MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

AP Exam Chapters 9 and 10; Photosynthesis and Respiration Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? 1) A) fermentation and glycolysis B) glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C) oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation D) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 2) Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? 2) A) They are easily reduced. B) They have a lot of oxygen atoms. C) They can have very long carbon skeletons. D) They have no nitrogen in their makeup. E) They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. 3) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. B) Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. C) There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis. D) Glycolysis consists of many enzymatic reactions, each of which extracts some energy from the glucose molecule. E) Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. 3) 4) Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? 4) A) It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells. B) It relies on chemiosmosis which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells-prokaryotic cells. C) It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms. D) It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. E) It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 5) When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes A) reduced. B) dehydrogenated. C) hydrogenated. D) oxidized. E) an oxidizing agent. 5) 1

6) In vertebrate animals, brown fat tissue's color is due to abundant mitochondria. White fat tissue, on the other hand, is specialized for fat storage and contains relatively few mitochondria. Brown fat cells have a specialized protein that dissipates the proton-motive force across the mitochondrial membranes. Which of the following might be the function of the brown fat tissue? A) to regulate temperature by converting energy from NADH oxidation to heat B) to allow the animals to regulate their metabolic rate when it is especially hot C) to increase the rate of oxidative phosphorylation from its few mitochondria D) to allow other membranes of the cell to perform mitochondrial function E) to increase the production of ATP synthase 6) 7) Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration? 7) A) NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only. B) NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent only in respiration. C) Fermentation, but not respiration, is an example of a catabolic pathway. D) Substrate-level phosphorylation is unique to fermentation. E) Only respiration oxidizes glucose. 8) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways C) bioenergetic pathways D) fermentation pathways E) thermodynamic pathways 8) 9) One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to 9) A) oxidize NADH to NAD+. B) reduce NAD+ to NADH. C) reduce FADH2 to FAD+. D) reduce FAD+ to FADH2. E) none of the above 10) During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from? A) carbon dioxide (CO2) B) lactate (C3H5O3 - ) C) molecular oxygen (O2) D) pyruvate (C3H3O3 - ) E) glucose (C6H12O6) 10) 11) How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? A) 2 B) 10 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8 11) 2

12) Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are 12) A) 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 H2O. B) 6 CO2, 6 H2O, 36 ATP, and 2 citrate. C) 6 CO2, 6 H2O, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate. D) 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O. E) 2 NAD+, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O. 13) Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration? A) 25% B) 4% C) 2% D) 40% E) 10% 13) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Refer to Figure 9.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 9.1 illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the questions. Figure 9.1 14) In which reaction does an intermediate pathway become oxidized? 14) 3

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 15) What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration? 15) A) oxidation of pyruvate B) control of ATP accumulation C) feedback regulation D) oxidation of glucose E) breakdown of fatty acids Figure 9.3 16) Which of the following most accurately describes what is happening along this chain? 16) A) ATP is generated at each step. B) Energy of the electrons increases at each step. C) Each electron carrier alternates between being reduced and being oxidized. D) Molecules in the chain give up some of their potential energy. E) Chemiosmosis is coupled with electron transfer. 4

17) When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes A) redoxed. B) hydrogenated. C) reduced. D) a reducing agent. E) oxidized. 17) 18) Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur? A) in photosynthesizing cells in dark periods and in other tissues all the time B) in cells that are storing glucose only C) in non-photosynthesizing cells only D) in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently E) in photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark 18) 5

Figure 9.3 19) The accompanying figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the combination of substances that is initially added to the chain? A) NAD+, FAD, and electrons B) Oxygen and electrons C) NADH, FADH2, and electrons D) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water E) NADH, FADH2, and protons 19) 20) The parts of the figure labeled with Roman numerals symbolize what concept? 20) A) multimeric groups of proteins in 4 complexes B) different inner mitochondrial membranes C) different mitochondria functioning together D) carbohydrate framework holding the molecules in place E) molecules with different attached metal ions 6

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Refer to Figure 9.1 to answer the following questions. Figure 9.1 illustrates some of the steps (reactions) of glycolysis in their proper sequence. Each step is lettered. Use these letters to answer the questions. Figure 9.1 23) Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? 23) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 24) In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate 24) A) 2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced. B) 6 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced. C) 4 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced. D) 2 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced. E) 2 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced. 25) In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions 25) A) are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation. B) provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. C) are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. D) are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes. E) reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. 8

26) What is proton-motive force? 26) A) the transmembrane proton concentration gradient B) the addition of hydrogen to NAD+ C) movement of hydrogen into the intermembrane space D) the force required to remove an electron from hydrogen E) movement of hydrogen into the mitochondrion 27) When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? A) The ph of the matrix increases. B) ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. C) NAD+ is oxidized. D) The cytochromes phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. E) The electrons gain free energy. 27) 28) Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion? 28) A) outer membrane B) inner membrane C) electron transport chain D) mitochondrial matrix E) cytosol 29) Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle? 29) A) succinyl CoA B) malate or fumarate C) pyruvate D) acetyl CoA E) -ketoglutarate 30) Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements describes a function of phosphofructokinase? A) It is activated by ATP. B) It is activated by AMP (derived from ADP). C) It is inhibited by citrate, an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. D) It is an allosteric enzyme. E) It catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, an early step of glycolysis. 30) 31) Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? A) the electron transport chain B) the citric acid cycle C) glycolysis D) reduction of pyruvate to lactate E) synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate 31) 9

32) Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? 32) A) mitochondrial inner membrane B) cytosol C) mitochondrial matrix D) mitochondrial outer membrane E) mitochondrial intermembrane space 33) In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17 X that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve? A) It allows for increased rate of the citric acid cycle. B) It increases the surface for oxidative phosphoryation. C) It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria. D) It allows for increased rate of glycolysis. E) It increases the surface for substrate-level phosphorylation. 33) 34) An electron loses potential energy when it 34) A) shifts to a more electronegative atom. B) increases its kinetic energy. C) increases its activity as an oxidizing agent. D) shifts to a less electronegative atom. E) attaches itself to NAD+. 35) What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ Lactate + NAD+ A) NAD+ B) pyruvate C) lactate D) NADH E) oxygen 35) 36) The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is A) the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. B) the final transfer of electrons to oxygen. C) the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. D) the difference in H+ concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. E) oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. 36) 37) The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? 37) A) aerobic respiration B) the electron transport chain C) chemiosmosis D) oxidative phosphorylation E) substrate-level phosphorylation 10

38) Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? 38) A) mitochondrial matrix B) mitochondrial inner membrane C) mitochondrial intermembrane space D) mitochondrial outer membrane E) cytosol 39) During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is 39) A) transferred to ADP, forming ATP. B) stored in the NADH produced. C) transferred directly to ATP. D) used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose-6-phosphate. E) retained in the pyruvate. 40) A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? A) His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. B) His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. C) His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. D) His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. E) His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. 40) 41) The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to 41) A) combine with lactate, forming pyruvate. B) combine with carbon, forming CO2. C) act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. D) catalyze the reactions of glycolysis. E) yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain. 42) Most CO2 from catabolism is released during 42) A) lactate fermentation. B) the citric acid cycle. C) oxidative phosphorylation. D) electron transport. E) glycolysis. 43) Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount ATP in a cell would be expected to A) inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate. B) activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. C) activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. D) inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. E) inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. 43) 11

44) In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of A) ATP, CO2, and lactate. B) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. C) ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen. D) ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). E) ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA. 44) 45) The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by 45) A) substrate-level phosphorylation. B) photophosphorylation. C) electron transport. D) oxidation of NADH to NAD+. E) chemiosmosis. For the following questions, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants. 46) Produces three-carbon sugars 46) A) occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis B) light reactions alone C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle E) the Calvin cycle alone 47) Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during 47) A) photosynthesis. B) respiration. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) photorespiration. E) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. 48) Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they have in plants? A) They dissipate excessive light energy. B) They cover the sensitive chromosomes of the plant. C) They reflect orange light. D) They take up toxins from the water. E) They serve as accessory pigments. 48) 49) What are the products of the light reactions that are subsequently used by the Calvin cycle? 49) A) electrons and photons B) ATP and NADPH C) carbon dioxide and RuBP D) water and carbon E) oxygen and carbon dioxide 12

50) What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? 50) A) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide B) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide C) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast D) split water and release oxygen E) use ATP to release carbon dioxide 51) Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? 51) A) oxidation of NADPH B) consumption of ATP C) carbon fixation D) regeneration of the CO2 acceptor E) release of oxygen 52) The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during 52) A) photorespiration. B) photosynthesis. C) respiration. D) both photosynthesis and respiration. E) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. 53) Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? 53) A) thylakoid membranes B) outer membrane of the chloroplast C) stroma of the chloroplast D) thylakoid space E) electron transport chain 54) In metabolic processes of cell respiration and photosynthesis, prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulfur complexes are encountered. What do they do? A) transport protons within the mitochondria and chloroplasts B) donate electrons C) both oxidize and reduce during electron transport D) act as reducing agents E) act as oxidizing agents 54) 55) The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with 55) A) CO2 and ATP. B) H2O and NADPH. C) light energy. D) ATP and NADPH. E) sugar and O2. 13

56) In an experiment studying photosynthesis performed during the day, you provide a plant with radioactive carbon (14C) dioxide as a metabolic tracer. The 14C is incorporated first into oxaloacetate. The plant is best characterized as a A) chemoautotroph. B) C3 plant. C) C4 plant. D) heterotroph. E) CAM plant. 56) 57) Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? A) NADPH electron transport chain O2 B) H2O NADPH Calvin cycle C) NADPH O2 CO2 D) NADPH chlorophyll Calvin cycle E) H2O photosystem I photosystem II 57) For the following questions, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants. 58) Produces NADPH 58) A) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle B) the Calvin cycle alone C) light reactions alone D) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle E) occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis 59) How is photosynthesis similar in C4 and CAM plants? 59) A) Both types of plants make most of their sugar in the dark. B) Both types of plants make sugar without the Calvin cycle. C) In both cases, only photosystem I is used. D) In both cases, thylakoids are not involved in photosynthesis. E) In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially. 60) Cyclic electron flow may be photoprotective (protective to light-induced damage). Which of the following experiments could provide information on this phenomenon? A) using mutated organisms that can grow but that cannot carry out cyclic flow of electrons and compare their abilities to photosynthesize in different light intensities B) using plants that can carry out both linear and cyclic electron flow, or only one or another of thee processes, and measuring their light absorbance C) using bacteria with only cyclic flow and measuring the number and types of photosynthetic pigments they have in their membranes D) using plants with only photosystem I operative and measure how much damage occurs at different wavelengths. E) using bacteria that have only cyclic flow and look for their frequency of mutation damage 60) 14

61) In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? 61) A) inner mitochondrial membrane B) plasma membrane C) thylakoid membrane D) A and C E) A, B, and C 62) What are the products of linear photophosphorylation? 62) A) ATP and NADPH B) ATP and P700 C) P700 and P680 D) heat and fluorescence E) ADP and NADP 63) Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration? 63) A) They conserve water more efficiently. B) They do not participate in the Calvin cycle. C) They are adapted to cold, wet climates. D) They exclude oxygen from their tissues. E) They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2. 64) Where does the Calvin cycle take place? 64) A) stroma of the chloroplast B) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast C) outer membrane of the chloroplast D) chlorophyll molecule E) thylakoid membrane 15

Figure 10.3 65) Referring to Figure 10.3, oxygen would inhibit the CO2 fixation reactions in 65) A) neither cell I nor cell II. B) cell I only. C) cell I during the night and cell II during the day. D) cell II only. E) both cell I and cell II. 66) In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules? 66) A) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll B) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH C) concentrate photons within the stroma D) harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll E) synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi 67) Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I? 67) A) harvesting of light energy by ATP B) receiving electrons from plastocyanin C) P680 reaction-center chlorophyll D) passing electrons to plastoquinone E) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water 16

68) In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to 68) A) the Calvin cycle. B) reduction of NADP+. C) oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. D) substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. E) carbon fixation. 69) CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they A) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells. B) use the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which outcompetes rubisco for CO2. C) use photosystems I and II at night. D) fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells. E) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night. 69) For the following questions, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants. 70) Produces NADH 70) A) light reactions alone B) the Calvin cycle alone C) occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis D) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle E) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle 71) Produces molecular oxygen (O2) 71) A) light reactions alone B) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle C) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle D) the Calvin cycle alone E) occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis 72) In which cell would you expect photorespiration? 72) A) Cell I B) Cell II at night C) Cell I at night D) Cell II E) neither Cell I nor Cell II 17

Figure 10.1 73) Compared with the lines for chlorophyll a in the figure, where would you expect to find the lines to differ for chlorophyll b? A) The lines for the two types of chlorophyll would be almost completely opposite. B) The lines for the two types of chlorophyll would be almost completely identical. C) The absorption spectrum line would be lowest for chlorophyll b somewhat to the right of that for chlorophyll a (500 600). D) The rate of photosynthesis line for chlorophyll b would be lowest from 600 700 nm. E) The peaks of the line for absorbance of b would be shifted to the left, and for rate of photosynthesis would be shifted to the right. 73) 74) In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from A) the stroma to the photosystem II. B) the stroma to the thylakoid space. C) the intermembrane space to the matrix. D) the matrix to the stroma. E) ATP synthase to NADP+ reductase. 74) 18

Figure 10.3 75) Which of the following statements is true concerning Figure 10.3? 75) A) It represents cell processes involved in C4 photosynthesis. B) It represents a C3 photosynthetic system. C) It represents a relationship between plant cells that photosynthesize and those that cannot. D) It represents the type of cell structures found in CAM plants. E) It represents an adaptation that maximizes photorespiration. 76) Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II? 76) A) The excitation is passed along to a molecule of P700 chlorophyll in the photosynthetic unit. B) The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water. C) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide as a by-product. D) Light energy excites electrons in the electron transport chain in a photosynthetic unit. E) The P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to NADPH, which is thus converted to NADP+. 77) In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a 6 carbon molecule, which is then split in two. After phosphorylation and reduction, what more needs to happen in the Calvin cycle? A) addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH B) regeneration of rubisco C) a gain of NADPH D) regeneration of ATP from ADP E) inactivation of RuBP carboxylase enzyme 77) 19

78) If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the 18O label. That one is A) RuBP. B) O2. C) PGAL. D) glucose. E) PGA. 78) Use the following figure and the stages labeled A, B, C, D, and E to answer the following questions. Figure 10.2 79) If ATP used by this plant is labeled with radioactive phosphorus, in which molecules will the radioactivity be measurable after one "turn" of the cycle? A) in B, C, and D only B) in B and E only C) in B only D) in B and C only E) in B, C, D, and E 79) 20

80) Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? A) H2O and O2 B) electrons and H+ C) ATP and NADPH D) ADP, Pi, and NADP+ E) CO2 and glucose 80) 81) Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of 81) A) RuBP carboxylase molecules. B) carbon dioxide molecules. C) 3-phosphoglycerate molecules D) ribulose bisphosphate molecules. E) ATP molecules. Use the following information to answer the questions below. Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light. 82) What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the red and blue areas? 82) A) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature of the red and blue light. B) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature caused by an increase in photosynthesis. C) Bacteria released excess carbon dioxide in these areas. D) Bacteria are attracted to red and blue light and thus these wavelengths are more reactive than other wavelengths. E) Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most oxygen being released. 83) Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? A) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals. B) Respiration is the reversal of the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis. C) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic. D) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. E) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it. 83) 21

Figure 10.1 84) What wavelength of light in the figure is most effective in driving photosynthesis? 84) A) 420 mm B) 575 mm C) 625 mm D) 475 mm E) 730 mm 85) The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because 85) A) this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm. B) there are 700 photosystem I components to each chloroplast. C) the plastoquinone reflects light with a wavelength of 700 nm. D) it absorbs 700 photons per microsecond. E) there are 700 chlorophyll molecules in the center. 86) The sugar that results from three "turns" of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following is a consequence of this? A) Formation of a molecule of glucose would require 9 "turns." B) G3P is easier for a plant to store. C) Some plants would not taste sweet to us. D) The formation of starch in plants involves assembling many G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements. E) G3P more readily forms sucrose and other disaccharides than it does monosaccharides. 86) 87) Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis? 87) A) NADPH is reduced to NADP+. B) NADP is produced. C) light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a. D) carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA. E) ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP. 88) When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following? A) chemiosmosis B) the electron transfer system of photosystem I C) the electron transfer system of photosystem II D) splitting the water molecules E) reducing NADP+ 88) 22

89) What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon? 89) A) They are separate phenomena. B) They are logarithmically related. C) They are only related in certain parts of the spectrum. D) They are inversely related. E) They have a direct, linear relationship. 90) If plant gene alterations cause the plants to be deficient in photorespiration, what would most probably occur? A) Less ATP would be generated. B) More sugars would be produced. C) Cells would carry on more photosynthesis. D) Cells would carry on the Calvin cycle at a much slower rate. E) There would be more light-induced damage to the cells. 90) 23