Phylogeny of Spiralia Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia
Practice Exam Essay Pretend that I am cookie monster and I ask you to explain the animal kingdom to me. In a 2-3 page essay describe the nature of the animal kingdom. Select 4 of the following themes and describe variations, patterns, similarities and differences across ALL of the phyla we have learned.
Protostome Phylogeny Etc. Rotifera, etc. Eutrochozoa Deuterostome embryology Ecydsozoa Locotrophozoa shed skin don tshed skin Protostome embryology sk. Eumetazoa
Lophophorates pgs. 451-457 especially Ectoprocta (also called Bryozoa)
Phylogeny of Lophotrochozoa Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Phoronida Branchiopoda Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia
arc of ciliated tentacles for feeding, respiration, and excretion Lophophore Hickman Fig. 22-1, 22-2 feeding (a different species)
phylum Ectoprocta compare Hickman Fig. 22-4 eucoelomate lophophorates Sessile, marine or freshwater colonial,individuals microscopic > 4,000 species, abundant
Ectoprocta Anatomy fig 22-2 extended retracted anus zoecium lophophore mouth intestine esophagus coelom colony plant stem zooid
21. Spiralia
Spiralia Spiralia - all protostomes with spiral clevage at the third division Includes Lophotrochozoa, and (separately) Rotifera and Platyhelminthes Lophotrochozoa should be a subdivision of Spiralia, which should be parallel to Ecdysozoa
Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia
Branching of Protostomes 3rd cleavage division lophotrochozoans, rotifers, and flatworms spiral ecdysozoans superficial or other
3rd basic deuterostome pattern Cleavage Division compare Campbell p. 163 Spiralia pattern
Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia
Water Bears compare Hickman Fig. 21-13 phylum Tardigrada
Tardigrade Characteristics metameric appendages with claws chitinous cuticle, shed to grow tiny, no respiratory or circulatory organs diecious remarkable ability to dry out, freeze, etc.
Tardigrade Biology eat cell contents of mosses or algae, or prey on small animals, using stylet ~ 800 species in moss, soil, and pond and ocean sediments
Tardigrade Anatomy (fig 21-14) hemocoel
Diecious Sexual Reproduction previous cuticle of female shed skin holds fertilized eggs
Cryptobiosis compare p. 447 adults live in suspended animation for years lose most of their water thicken the cuticle protect cells with special proteins
Velvet Walking Worm Hickman Fig. 21-11 phylum Onychophora
Onychophora Biology shed chitinous cuticle to grow, diecious main body cavity is an unlined hemocoel breathe by tracheal system appendages are unjointed and have claws metameric excretory sacs and pores flexible antennae
Onychophora Biology carnivorous - entangle prey with slime ~ 100 species in moist tropical forest litter similar to Cambrian marine fossils
Ecdysozoan Phyla for ZO 110 Nematoda Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda
Ecdysozoa... have a non-living cuticle, shed to grow have an unlined main body cavity pseudocoelom or hemocoel lack cilia are mostly diecious
Tardigrada vs. Nematoda... 1 similarities have pumping pharynx with stylets produce resting eggs adults capable of cryptobiosis
Tardigrades vs. Nematodes 2 differences tardigrades have metameric nerves and appendages not reliant on pressurized body cavity for locomotion tardigrade gonads and excretory organ (Malpighian tubules) attach to gut
Similarities Tardigrades and Onychophora chitinous cuticle metameric appendages with claws ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia Differences tardigrades lack antennae, jaws and a respiratory system excretory systems are different
Relationships among Nematoda Ecdysozoa Tardigrada Onychophora Arthropoda
Review! 1. List two ecdysozoan phyla with appendages that are not jointed. 2. List two eutrochozoan phyla. 3. List a phylum that is in the group Spiralia but not in the subgroup Lophotrochozoa.
Phylogeny of Spiralia Rotifera Platyhelminthes Pogonophora Ectoprocta Mollusca Annelida Eutrochozoa Lophophorata Lophotrochozoa Spiralia
Arthropoda The Most Successful Phylum
Diversity of Arthropoda > 2,000,000 species (estimated) our worst pests and valuable helpers Three subphyla and numerous classes, many of which are very diverse
Arthropod Characteristics chitinous cuticle thickened to exoskeleton metameric, jointed appendages two or more adapted as mouthparts hemocoel as main body cavity dorsal heart with open circulatory system coelom remnant in gonads
Cuticle mainly chitin tough, flexible, glucose-amine polymer stiffened with calcium carbonate in crustaceans permeable but resists chemicals waterproofed with waxes in insects protection, support, muscle attachment
Exoskeleton Structure compare Hickman 19-10 cuticle
Arthropod Tagmata tagmata = metameres fused into functional units; singular is tagma 3 basic tagmata in all arthropods: head, thorax, abdomen head + thorax = cephalothorax thorax + abdomen = trunk
Segmentation and Anatomy Metameres of an insect 9-12 3 6
Mouthparts (Head Appendages) Modified legs Uniramia and Crustacea antennae for sensing sound, touch, smell mandibles for chewing maxillae for tasting and handling food Chelicerata Pedipalps and chelicera for tasting and handling food
Arthropoda Classification Subphyla: Chelicerata spiders, scorpions Uniramia centipedes, millipedes, insects Crustacea shrimp, crayfish (a fourth, Trilobitomorpha, is extinct)
Arthropoda Types Uniramia Crustacea Chelicerata Trilobitomorpha fossil
Subphylum Chelicerata Arthropods with Chelicera
Chelicerate Classes Merostomata horseshoe crabs marine, only 4 species, benthic predators Pycnogonida (sea spiders) not required Arachnida spiders, mites, etc. > 73,000 species terrestrial and freshwater many feeding types
Chelicerate Characteristics cephalothorax mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps 4 pairs of walking legs coxal glands for excretion (like Onychophora) abdomen ovipositors or spinnerets in some
Merostomata Fig. 18.2 horseshoe crabs
Merostomate Anatomy compare Hickman Fig. 18-2
Aranea spiders Acari ticks and mites Opiliones daddy longlegs Scorpionida scorpions Class Arachnida
Aranea Anatomy Fig. 18.6 pierce-&-suck carnivores - chelicera are poison fangs
Dangerous Spiders Hickman Fig. 18-10 brown recluse black widow
Acari Anatomy parasites, detritivores, herbivores, predators
Acari Diversity compare Hickman Fig. 18-16, 18-17 mange, follicle, and dust mites litter mites
Dangerous Ticks after blood meal Carry diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever Lymedisease dog ticks deer ticks
Scorpionida Anatomy carnivores (eat pieces of prey)
Opiliones Anatomy carnivores and omnivores, eat particulate food
subphylum Crustacea Arthropods with Crusty Exoskeletons - General Characteristics
Chelicerate Characteristics cephalothorax mouthparts: chelicera, pedipalps 4 pairs of walking legs coxal glands for excretion (like Onychophora) abdomen ovipositors or spinnerets in some
Crustacea (subphylum) about 40,000 species mostly marine, but many freshwater terrestrial roly-poly bug, too may be carnivores, herbivores, detritivores, or parasites widely variable in size and shape
General Crustacean Features arthropods with biramous appendages tagmata are (usually) cephalothorax and abdomen twopairs of antennae mouthparts: mandibles 1st and 2nd pairs of maxillae (marine, benthic cephalocarid)
External Crustacean Anatomy compare Hickman Fig. 19-3
Internal Crustacean Anatomy Hickman Fig. 19-5
Crayfish gill Appendages Endopod Biramous Exopod Head: antennae (2 pr.), mandible, maxillae (2 pr.) Thorax: maxillipeds (3 pr.), walking legs (5 pr.) Abdomen: pleopods, uropod 19-3
Crayfish Head Appendages 19-4
Crayfish Thoracic Appendages
Crayfish Abdominal Appendages
Crustacean Larvae Larva (definition): immature life stage differing from adult in form and habits marine, benthic, decapod crustaceans have planktonic larvae entirely planktonic, copepod crustaceans have nauplius larvae however, amphipod and isopod crustaceans have direct development inside a marsupium including marine species
Crustacean Larvae 19-9
Crustacea in Mixed Plankton ostracod Sample (Chesapeake Bay) crab larva cladoceran copepod copepod barnacle larva
Crustacean Diversity
CrustaceaTaxato Learn selected classes: Branchiopodafairy shrimp, "water fleas" Copepoda Cirripedia Malacostraca copepods barnacles large crustaceans plus selected malacostracan orders: Decapoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda
Branchiopoda Daphnia fairy shrimp (Anostraca) 19-16 Cladocera ( water fleas )
Strange Crustacean Wonders Mantis shrimp Japanese spider crab
Daphnia Hickman Fig. 19-16c 1 mm parthenogenetic eggs
Cladoceran Parthenogenesis Daphnia adult female parthenogenesis meiosis haploid egg haploid adult male sperm diploid egg diploid resting egg sexual reproduction
female copepod with eggs Copepoda compare Hickman Fig. 19-19 freshwater planktonic copepods 1 mm
Copepod nauplius larva Fig. 19-23
Cirripedia compare Hickman Fig. 19-22 acorn barnacle anatomy
Barnacle Reproduction
Class Malacostraca the larger Crustacea orders: Decapoda: crayfish, shrimp, crabs, lobsters Amphipoda: sideswimmers or scuds Isopoda: roly-poly bugs, sea lice
Start here
Amphipoda Malacostraca Decapoda Isopoda Decapoda
Some More Malacostraca giant, deepwater amphipod cleaner shrimp euphausiid
Economic Value of Decapods important seafoods marine lobsters, crabs, and shrimp freshwater prawns and crayfish major part of marine food webs including baleen whales
Whale Food Chain baleen whale euphausiids diatoms
Parasitic Crustacea isopod copepods
Arthropods on Land Subphylum Uniramia Classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda
Uniramian Adaptations for Land cuticle waxed to hold water better tracheal system to respire in air excrete urea or uric acid Both are less toxic than ammonia, may be voided with less water loss insects evolved wings from dorsolateral, thoracic ridges
Insect Tracheal System
Invasion of Land by Arthropods Cambrian invertebrates were all marine Land arthropods first fossilized in Silurian Period (Campbell Table 25.1) About same time as plants, well before chordates Primitive spiders, then millipedes and insects 3rd Period of Paleozoic Era, about 430 million years ago
compare Campbell Fig. 25.5 amphibians arthropods plants exclusively marine animals
subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda - centipedes Class Diplopoda - millipedes Class Insecta
Centipedes are Carnivores Head appendages: * antennae * (epistome) poison fangs * mandible * 1 st maxilla * 2 nd maxilla
Centipede Diversity
Millipedes are Detritivores Head appendages: * antennae * labrum * mandibles * maxillae (1 pr.)
Millipede Diversity (order names not required)
Millipedes Must Stay Moist egg mound
Primitive Insecta Resemble the Many-Legged Uniramia Wingless insects - microscopic, live in leaf litter and soil
Insect Mouth Parts centipedes millipedes insects (as second maxillae)
Pop Quiz 7 1. What is the term for the fundamental pattern of Crustacea appendages? 2. List two, general ways that larvae differ from adults of the same species. 3. What is the most posterior mouthpart of Crustacea?
Insects The Most Diverse Animals Hickman Pg 411
Categories of Insects phylum Arthropoda, subphylum Uniramia class Insecta Wingless insects (several orders) Winged insects: Incomplete metamorphosis (several orders) Gradual metamorphosis (several orders) Complete metamorphosis (several orders)
Wingless Insects springtails
Incomplete Metamorphosis Wingpads visible in larvae mayfly damselfly wing pads wing pads
Gradual Metamorphosis larvae resemble adults without wings cockroach
Complete Metamorphosis egg larvae pupa adult beetle eggs ant adult adult larva pupa adult
Reproduction Diecious, usually sexual Sometimes parthenogenetic e.g., some flies, wasps, and aphids but does NOT produce resting eggs
Wings Usually, 2 pairs 2nd & 3rd thoracic segments
Unusual Wings 1st pair forms wing covers 2nd pair converted to halteres
Abdominal Appendages compare Hickman Fig. 20-13 male claspers female ovipositors
Flowering-Plant-Insect Coevolution Many insects are pollinators Most insects are phytophagous (= herbivorous)
Parasitoids biocontrol of pests host-species-specific Fig. 20-17
wood-eaters Insect Pests
More Insect Pests Blood-suckers crab louse mosquito Hickman Fig. 20-18 Also: fleas, blackflies, horseflies, buffalo gnats, punkies, bedbugs
Social Insects Hickman Fig. 20-32 honeybees and ants termites