Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes

Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes Josh Webster 4/21/2014 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 1 http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/690958main_p1237a1.jpg

A Look Ahead 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

A Look Ahead Galaxy Classification Hubble Sequence De Vaucoulers System 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

A Look Ahead Galaxy Classification Hubble Sequence De Vaucoulers System Examples of Galaxy Types 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

A Look Ahead Galaxy Classification Hubble Sequence De Vaucoulers System Examples of Galaxy Types Active Galactic Nuclei Supermassive Black Holes The center of the Milky Way Gas cloud approaches SGR A* 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 2

Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened S0 lenticular galaxies w/o spiral structure http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened S0 lenticular galaxies w/o spiral structure S[a-c]- tight spiral structure, bright central bulge http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

Galaxy Classification The Hubble Sequence (1936) E featureless ovals, ranging from circular to flattened S0 lenticular galaxies w/o spiral structure S[a-c]- tight spiral structure, bright central bulge SB[a-c] same as S[a-c], but has central bar http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 6

Galaxy Classification Continued The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 The De Vaucoulers System (1959) Irregulars Usually denoted Im Magellanic (m) Transition or spiral type (Sm) Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0 (I0) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

Galaxy Classification Continued The De Vaucoulers System (1959) 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I Spirals and lenticulars have 2 families: True nonbarred (SA, SA0) True barred (SB, SB0) Intermediate barred (SAB, SAB0) 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 Irregulars Usually denoted Im Magellanic (m) Transition or spiral type (Sm) Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0 (I0) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

Galaxy Classification Continued 4 Main Types: Ellipticals: E Lenticulars: S0 Spirals: S Irregulars: I 4 main stages: From early to late (a, b, c, d) Can also be intermediate (ab, bc, cd) Lenticulars (S0 -, S0 0, S0 + ) E + for late E transitioning to S0 The De Vaucoulers System (1959) Irregulars Usually denoted Im Magellanic (m) Transition or spiral type (Sm) Non-magellanic w/ structure related to S0 (I0) Spirals and lenticulars have 2 families: True nonbarred (SA, SA0) True barred (SB, SB0) Intermediate barred (SAB, SAB0) Spirals and lenticulars have 2 varieties: Ringed (r) Pure spiral (s) Transition (rs) Complete outer ring structure (R) Psuedo-ring from spiral arms, such as in S(s) type, (R ) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 12

Rings http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 17

An Example of Spiral Varieties True Spiral Transition Ringed True Nonbarred (SA) Intermediate (SAB) True Barred (SB) http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 18

Galaxy Classification Continued http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/galaxy_morphology.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 19

A Closer Look at Galaxies 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 20

Elliptical Galaxies M87 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 26 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/m87jet_block.jpg

Elliptical Galaxies M87 Galaxy type: E1 pec E1: elliptical Pec: peculiar 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 26 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/m87jet_block.jpg

Lenticular Galaxies NGC 524 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 28 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/potw1329a.jpg

Lenticular Galaxies NGC 524 Galaxy Type: S0 D S0: lenticular type D: rotationally symmetric w/o pronounced spiral 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 28 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/potw1329a.jpg

M51 Spiral Galaxies NGC 5195 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 30 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1006/m51_peris.jpg

M51 Spiral Galaxies NGC 5195 Galaxy Type: SA(s)bc pec SA: spiral w/o bars (s): w/o rings bc: intermediate stage Pec: peculiar 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 30 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1006/m51_peris.jpg

M51 Spiral Galaxies NGC 5195 Galaxy Type: SA(s)bc pec SA: spiral w/o bars (s): w/o rings bc: intermediate stage Pec: peculiar HII region 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 30 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1006/m51_peris.jpg

4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-ngc1300.jpg Barred Spiral Galaxies NGC 1300

Barred Spiral Galaxies NGC 1300 Galaxy Type: SB(rs)bc SB: barred spiral (rs): transition bc: intermediate stage 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/hubble2005-01-barred-spiral-galaxy-ngc1300.jpg

4/21/2014 Josh Webster 35 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1102/ngc4449_hlagendlerl.jpg Irregular Galaxies NGC 4449

Irregular Galaxies Galaxy Type: IBm I: Irregular B: Barred m: magellanic NGC 4449 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 35 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1102/ngc4449_hlagendlerl.jpg

What s at the center of a galaxy? 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33

What s at the center of a galaxy? 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33

What s at the center of a galaxy? From what we observe, it appears nearly every galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center, and it can be active or inactive. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 33

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) An active core of a galaxy Emits radiation 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) An active core of a galaxy Emits radiation Very high luminosity over a large range of EM spectrum, based on type. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) An active core of a galaxy Emits radiation Very high luminosity over a large range of EM spectrum, based on type. Radiation believed to be originating from supermassive black hole at center accreting mass. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 38

Galactic Nuclei Types http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/active_galactic_nucleus#summary 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 39

Supermassive Black Holes M87 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 40 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1005/m87jet_block.jpg

Supermassive Black Holes 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 41

Supermassive Black Holes 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45 http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/

4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45 http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/ Supermassive Black Holes Jet of emitted sub-atomic particles from a source of mass 2 billion times that of the sun.

4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45 http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/ Supermassive Black Holes Jet of emitted sub-atomic particles from a source of mass 2 billion times that of the sun.

Center of the Milky Way 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 45 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/eso-vlt-laser-phot-33a-07.jpg

Center of the Milky Way Chandra X-Ray Observatory SGR A* using VLA (radio) https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l8_p7.html 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 46

T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* NuSTAR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:pointing_x-ray_eyes_at_our_resident_supermassive_black_hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: NuSTAR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:pointing_x-ray_eyes_at_our_resident_supermassive_black_hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun NuSTAR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:pointing_x-ray_eyes_at_our_resident_supermassive_black_hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun 26,000 Ly from Earth NuSTAR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:pointing_x-ray_eyes_at_our_resident_supermassive_black_hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun 26,000 Ly from Earth Faint X-ray emission NuSTAR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:pointing_x-ray_eyes_at_our_resident_supermassive_black_hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

T 10 8 K 2 day period Center of the Milky Way: SGR A* Black hole at the center: 4 million times the mass of the sun 26,000 Ly from Earth Faint X-ray emission Only 1% of material in vicinity reaches event horizon NuSTAR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:pointing_x-ray_eyes_at_our_resident_supermassive_black_hole.jpg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 51

Stellar Orbits Near SGR A* S2 orbit 15.24 years Sedna 11,400 years S2 velocity 5000 km/s 1.67% speed of light That s 166x Earth s orbit speed! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:galactic_centre_orbits.svg 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 53

4/21/2014 Josh Webster 54 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:g2cloud_eso1151a.jpeg Gas Cloud (G2) Near SGR A* Cloud roughly 10 times the mass of Earth

Conclusion 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. There are many varieties of galaxies. Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution they are in. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. There are many varieties of galaxies. Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution they are in. The De Vaucoulers system is an extension of the Hubble sequence, and is the most commonly used. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

Conclusion Classifying galaxies and their evolution stages proved to be quite difficult. There are many varieties of galaxies. Their classification can give an idea of what stage of evolution they are in. The De Vaucoulers system is an extension of the Hubble sequence, and is the most commonly used. Astrophysics is a rapidly developing field of science. There is still much that we don t understand about galaxies. The technology to observe certain phenomena has only recently become available. Everything prior to the early-mid 1900 s was theory or just speculation. 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 55

References De Vaucoulers, G. (1962). Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nphiarticle_query?1963apjs...8...31d&data_type=pdf_high&whole_paper =YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf Ciardullo, R. (2009). Galaxy Classification. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://www2.astro.psu.edu/users/rbc/a504/classifications.pdf Torres, Diego F. & Anchordoqui, Luis A. (2004). Astrophysical Origins of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/march04/torres/torres_contents.html NASA & The Hubble Heritage Team (2000). A Cosmic Searchlight. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2000/20/image/a/ Boen, Brooke. (2013). Supermassive Black Hole Sagittarius A*. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/black-hole- SagittariusA.html Murdin, P. & Buta, Ronald (2006). Encyclodpedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Accessed April 18, 2014 from: http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/eaa/eaa-classif.pdf 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 60

Questions? 4/21/2014 Josh Webster 61