Application of Ion Beam Analysis Techniques to the Study of Cultural Heritage Objects Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 1
What is IBA? The IBA (Ion Beam Analysis) techniques use a high energetic beam of accelerated particles to study the composition/quality of different samples in a nondestructive way. Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 2
What is IBA? The accelerated beam induce in the sample the emission of secondary radiation or particles. There is a specific IBA technique to study each one: PIGE (Proton-Induced Gamma Emission) Ion Beam Sample X- Ray PIXE NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis) RBS Gamma Ray PIGE RBS (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry) PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 3
What is IBA? RBS and specially PIXE, with the possibility of using an external beam, are ideally suitable for Cultural Heritage studies. Principal characteristics: Non-destructive - low beam currents are used. Possibility of puntual or scan analysis. Short time needed for analysis. The external beam is ideal for: big samples, fine samples (no vacuum is needed) not picking up samples Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 4
PIXE, What for? Conservators, Restorers, Historians, Archaeologists,... Degradation degree Original materials used or after restaurations Surface treatments Etc. Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 5
PIXE for Coins/Jewellery Composition (gold, silver, copper, alloys ) Corrosion state Surface composition according with the surrounding environment where they were found Classification of the objects according the date/composition: provenance (mines, workshops) identification, counterfeits selection, historical studies (manufacturing technologies, commercial, etc) Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 6
PIXE for Glasses, Stained Glass, etc Glass and pigments composition (Na, K, Fe, Cu, Pb ) Surface composition according with the surrounding environment (i.e. Humidity) Classification of the objects according the date/composition: counterfeits selection, historical studies Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 7
PIXE for Fabrics, Tapestries... Identify and evaluate the nature and the conservation state of the fibres and employed mordants by the Arraiolos dyers, Information on the composition, structure and degradation processes, Fibres evaluation of the fibre, Surface, fracture morphology and mordant analysis Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 8
PIXE for Sculptures, Ceramics Pigments composition, Surface composition according with the manufacture techniques Classification of the objects according the date/composition: restoration, Conservation processes Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 9
PIXE for Paintings Surface composition for a better and adequate rehabilitation/restoration: organic / inorganic materials varnish composition / thickness Actual pigments composition Homogeneity Study the deterioration according with the pigments Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 10
PIXE for Manuscripts Ink composition according with the date/location Degradation due to external agents Ink composition homogeneity Ink-parchment detection Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 11
PIXE at ITN The Research Group is working in IBA techniques since 1982, using an 2,5 MV Van de Graaff. For PIXE experiments an Oxord Microbeams - Ion microprobe with a lateral resolution of 1,5 µm is used. Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 12
External - PIXE at ITN The external microbeam for PIXE experiments is available since 2008. Since then, multiple studies in Cultural Heritage have been performed in collaboration with Universties, Museums... Examples: Arraiolos tapetries, Roman glasses, Monasterio da Batalha stained glasses, jewelry, ceramics, etc. Detector Sample Ion beam Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 13
External-PIXE at ITN: Case Study Arraiolos rug - 17th century - Portuguese Ancient Art National Museum collection (MNAA). Colour hues can be obtained by using different mordants with the same dye. Wool composition: S, Si, Ca and K; Presence of Al due to a pre-mordanting procedure; 2D elemental mapping by μ-pixe of historical samples Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 14
PIXE at ITN: Other works "Stained glass under the microprobe: a window into history", M. Vilarigues, P. Fernandes, L.C. Alves e R.C. da Silva, Nuclear Instrum. and Methods, B, 267 (2009) 2260-2264. "Stained glass from Monastery of Batalha: non-destructive characterization of glass and paintings", P. Fernandes, M. Vilarigues, L.C. Alves e R.C. da Silva, J. of Cultural Heritage, 9, pp. e5-e9 (2008). Rediscovering the materials of Arraiolos tapestries: fibre and mordant analysis by SEM- EDS and μ-pixe, A. Manhita, C. Costa, T. Ferreira, J. Mirão, H. Vargas, I. Ribeiro, I. Seruya, T. Pacheco, L. C. Alves, A. Candeias, Micros. Microanal, 14, pp.91-94, 2008 "Feixes de protões na análise de objectos de arte ou arqueológicos: microssonda de feixe externo", P.A. Rodrigues, L.C. Alves, M. Vilarigues, G. Encarnação, R.C. da Silva 16.ª Conferência Nacional de Física, Caparica, Portugal, 3-6 de Setembro, 2008. "Probing Roman Glasses with an External Beam", P.A. Rodrigues, L.C. Alves, G. Encarnação, R.C. da Silva, 11th International Conference on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications, Debrecen, Hungary, 20-25 July, 2008. Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 15
PIXE at ITN: Other works "External beam analysis of Roman glasses", P.A. Rodrigues, L.C. Alves, G. Encarnação, R.C. da Silva, PIXE 2007 11th International Conference on PIXE and its Analytical Applications, Puebla, Mexico, May 25-29, 2007. "EDXRF, Micro-PIXE and RBS Study of a "Pre-Columbian" Gold Artefact", P. Valério, L.C. Alves, P.A. Rodrigues, A.M.M. Soares, M.F. Araújo, Technart 2007 Microanalytical Techniques in Art and Cultural Heritage Research, Sociedade Portuguesa de Física, Lisboa, 25-28 April, 2007. "External Microbeam end-station at ITN Nuclear Microprobe", L.C. Alves, P.A. Rodrigues, M. Vilarigues, R.C. da Silva, ICNMTA 2006 10th International Conference on Nuclear Microprobe Technology and Applications, Singapore, 9-14 July, 2006. "Ion beam and Infrared analysis of medieval stained glass", M. Vilarigues e R.C. da Silva, Applied Physics A, vol.79, 373-378 (2004). Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 16
PIXE around the world In the latter years PIXE technique is more used to study the Cultural Heritage objects, alone or as a complementary technique. Others facitities are, for example: National Institute of Nuclear Physics, LABEC, Firenze, Italy Museums Research Laboratory of France. AGLAE, Louvre, France National Accelerators Centre, University of Sevilla, Spain Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 17
PIXE at ITN: Team The research group members are part of the Physics and Accelerator Department of ITN. Luis C. Alves, Microprobe Responsible Researcher lcalves@itn.pt Rui M.C. da Silva, Principal Researcher rmcs@itn.pt Victoria Corregidor, Auxiliary Researcher vicky.corregidor@itn.pt Alexandra Rodrigues, Restorer alexandra.rodrigues@itn.pt Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 18
MINISTÉRIO DA CIÊNCIA, TECNOLOGIA E ENSINO SUPERIOR Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém - Portugal Tel. +351-21-9946000 - Fax: +351-21-9550117 http://www.se.itn.pt/consrest/microfex/ http://www.itn.pt/facilities/pt_lab_ion_beam.htm Technological and Nuclear Institute - Unit of Physics and Accelerators 19