (+) OR Anion (- )) Periodic table guides us! Group 1 form +1 ca-ons, Group 2 form +2, Group 3 form +3 etc, etc Transi-on metals form various types of ca-ons 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 14

Compounds that contain ions Writing Chemical Formulas Ionic compounds compound between a metal and a non- metal There must be ca-ons (+) and anions (- ) present When combining, the overall charge for the compound must be zero (0) Metal (ca-on) comes first THEN non- metal (anion) comes second 15

Naming Ionic compounds Metal comes first and keeps its name Non- metal comes second and add - ide at the end Example: combining sodium and chlorine becomes.sodium Chloride 16

Write the chemical formula for sodium chloride 1A" 2A" 8A" 3A" 4A" 5A" 6A" 7A" 1+" 1B" 2B" 3B" 4B" 5B" 6B" 7B" 8B" 9B" 10B" 1-" 17 When combined together Na + Cl Metals lose e- (+ ion = ca-on) Nonmetals gain e- (- ion = anion) NaCl

Write the chemical formula for magnesium =luoride 1A" 2A" 8A" 3A" 4A" 5A" 6A" 7A" 1-" 2+" 1B" 2B" 3B" 4B" 5B" 6B" 7B" 8B" 9B" 10B" 18 Overall charge must equal zero Mg (2+) + F (1- ) = 1+ (1)2+ + 2(1- ) = 0 Do the criss cross method MgF 2 ç No4ce where we put the number 2

Write the chemical formula for strontium sul=ide Sr 2+ S 2 you might have wriaen Sr2S2 always write ionic formula in lowest whole number ra-o so. 19 SrS

Write the chemical formula for potassium nitride K + N 3 K3N 20

Write the chemical formula for Beryllium Arsenide Be 2+ As 3 Be3As2 21

Naming Ionic compound Remember metal THEN non- metal with ide added to non- metal Write the name for: NaCl Na = Sodium Cl = Chlorine So.Sodium Chloride 22

Write the name for Li 2 O Li = Lithium O = Oxygen Lithium Oxide 23

Write the name for CaBr 2 Ca = Calcium Br = Bromine Calcium Bromide 24

Write the name for Na 2 S Sodium Sulfide 25

Write the name for LiI Lithium Iodide 26

Write the name for KCl Potassium Chloride 27

Ionic Compounds Involving Roman # s and Nomenclature

Transition Metals Metal with different ionic states Can use knowledge of what it is combined with to figure out charge on transi-on metal Metal comes first THEN non- metal (FeO) 1A" 2A" 8A" 3A" 4A" 5A" 6A" 7A" 1B" 2B" 3B" 4B" 5B" 6B" 7B" 8B" 9B" 10B" 2+" 1+" 2+" 29

Naming Ionic with Roman # s Metal comes first and keeps it s name with a (roman #) indicating the charge Example: Iron with a 2+ charge would be Iron (II) Non-metal comes second and add -ide at the end Example: combining Iron(II) and oxygen becomes.iron(ii) Oxide or FeO 30

Write the chemical formula for Copper (I) oxide Roman # (I) gives info for charge on copper so 1+ Cu 1+ O 2 use the criss cross method Cu2O 31

Write the chemical formula for iron(iii) oxide Roman # (III) gives info for charge on 32 iron so 3+ Fe 3+ O 2 use the criss cross method Fe2O3

Write the chemical formula for zinc chloride 1A" 2A" 8A" 3A" 4A" 5A" 6A" 7A" 1B" 2B" 3B" 4B" 5B" 6B" 7B" 8B" 9B" 10B" 2+" 1+"2+" 33 Remember that zinc is one of the transi-on metals that does not require a Roman #, since it s oxida-on state is always +2. Cl - ZnCl2

Write the chemical formula for chromium (VI) sul=ide The Roman # tells you the +6 charge on the chromium metal 34 Cr 6+ S 2 You might have criss- crossed to Cr2S6 but then you must reduce it to the lowest whole number ra-o. CrS3

Write the name for NiSe Ni =?? Se = 2- charge There is only 1 element of each in the compound above so Nickel MUST have a 2+ charge nickel(ii) selenide 35

Write the name for TiSe Ti =?? Se = 2-1 element of each Ti MUST be 2+ charge Titanium (II) Selenide 36

Write the name for Fe2O3 you can un- criss- cross or you can determine the charge on iron by working from the charge on the anion Fe2? O3 2 37 3 x 2 = 6 so 2 x? = 6+ so? must equal 3+

Write the name for Ag2S Ag = Silver (Exception: always +1 charge) 38 S = Sulfur (We know this has a 2- charge) Silver sulfide

Write the name for Ag2S No need for a Roman # since silver is always +1 (that s a memorize, along with Zn and Cd) Silver Sulfide 1A" 2A" 8A" 39 3A" 4A" 5A" 6A" 7A" 1B" 2B" 3B" 4B" 5B" 6B" 7B" 8B" 9B" 10B" 2+" 1+" 2+"

Write the name for CrP2 you can t just un- criss- cross because this is a formula which has been reduced. work off the non- metal s charge Cr? P2 3 2 x 3 = 6 so? = 6+ chromium (VI) phosphide 40

Ionic Compounds using Polyatomic Ions Nomenclature

What is a Polyatomic Ion? A cluster of atoms (usually nonmetals) that use molecular bonding within the cluster, and that require extra electrons to be sa-sfied More than one atom covalently bonded (sharing electrons) together carrying a charge (the cluster needs to gain or lose electrons to be sa-sfied). 42

- ates and - ites nitrite NO 2 sulfite SO 3 2 phosphite PO 3 3 43 nitrate NO 3 sulfate SO 4 2 phosphate PO 4 3

What if there s more than two? hypochlorite ClO chlorite ClO 2 44 chlorate ClO 3 perchlorate ClO 4

Notable Exceptions ammonium a positive polyatomic NH 4 + cyanide CN 45 hydroxide ferricyanide ferrocyanide OH Fe(CN) 6 3 Fe(CN) 6 4

Write the chemical formula for calcium nitrate Ca 2+ NO3 Note: Nitrate does not have a - 3 charge! The 3 subscript notes that the nitrate polyatomic ion contains 3 oxygen 46 use the criss cross method Ca(NO3)2 ç No4ce we need parentheses and where we put the number 2

Write the chemical formula for calcium chlorate Ca 2+ ClO3 use the criss cross method 47 Ca(ClO3)2

Write the chemical formula for iron (III) dichromate Fe 3+ Cr2O7 2 Fe2(Cr2O7)3 note that dichromate does not mean two chromates, it is a par-cular ion it got its name for the two chromium s in the ion, not because there will be two of the polyatomic ions in the compound 48

Write the chemical formula for nickel(ii) nitrite Ni 2+ NO2 49 Ni(NO2)2

Write the chemical formula for gallium cyanide Ga +3 CN - Ga(CN)3 50 not GaCN3 you need 3 cyanides, not 3 N s and 1C

Write the name for KBrO K = Potassium BrO = hypobromite 51 Potassium hypobromite

Write the name for Mn(SO4)2 We know that we need a Roman # for the manganese, so we need to figure out its charge. 52 Mn? (SO4) 2 2 2 x 2 = 4 so 1 x? = 4+? must be 4+ Manganese(IV) sulfate

Write the name for (NH4)3PO4 ammonium, NH4 + is one of the few posi-ve polyatomic ions Phosphate, PO 4-3 Ammonium phosphate 53

Write the name for Ca2Fe(CN)6 How do you know that it is ferrocyanide, not ferricyanide? You do know the charge on the calcium ion is 2+ 2 x 2+ = 4+ thus the anion must be 4 to match. 54 and ferrocyanide is 4 calcium ferrocyanide

Write the name for AuSCN SCN is a polyatomic ion 1 1 of each element thus the gold must be 1+ to balance gold(i) thiocyanate 55

Write the chemical formula for tin(iv) hydroxide Sn(OH)4 56

Write the name for CuCO3 copper(ii) carbonate 57

Write the chemical formula for copper(i) ferrocyanide Cu2Fe(CN)6 58

Write the name for CoAs cobalt(iii) arsenide 59

Write the chemical formula for uranium(vi) =luoride UF6 60

Write the name for cadmium acetate Cd(C2H3O2)2 61

Write the chemical formula for iron(iii) sul=ite Fe2(SO3)3 62

Write the name for Cr(ClO)3 chromium(iii) hypochlorite 63

Write the chemical formula for ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 64

Write the name for Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide 65

Write the chemical formula for K3Fe(CN)6 potassium ferricyanide 66

Write the name for Pb(Cr2O7)2 lead(iv) dichromate 67

Acids Nomenclature

Systematic Method - Naming Acids Does the anion contain oxygen? HClO 3" chloric" HClO 4" perchloric" No hydro-(anion root)-ic Yes check the ending of the root -ITE (anion root)-ous -ATE (anion root)-ic 69 HF" hydrofluoric" HCl" hydrochloric" HBr" hydrobromic" HI" hydroiodic" H 2 S" hydrosulfuric" HCN" hydrocyanic" nitrous"hno 2" sulfurous"h 2 SO 3" phosphorous"h 3 PO 3" HNO 3" nitric" H 2 SO 4" sulfuric" H 3 PO 4" phosphoric" H 2 CO 3" carbonic" HC 2 H 3 O 2" acetic"

Naming binary molecular compounds Nonmetal combined with nonmetal No charges - do not try to figure out the formula with charges - there are none. The name must tell us the formula Prefixes will tell us the number of each atom. The second element listed: - ide mono is op-onal di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, septa-, octo-, nono-, deca- 70

It s all in the name... 71

Review Nomenclature

Naming binary molecular compounds Nonmetal combined with nonmetal No charges - do not try to figure out the formula with charges - there are none. The name must tell us the formula Prefixes will tell us the number of each atom. The second element listed: - ide mono is op-onal di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, septa-, octo-, nono-, deca- 73

How to remember the polyatomic acids?? It s alphabe-cal! ate is an ic acid sulfate = sulfuric acid nitrate = nitric acid acetate = ace-c acid ite is an ous acid ( ous acids are always weak acids) sulfite = sulfurous acid nitrite = nitrous acid phosphite = phosphorous 74

Types of Bonding Elements can be classified as metal or nonmetal. These two categories gives rise to three types of bonding: Ionic: metal & nonmetal Molecular: nonmetal & nonmetal Metallic: metal & metal Electron Sea Model Valence electrons are uniformly distributed around the remaining ca-ons of each atom. Electrons are loose and able to move. 75

Binary Molecular Compounds Prefixes (they should be memorized) used to indicate the number of atoms of each element. mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octo, nono, deca, (11), dodeca Less electronega-ve element usually listed first Second element listed ends in - ide For most compounds with more than two elements we will use their common names, not the IUPAC naming system except for some simple organic compounds 76

Ionic vs Molecular Metal + Nonmetal" Particles called formula units" Electrons transferred" Nonmetal + Nonmetal" Particles called molecules" Electrons are shared" Metals lose e and become a + ion (cation)" No ions are formed" 77 Nonmetal gain e and become a ion (anion)" No ions are formed" Formula is always written in lowest whole number ratio" Some metals require roman # to indicate charge" No prefixes unless part of the polyatomic name" Formula may not always be in lowest whole number ratio" No Roman Numerals" Prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms in formula"

Ionic Compounds Ca-on (+) ion (usually metals) listed first metals retain the same name Ammonium: the + polyatomic ion Anion ( ) ion listed second Nonmetal (some polyatomic contain metals) Binary compounds (only two different elements) end in - ide Polyatomic compounds end in ite or ate A few excep-ons end in ide Most of the table should be memorized Certain metals require Roman # to indicate their charge. 78

Bonding between Metal Atoms Sea of Electrons Model The small yellow spheres represent the valence electrons that move freely about. The large white spheres represent the remainder of the atom, a posi-ve ion made of the inner core electrons + nucleus. 79

Sea of Electrons Model to explain metallic properties easily excitable electrons = colored flames good electrical conductor shiny good thermal conductor malleable duc-le 80

Descriptive Symbolism Single atom Two atoms stuck together, diatomic molecule Two atoms not stuck together A single ion with a 1- charge, having gained 1e- An atom showing its atomic number A nuclide, a par-cular isotope showing its mass number A nuclide with its mass number F" F 2" 2F" F -1" 9F" 21 F" Fluorine-19 81

Using the Chart to Predict Charges Group 1: Alkali Metals, lose 1 e = 1+ Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals, lose 2 e = 2+ Group 3 (metals): Aluminum Group, lose 3 e = 3+ Group 7: Halogens, gain 1 e = 1 Group 6: Oxygen group, gain 2 e = 2 Group 5: Nitrogen group, gain 3 e = 3 Don t forget about the 3 transi-on metals to memorize 82 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 73 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Uuu 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 116 Uuh 118 Uuo +2 +2 +1