Name: AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Unit 11: Plants Guided Reading Questions (75 pts total) Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land 1. List the four traits that land plants share with charophyceans. Then, list the five derived traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophyceans. 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 2. What resource did plants need to find a way to conserve as they moved onto land? 3. Why is the text using the definition of embryophytes for inclusion in the plant kingdom? 4. What is a cuticle? 5. What are secondary compounds and how are they an advantage to plants? Give some examples. Page 1 of 18
6. Label the diagram below to explain plant evolution in broad terms. 7. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that lack vascular tissue? 8. What general characteristics could you infer about plants that have a vascular system? 9. What is the alternative to having a seed? Page 2 of 18
10. As you read about plant life cycles consider these questions: Is the gametophyte dependent on the sporophyte? Is the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte? Does the organism spend a greater part of the life cycle as haploid or diploid? After you have done this, label the generic diagram to explain Alternation of Generations in plants. 11. What are the three phyla represented by the term Bryophytes? 12. What are some of the ecological and economic benefits of moss? List at least three. 13. What was the dominant life cycle in Seedless Vascular Plants? Page 3 of 18
14. Define the following terms: a. Xylem b. Tracheids - c. Lignin - d. Phloem - e. Roots - f. Leaves - g. Microphylls - h. Megaphylls - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 15. Which of the following is NOT a homology shared by land plants and their closest living algal relatives (charophyceans)? A. the presence of peroxisomes B. many of the details of cell division C. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes D. the presence of cuticle on the surface of leaves Chapter 30 - Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants 1. What are some of the advantages to having a reduced gametophyte in plants? 2. Define the following terms: a. Integuments - b. Ovule c. Pollen grains d. Pollination e. Seed Page 4 of 18
3. What are the evolutionary advantages to seed formation? 4. What does the term Gymnosperm mean? Are all conifers gymnosperms? 5. What is the common name of Angiosperms? 6. Define the following terms: a. Flower b. Sepals c. Petals d. Stamen e. Filament f. Anther g. Stigma h. Style i. Ovary j. Receptacle k. Pistil l. Fruit m. Pericarp n. Micropyle o. Cross-pollination - Page 5 of 18
7. What is the alternate term for the gametophyte in angiosperms? 8. What is double fertilization? 9. What is a cotyledon? 10. What function does the endosperm serve? 11. Some gymnosperms also have double fertilization is this homologous or analogous? 12. How do we now know that monocot and dicot classification of angiosperms does not completely reflect the evolution of these plants? What is the newer classification system? 13. Define coevolution. How does the development of angiosperms and animals in the same time frame meet the definition of coevolution? 14. How does human welfare depend on seed plants? Page 6 of 18
AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 15. Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival? A. bark B. cones C. xylem D. phloem Chapter 35- Plant Structure and Growth 1. List the basic plant organs with their functions. 2. List four types of leaves and examples of their functions. 3. List and indicate functions of three organelles unique to plant tissues. 4. Give a brief description and example of the following plant tissues. a. Xylem b. Phloem c. Parenchyma d. Collenchyma e. Sclerechyma f. Epidermis/Protective - Page 7 of 18
5. List and describe the three primary growth tissues. 6. Label the diagram of the leaf and indicate the function of the tissues. 7. Describe the function and importance of stomata. Page 8 of 18
8. Label the diagram of a cross section through a woody stem and indicate the functions of the tissues 9. Compare and contrast primary and secondary growth in plants. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Plants increase in size in two distinct ways, growth and cell expansion. Which of the following accounts for about 90% of a plant cell s increase in size? A. water stored in the nucleus B. water uptake stored in various small vacuoles C. additional organic material stored in vacuoles D. water uptake that is stored in a large central vacuole Page 9 of 18
Chapter 36 Transport in Vascular Plants 1. Transport in vascular plants occurs on three scales. What are they? 2. These terms are a review, but also very critical to know to understand the transportation of nutrients in vascular plants. Define these terms. a. Passive Transport b. Active Transport c. Transport Proteins d. Proton Pump e. Membrane Potential f. Cotransport g. Chemiosmosis h. Water Potential i. Solute Potential j. Osmotic Potential - k. Pressure Potential Page 10 of 18
3. Label this picture to explain the overview of transport in a vascular plant. 4. Compare and contrast the bulk flow of nutrients in the xylem and phloem. 5. Describe the process of transpiration in your own words and how it affects the transportation of minerals and water. Page 11 of 18
6. Label the diagram and use it to explain how water potential affects transport of nutrients and minerals through vascular plants. 7. How do stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration? What are some factors that could possibly stimulate the opening and closing of stomata? Page 12 of 18
8. Define these terms and give an example a. Sugar Source b. Sugar Sink c. Transfer Cells - 9. Label the following diagram, describing pressure flow in a sieve tube. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. What keeps the force of gravity from overcoming transpirational pull? A. upward pressure from the roots B. high water pressure in the leaves C. movement of water toward a sugar sink D. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules Page 13 of 18
Chapter 37- Plant Nutrition 1. How do nutrients enter plants? 2. What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? 3. Why is magnesium important to plants? 4. How do plants absorb cations from the soil? 5. Why are root hairs important to plants? 6. Describe the path of nitrogen from the atmosphere to plant protein by discussing the role of each of the following: a. Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria b. Ammonifying Bacteria c. Nitrifying Bacteria d. Denitrifying Bacteria Page 14 of 18
7. Describe the following unique nutritional relationships. a. Rhizobium Bacteria & Legumes b. Mycorrhizae c. Parasitic Plants d. Carnivorous Plants - AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 8. Soil can easily become deficient in, because these ions are negatively charged and do not stick to negatively charged soil particles. A. nitrate B. calcium C. potassium D. magnesium Chapter 38- Plant Reproduction 1. When does the sporophyte and gametophyte generation begin in the typical angiosperm? 2. Identify the general functions of the parts of a complete flower. a. Sepal - b. Petals - c. Stamen - d. Carpel - Page 15 of 18
3. Describe the two processes that produce the angiosperm s gametophyte. a. Male - b. Female - 4. What is meant by double fertilization? 5. How is the seed embryo nourished? 6. Sketch and label a dicot and monocot seed. 7. What does a seed need to germinate? 8. Identify some asexual mechanisms for plant reproduction. Page 16 of 18
9. Label the diagram of an idealized flower. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. After fertilization, the develops into a seed and the develops into a fruit. A. egg ovary B. ovule ovary C. ovary ovule D. pollen grain ovule Chapter 39- Control Systems in Plants 1. How does light influence sprouting plants? 2. What did early experiments on photoperiodism demonstrate? 3. What does auxin do in plant cells that causes elongation? Page 17 of 18
4. Identify the two functions of gibberellins. 5. Are all wavelengths of light equal when it comes to phototrophism? Explain. 6. What may be a cause of root gravitropism? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 7. Which one, if any, of these features is NOT characteristic of ethylene? A. It is active in small amounts. B. A burst of ethylene is almost always associated with apoptosis. C. Ethylene is involved in one of the rare examples of a positive feedback loop. D. All of these statements are true regarding ethylene. Page 18 of 18