Chapter 31: Fungi Student: 1. Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called A) lichens. B) hyphal associations. C) heterokaryotic junctions. D) mycorrhizae. E) a mycelium unit. 2. A mass of hyphae is commonly referred to as A) a mycelium. B) a mycorrhizae. C) a conidium. D) a sporangium. E) an oomycota. 3. The cell walls of fungi are made up of polysaccharides and include A) polyglycans. B) phospholipids. C) bilipid layers. D) glycolipids. E) chitin. 4. All of the following are true of members of the Fungi EXCEPT: A) They are heterotrophic. B) They have filamentous bodies. C) The mature forms are haploid. D) They have chitinous cell walls. E) They may perform photosynthesis. 5. A symbiotic association between a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium is called a A) lichen. B) mycorrhiza. C) protest. D) kelp. E) mushroom. 1
6. The system of fungal filaments that penetrates and grows through the substrate is called a(n) A) exoskeleton. B) hyphal compartment. C) mushroom. D) mycelium. E) sporangium. 7. Diploid cells of animals and plants are similar to fungal A) monokaryotic hyphae. B) dikaryotic hyphae. C) homokaryotic hyphae. D) spores. E) triploid cells. 8. The only diploid nucleus in the ascomycetes' life cycle is the A) ascus. B) ascospore. C) conidium. D) zygospore. E) zygote. 9. The walled ascospore contains A) eight diploid nuclei. B) eight haploid nuclei. C) many multinucleate conidia. D) an egg and a sperm. E) a zygote. 10. A common and enomically useful unicellular fungi include A) basidiomycetes. B) actinomycetes. C) yeasts. D) mushrooms. E) Neurospora. 2
11. Some fungi have structures that are entirely made up of secondary mycelium which on the underside contain many spore-producing gills. Some of these are even edible and commonly sold as foods. These fungi are commonly known as A) mushrooms. B) yeasts. C) lichen. D) kelp. E) algae. 12. The only diploid cell of the life cycle of basidiomycetes is produced within the basidium by A) mitosis. B) meiosis. C) syngamy. D) ascus bursting. E) budding. 13. Lichens are adversely affected by A) humidity. B) sunlight. C) pollution. D) sexual reproduction of the fungal partner. E) asexual reproduction of the photosynthetic partner. 14. Mycorrhizal associations replace and perform the same functions for plants normally performed by A) root hairs. B) chloroplasts. C) xylem. D) phloem. E) stomates. 15. The body of a fungus has several characteristics. One of these is their hyphae, long chains of cells. Cells in these chains are characterized by separations known as A) divisors. B) septa. C) gills. D) asci. E) sori. 3
16. All of the following are true of fungi EXCEPT: A) All fungi secrete digestive enzymes and practice internal digestion. B) Many fungi are critical to the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. C) One method of reproduction in fungi is by flagellated gametes and spores. Water is a requirement for those particular fungi to reproduce. D) Some fungi are able to grow to many hectares in size. E) They are economically important in the production of some foods such as bread, wine, and soy sauce. 17. Lichens are mutualisms between A) yeast and other fungi. B) fungi and an alga. C) fungi and a green plant. D) fungi and a mycorrhizae. E) mycorrhizae and yeast. 18. Which of the phyla of fungi is incorrectly matched with its example? A) Ascomycota--yeast B) Basidiomycota--rust C) Zygomycota--bread mold D) Ascomycota--mushrooms E) Basidiomycota--toadstools 19. A scientist discovers a fungus living within a healthy plant. The fungus produces a substance toxic to herbivores. This fungus is considered A) an ectomycorrhizae. B) a saprobe. C) commensal. D) parasitic. E) a mutualistic endophyte. 4
Use the following to answer questions 20-21: A laboratory investigating plant productivity in fruit trees generated the following results: 20. Examine the data above. Based on your knowledge of fungi, choose the best explanation for the difference in yield of peaches between control trees and trees treated with antifungals applied to soil. A) Applying antifungals to the soil had a protective effect on the plant. B) Applying antifungals to the soil directly harmed the ability of the plant to perform photosynthesis. C) Applying antifungals is harmful to peaches but not to apples. D) Application of antifungals affected absorption by the peach trees. E) Application of antifungals interfered with the symbiosis used to assist fertilization by the trees. 21. All of the following are supported by the data EXCEPT: A) Peach trees are more prone to fungal infections of their leaves than are apple trees. B) Apple yields are typically higher than peach yields for the plant varieties examined. C) Apple trees are more dependent on mycorrhizae than are peaches. D) Peach yield is dependent upon materials obtained from soil. E) Antifungals applied to the soil do not increase production of fruit. 5
Essay Questions: 22. Describe three types of symbiotic relationships in which fungi participate. 6