KmUvKn IkvXq-cn-cw-K dnt m piƒ Hcp XmcXay Ah-tem-I\w

KmUvKn IkvXq-cn-cw-K dnt m piƒ Hcp XmcXay Ah-tem-I\w hn.- F-kv. hnp-b kmenw Aen ^ut -j Aø- Imhv tdmuv IWn-aw-Kew, Xr»q 680027 1

kmenw Aen ^ut -j ÿm]nxw : 2006 (C y {SÃv BŒv 1882) apjy-e yw ""ssph-ssh-hn[y kwc- Ww, ` y-kp-c-, kpÿn-c-hn-i-k\w'' Fkv.-F.-F-^v ]ªn-t -j : 04 28 \hw-_ 2013 X a (\-s mcp `mkw): kn.-f- v. tkm]-ip-am apøp {]km-[\ klmbw: efnx hnp-b Fw.-sI. h {]km-[-ià: kmenw Aen ^ut -j IWn-aw-K-ew, Xr»q 680 027. samss_ : 09446372880 hne: ` 20.00 Printed at VIVID PRINTERS, THRISSUR-1. PH: 0487-2429632 2

tum. hn.-fkv. hnp-b A y- kmenw Aen ^ut -j Aø- Imhv tdmuv, IWn-aw-Kew Xr»q 680 027 BapJw KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m ns\ ]cs sx n- -cn- n- p-ibpw P\-ß-fn t m`w Db Øp-I-bpw t m` aq - \y-øn dnt m v A nbv v Cc-bm- p-i-bpw t m`w s]m nsødn- -t mƒ hniz-{]-ikvx ]cn-ÿnxn Bhm-khy-hÿm imkv{x- tum. am[hv KmUvKn-ens timew Xs Fcnbv pibpw snbvxp. "sszh-øns kz w \msmwv' Cu kky iymaf timaf tic-fw! XpS v IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n dnt m v ti{µ- ]cnÿnxn h\w a{ m-ebw AwKo-I-cn p F -dn- -t mƒ ho pw D mbn s]m n-sødn. \ms-i-ønse apjy \msy- mcpw ]n -Wn-bn-ep- -hcpw H p Xs F -XmWv IuXp- I-ap-f-hm- p- -Xv. KmUvKn IΩn n, ]mh-s I j-i-\pw tkm{x-h - m pw km[m-c-w- m pw Ah-cpsS PohnX \ne-hmcw Db Øp- -Xn\pw auenimh-imiw ÿm]n- p- -Xn\pw th n \ne-sim- p- -Xm-bn pw FXn pw {]t m-`-w-hpap- m-bn. Cu dnt m nt\msv tcjm-aqew {]Xn-I-cn- Xn 81 ix-am\w FXn Øp sim m-bn-cp- p. AXn 52 ixam\w J\\ tem_n Bbn-cp p F Xv ImWp-tºmƒ FXn p \ms-i-øns AWn-b-d-bn Bcm-bn-cp p F v hy w. F n pw I j-isc ap \n Øn {]t m-`ww! IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n {]Xy- -Øn I j-is Xm ]-cy-øn\v FXn-sc-bp \n_- -\-Iƒ H pw Xs h n- n-. F m ]tcm- -am-bn p p Xm\pw. hmbn- -h v AXv hy -am-ipw. AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn mtwm {]t m-`ww? hy -a-. I j-i-sc-øs ap n \n Øn-bn- p p Xm\pw. km[m-c-w- m-cs CS-bn Ahy- X \S-am-Sp- p. CXv hy -am- ntb ] q. 3

KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m ns A x-kø, ]cnÿnxnteme {]tz-i-øns AXn-cp-Iƒ \n Æ-bn- p txm, AhnsS t{]m m-ln- n-t - Xpw \ncp- m-l-s -Sp-tØ- -Xp-amb {]h Ø-\-ßtfm A. AXv N -bv p Hcp imkv{xob AP am{x-am-wv. a\- n-cpøn hmbn- -h v AXv hy -am-hp-ibpw snøpw. A x-kø hyxy-ÿ-am-wv. `c-w-l-s\m t`z-k-xn-bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb A[n-Imc hnti- {µo-i-c-ww, hni-k-\-{]-{in-b F nh Xmsg-Ø- n ({Km-a-k- `-bn ) \n pw D `-hn- Ww, kmbn- ns Ime-L w apx Ah-ew-_n p hcp Xpcp-ºn "api-fn \n v Iotgm v' F {]{In-b-tbmSv hns ]d-bp-i, kpÿnc hni-k-\-øns ASn- Ød Dd- n- p-i, hni-k-\-øns ^ew Xpey-ambn F mh pw e`y-am- p-i, ]ctam]cn kºq Æ P\m-[n-]-Xy-]- chpw kpxm-cy-hp-amb Hcp `c-w-co-xn. ]e pw Dƒs m- m {]bm-k-am-ipw. alm-flpn ]d- n-cn- p- Xv "]pxnb Hcm-ibw (C-Xn ]pxn-b-xmbn H p-an-s - n-epw) Bflm -X-tbmsS apt m v sh ptºmƒ, BZyw I -`mhw \Sn- n-. ]n osv ]p n- pw. XpS v FXn pw. FXn Øm Pbw ssih-cn- p'. alm-fl-pn-bpss {]h-n\w Ign- -Ime A\p-`-h-߃ h pt\m p-tºmƒ A cw{]xn- i-cn-bm-wv. 1975 XpSßnb sske vhmen kwc- W {]h Ø-\-߃. BZyw ]p n- p. amdn-amdn h k m-cp-iƒ FXn Øp. ] -Xn-bpambn apt m p t]mip-sa v Zm Vyw ]nsn- p. P\w {]IrXnkwc- -W-Øns Bhiyw a\- n-em- n. {]t m- `Ww i -am-bn. Ah-km\w `c-w-iqsw P\-ß-fpsS B{Kl-Øn\v Iog-S-ßn. Cu ssi]p-kvxiw KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m nse ImX-emb `mk-߃ kwi-bm-xo-x-ambn hnh-cn- p-ibpw IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n dnt m p-ambn Xmc-Xays Sp-Øp-Ibp-amWv snbvxn-cn- p- -Xv. hmb-\- m v IqSp-X hy X sim p-h-cm Ign-bp-sa pw AXv P\-\- bv pw `mhn Xeap-dbv pw AXy- m-t]- n-x-amb kpÿnc hni-k-\-ønte v \bn- p-sa- pap ip`m]vxn hnizmk-tømss, 28 \hw-_ 2013 hn.-f-kv. hnp-b 4

D -S w BapJw 3 ] m-øew 7 ] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm hnzkv kanxn 7 D -X-Xe {]h Ø\ kanxn 9 ] n-a-l- -Øns AXn-cp-\n Wbw 11 ] n-a-l- -Ønse ]cn-ÿn-xn-teme tajem \n Wbw 12 ]cn-ÿnxnteme {]tz-i-ß-fn t{]m m-ln- n-t - Xpw \ncp- m-l-s -Sp-tØ- Xpw a pw 14 1. `qhn-\n-tbmkw 14 2. si ns\n amww 15 3. amen-\y-kw-kv -cww 16 4. Pe-t{km-X- p-iƒ 16 5. Irjn 17 6. ark-]-cn-]m-e\w 19 7. a yirjn 20 8. h\-ta-je 20 9. Du w/sshzypxn 21 10. AW-s - p-iƒ {]h Ø\ hnap- -am- 23 11. hml-\-k-xm-kxw 24 12. hnt\m-z-k- m-c-ta-je 25 13. hyh-km-b-w 25 14. L\\w 26 Icn- asbpw asæ-sp pw 26 5

15. ]cn-ÿnxn BLmX]T\w 27 16. ]mcnÿnxni ]T-\-]- Xn 28 17. imkv{x- -km-t -XnIw 28 18. hn m-\-ti-j-c-whpw \n -l-whpw 29 19. AXn-c- n n Pe-ssh-ZypX] Xn 29 ] n-a-l Bhmk-hy-hÿm AtXm-dn n cq]o-i-cww 32 Xocp-am-\m-[n-jvTnX \nco- -W-tI{µw 37 KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m n \n pw Db tnmzy-ßfpw Ah-bv p adp-]-snbpw 39 KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m nse kp{]-[m\ hkvxp-x-iƒ 46 KmUvKn I-kvXq-cn-cw-K dnt m p-i-fpss Xmc-Xayw H -t\m- -Øn 50 6

] m-øew ] n-a-l- -Ønse h\-\-io-i-c-w-hpw, \nb-a-hn-cp- ambn btyjvsw \S- p-h-cp J\-\-hpw, ]md-a-s-i-fpw, A]- I-S-I-c-amb asæm-en pw, ssph-ssh-hn- y-øn\p t\sc-bp `oj-wnbpw, a\p-jy\pw ssph-ssh-hn- y-øn\pw Atß-b w A]-I-S-I-c-amb IoS-\m-in\n cmk-hf {]tbm-k-ßfpw Chsb mw tn v D m- p ]cn-ÿn-xn-\m-ihpw IW- nse-spøv 2010 am v 4 mw- Xn-øXn ti{µ h\w- -]-cn-ÿnxn a{ n {io. Pbdmw ctajv, CØcw {]iv\-ß-sf- p-dn v ]Tn v ] n-a-l- -Øns\ kwc- n- p- -Xn-\pw, kpÿnc hni-k\w Dd p hcp-øp- -Xn\pw th n temi-{]-kn Bhm-k-hyhÿ ]cn-ÿnxn imkv{x- -\mb s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn- A y- -\mbn Hcp 14 AwK hnzkv kan-xnsb \ntbm- Kn pi-bp- m-bn. ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hyhÿm hnzkv kanxn (Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel) IΩn n AwK-߃ A y- AwK-߃ : s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn : 1. tum. B. kpip-am 2. tum. hn.-f-kv. hnp-b 3. tum. (an-kn- v) sd\n t_m Pkv 4. tum. si. F.-K-tWjø 5.tUm. Un.-sI. kp{_- Wyw 6. tum. enknb t\mtdmw 7.{ioa-Xn. hnzym Fkv. \mbiv 8.{io. _n.-sp. IrjvW DtZym-Kÿ AwK-߃ 1. tum. B.-hn. h Ω (ti-cf kwÿm\ ssph-ssh-hn y t_m Uv snb am ) 2. tum. ]n. F. KuXw (tz-iob ssphsshhn y AtXmdn n snb am ) 3. s{]m^. Fkv.-]n. KuXw (ti{µ aen-\o-i-cw \nb{ W t_m Uv snb am ) 4. tum. B.-B. \h Kp v (kvt]kv Bπn-t -j sk Ub-d-IvS ) 7

FIvkv H^otjym saº sk{i- dn : tum. Pn.-hn. kp{_- Wyw (D-]-tZ-i-I, ti{µ ]cn-ÿnxn h\w a{ m-e-bw) kan-xn-sb G n {][m\ Npa-XeIƒ 1) ] n-a-l taj-e-bpss Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS X ÿnxn hne-bn-cp-øpi. 2) 1986 se ]cn-ÿnxn kwc- W \nb-a-{]-imcw ] n-a-l- -Ønse ]cn-ÿnxnteme taj-e-iƒ Xncn- -dn-bp-i. 3) ]cn-ÿnxn h\w a{ m-ebw Nq n- m- p hb-s w ] na-l taj-ebv v _m[-i-amb a v ]cn-ÿnxn {]iv\-߃ IqSn ]cn-k-w\m hnt[-b-am- p-i. Xmsg ]d-bp Imcy-ßfn A n-a-amb ip]m i-iƒ \ Ip-hm\pw kan-xn-tbmsv Bh-iy-s - p. i) AXn-c- n n Pe-ssh-ZypX ] Xn ii) Kp nb Pe-sshZypX ] Xn iii) cxv\-kn-cn, kn p-zp Kv (a-lm-cmjv{s) Pn -I-fnse J\- \w, Du t m-ev]m-z\w, aen-\o-i-cww F nh kw_- n p am -\n t±-i-߃. iv) ] na-l w IS- p-t]m-ip Bdv kwÿm-\-ßfnse ] n-a-l- -hp-ambn _ -s {]h Ø-\-߃ (kpÿnc hnik\w Dƒs ss) -t{imuo-i-cn- p- -Xn\p th n, ti{µk m Xocp-am-\n- n- p ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXm-dn n (Western Ghats Ecology Authority) cq]o-i-cn p - Xn\pw, AtXmdn- nsb G n-t Npa-X-e-I-sf- p-dn pw a pw Bh-iy-amb \n t±-i-߃ \ IpI ]Xn-s\- p-amkw \o p-\n ]T-\-߃ pw N -Iƒ pw tijw, ] n-a-l- -Ønse Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbv pw ssph sshhn- y-øn\pw A[nIw BLmXw Gev n- msx Ahsb Ign-bp- {X kwc- n p sim v hni-k\ {]{In-b- Iƒ Fßns\ sim p-h-cmw, \S- n-em mw F Xns Hcp imkv{xob ] m-ø-e-amwv KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m v Hcp- n-bn-cn- p Xv. AXn simsp-øn-cn- p \n t±-ißsf mw Xs N -bv p Hcp AP- -bm-sw pw, \n t±i-߃ kzoi-cn- -Wtam th tbm F p Xocp-am-\n-t - Xv {Kma-k-`-Ifpw ] m-b-øp-i-fp-am-sw pw dnt m n hy -am- n-bn- p- v. 2011 BKÃv 31 mw XnøXn dnt m v ti{µ- 8

k m-cn\v ka n p-ibpw snbvxp. Cu dnt m v ]-cn-ÿnxn h\w- a{ m-e-b-øns ssh_vssk- n DSs\ {]kn- o-i-cn v P\-ß-fpsS A`n- {]mbw Bcm-bp-sa pw, AX-\p-k-cn v th {X am -߃ hcp- Øp-hm Ignbp-sa- p-amwv {]Xo- n- -Xv. \n `m-ky-h-im AXp- m-bn-. ]n osv Cu dnt m v shfn w I Xv GXm v 8 amk-øn\v tij-am-wv. AXpw hnh-cm-h-imi IΩo-j-t bpw U ln sslt m-s-xn-bp-tsbpw CS-s]-S-en-\p-tijw! KmUvKn dnt m v sh_vssk- n h -txmss dnt m ns D -S- -sø- p-dn v Ipd p t] sx mbn hymjym-\n- p-ibpw km[m-c-w- m n-s-bn, {]txy-in- v Irjv m n-s-bn, hym]-i-amb sx n- m-cw D m- p-hm CS-h-cpØpIbpw snbvxp. HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ticf k m BZyw FXn v Adn-bn-s - nepw, ticf \nb-a-k` KmUvKn dnt m n [mcmfw \ ip]m i-iƒ Ds pw Ah kzoimcy-am-sw pw a p- h hni-z-ambn N -snbvxv Bi- -Iƒ am n-b-xn-\p-tijw Xocp-am-\n- m-sa- p-ap Hcp \nk-a-\-ønemwv FØn-b-Xv. ip]m i-i-fn \n pw DS-se-SpØ Bi- -Iƒ v hni-zo- I-cWw ip]m i-iƒ simsp-ø-h-tcm-sp Xs tnmzn- pibm-bn-cp p DØ-aw. F m ti{µ ]-cn-ÿnxn h\w a{ mebw as mcp am -amwv Ah-ew-_n- -Xv. {]Kev` _ln-cm- Imi imkv{x- -\mb tum. IkvXqcncwKs A y- -Xbn Xmsg- -d-bp 9 AwK-߃ AS-ßnb Hcp D -X-Xe {]h Ø-\-k-an-Xnsb (High Level Working Group) \ntbm-kn- p. 1. A y- : tum. IkvXq-cn-cw-K AwK-߃ 2. s{]m^. kn.-b.-_m_p 3. {io. sp.-fw. aukvi 4. s{]m^. I tnm{] 5. tum. PK-Zojv Injzm 6. {io. Z i i 7. {ioa-xn. kp\nx \mcm-b- 8. tum. ]n.-fkv. tdmbv 9. {io. APbv XymKn {]txyi WtØmsS : tum. C{µmWn N{µ-ti-J 9

IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn- nsb (ssle-h h nwßv {Kq ns\) G n DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃ (2002, BKkvXv 17 mw XobXn, ti{µ-h-\w ]cn-ÿnxn a{ m-e-b Hm^okv Hm U-dn \n pw) I. ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm hnz-kv ]m\ (Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel) ka n dnt m ns\ Xmsg ]d-bp hnjb-߃ v ap K-W-\-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm pw A\p_ -hn-j-b-ß-tfbpw IW- n-se-sp-øv Hcp ka{k A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øp-I. 1. a) ] n-a-l- -Ønse Aaq-ey-ssP-h-ssh-hn- y-tøbpw, h\y-ar-k-ß-tf-bpw, kky -P- p-pm-e-i-ß-tfbpw kwc- n- p-sim- pw, kmº-øni-ambpw kmaqly-ambpw XpeyX \ne-\n Øp- -Xp-amb Hcp kpÿnc hni-k\w b) Xt±i hmkn-i-ƒ tkm{x-h m, BZnhmkn-Iƒ, F m kap-zm-b-ønse G hpw IqSp-X IjvSw A\p- `hn- p- -h-cp-ss Bh-iyhpw Ah-Im-ihpw hnik\ kz]v\-ßtfbpw ]cn-k-wn p sim v ]cn-ÿnxn kºq Æ-Xsb \ne-\n Øn-s m- pw, kmº-øni-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw Xpey-X- \n-e-\n Øn-sIm pw D Hcp hni-k-\w. c) Imem-h-ÿm-hy-Xn-bm\w sim v ] n-a-l- -Ønse Bhm-k-hy-hÿm {][m\taj-e-i-fn-ep hyxn-bm-\hpw sh p-hn-fn-ifpw d) temi-ss]-xri enãn- Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn- p ] na-l- -ta-j-ebv v D m-im- php ]cn-wx^e߃ e) ] n-a-l- -Ønse kwc- -Whpw kpÿn-c-hn-i-k- \hpw aqew `c-w-l-s-\m-]-c-ambn ti{µ kwÿm\ _ - ߃ v D m-im-hp {]iv\-߃. 2. ] n-a-l- -Ønse Bdv kwÿm\ k m-cpifpss {]Xn- \n-[n-i-fp-am-bpw, D]-t`m- m- -fp-am-bpw, {]txy-in v ]cnÿnxn imkv{x-pvvr-cpw, ]cn-ÿnxn kwl-s-\-i-fp-ambpw ka-{k-n snøp-i. 3. ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm hnzkv ]m\-ens dnt m n-t -ep XpS \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ k m-cns\ Adnbn- p-i. 10

4. ti{µ- ]cn-ÿnxn- h\w a{ m-ebw CXn-t\m-S-\p-_- n v Bh-iy-s -Sp- at -sx- nepw hnjb߃ II ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm hnzkv ]m\-ens dnt m v G hpw ^e-{]-z-am-bpw, ka-{k-am-bpw, \S- m- phm-\p Hcp I Ω]cn-]mSn Cu Hm U In n c p amk-øn-\iw ka n- n-cn- -Ww. (F m KmUvKn IΩn- n-bpss ip]m i-iƒ \S- m- p- - Xn-\p Hcp I Ω-]-cn-]mSn Xøm-dm- p- -Xn\p ]Icw, XnI pw hyxy-kvx-hpw A -xkø a\- n-em- mtxbpw D as mcp ]pxnb dnt m mwv IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n ka n- -Xv. Cu dnt m v DSs\ ti{µ-k m sh vssk- n simsp- p-ibpw snbvxp). KmUvKn dnt m n {]Xn-]m-Zn- n- p Gsd hnj-b߃ IkvXq-cn-cw-K dnt m nepw ]d-bp- p- v, hyxykvxamb coxn-bn. {][m\ hnj-b-߃ ChnsS {]Xn- ]m-zn- p p. 1. ] n-a-l- -Øns AXn-cp-\n W-bw KmUvKn IΩn n: G hpw Xmsg 150 aod-d Db-chpw XpS bmbn InS- p h\-øns AXn h-cºpw IW- nse-sp-ømwv AXn-cp-Iƒ \n -bn- -Xv. Cu c p am\-z-fißfpw {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-am-Wv. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: 600 ao dpw AXn IqSp-X Db-c-hpap {]tz-i-ß-fpw, Xmeq- n-t -tbm, tªm n-t -tbm, 20 ix-am\w `q`mkw 600 ao -dn Db-c-Øn-em-sW- n AXpw ] n-a-l- -Øn Dƒs -Sp-Øp- p. (tªm p-ifpw Xmeq- p-ifpw `c-w-ku-i-cy-øn-\pth n \n -bn- n- p- -Xpw, CS-bv nss ]p\ ]-cn-tim-[- \bv pw am -߃ pw km[y-x-iƒ D -Xp-sIm- v, AXns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn ] n-a-l hnkvxrxn \n W-bn- p- Xv icn-bm-bn ps v txm p- n-. IqSmsX 600 ao Dbcw, Ipd AXn-cmbn IW- n-se-sp- p-tºmƒ \s mcp `mkw h\w ] n-a-l- -Øn\v shfn-bn hcp-ibpw \nb-{ -Wm-Xo- X-am-Ip-Ibpw snøpw. tic-f-øn am{xw GXm v 3860 NXp-c- {i-in-tem-ao- ] n-a-l- w shfn-bn-em-ipw). 11

2. ] na-l- -Ønse ]cn-ÿnxnteme tajem\n Wbw KmUvKn IΩn n: Xmsg ]d-bp Imc-W-ß-fm ] n-a- L taj-esb samøambn ]cn-ÿnxn {]m[m-\y-ap Hcp taj-e-bmbn IW- m- p p. i) ssph-ssh-hn yaqeyw : temi-ønse 35 AXoh ssphssh-hn y taj-e-i-fn H pw, CXn Xs F v AXn-hninjvS ssph-ssh-hn y Ie-h-d-I-fn H p-am-wv ] na-l- w. (\mw ` -W-Øn\pw acp- n-\p-w a p-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p At\Iw kky-ß-fpss P\n-XI tijchpw CXn AS-ßnbn-cn- p p Ft m -Ww!) ii) Bhmkhyhÿm tkh-\-aqeyw : Bdv kwÿm-\-ßfn \n p (Kp-P-dmØv, tkmh, alm-cm-jv{s, I ÆmSI, Xan-g-\m-Sv, tic-fw) 28 timsnbntesd P\-߃ IpSn-sh- - Øn-\pw Pe-tk-N-\-Øn\pw ] n-a-l- sø B{i-bn p- p. hni-k\kui-cy-߃ mbn ssph-ssh-hn y {]m[m-\yw; Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmkvim-cn-i-hp-amb {]m[m-\yw; ae-bpss Ncnhv, Db-cw; ag-e-`y-x, Hmtcm h j-hp-ap ag-zn-\-߃ a p `ua-im-em-hÿm LS-I-߃; Dcpƒs m-, Im pxo XpSßnb Zpc km[yx; KpW-t`m- m- -fpss hne-bn-cp-ø ; \Zn-I-fpsS D -h-ÿm-\-߃; tziob DZym-\-߃, h\y-ark kt -X-߃ F n-h-tbmsv tn p InS- p h\-߃; Chsb mw IW- n-se-spøv samøw ] n-a-l- sø aq v taje-i-fmbn Xncn- p (Fig 3): G hpw IqSp-X {]m[m-\yap -hsb ]cn-ÿnxn AXn- -teme taje ESZ1, AXn Ipdhv {]m[m-\y-ap- -hsb ]cn-ÿnxn anx-teme taje ESZ2, Ipdhv {]m[m-\y-ap- -hsb ]cn-ÿnxnteme tajesb pw ESZ3. Hmtcm- nepw Fs mw t{]m m-ln- n Ww, \nb{ n Ww, Xosc ]msn- m-øh GsX m-sa v hy - ambn ]d-bp p v. F m taj-e-i-fpss AXn hc-ºp-ifpw, Hmtcm taj-ebnepw Fs ms snømw, Fs ms snøm ]msn- -sb v Ah-km-\-ambn Xocp-am-\n- p- -Xn- \p A[n-Imcw, Xt±ikzbw-`-cW ÿm]-\-߃ mwv. {Kma-k-`-bpw, ] m-b-øpw, Pn m-xe Bhm-k-hy-hÿm IΩn n, kwÿm\ ] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm AtXm-dn- nbpw, ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXmdn- nbpw 12

tn mwv A naxocp-am\w FSp-t - -Xv. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n samøw ] n-a-l- sø c mbn Xcw Xncn- n-cn- p- p (Fig. 4). (1) {]Ir-Xn-ZØ taje (]- n-a-l- -Øns 37 ixam\w, 60,000 N.-In.-ao). (2) kmwkvim-cni taje (63 ixam\w, 1,04,280 N.-In.-ao) CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p {][m\ am\-zwvuw kky-pm-e-ß-sf- p-dn- p hnh-c-߃ am{x-am- Wv. (ssphsshhn- y-sø- p-dn v samø-ambn IW- m p- n-. P ppme-ß-sfbpw IqSn IW- n-se-sp- W-am-bn-cp- p. AXp-sIm- p Xs CXv XnI pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-Wv). a v am\-zwvu-߃: i) Hcp {Kma-Øns 20% Øn IqSp-X h\-am-sw- n AXv {]Ir-Xn-ZØ taj-e-bmbpw Irjnbpw a p-am-sw- n AXv kmwkvim-cni taj-e-bmbpw IW- m- p- p. ii) h\-߃ Xp pifmbn ImWp- n-søv Hmtcm- ns hnkvxr-xnbpw, AXn-ep ssph-ssh-hn- y-øns {]m[m- \yhpw IW- n-se-sp-øp Hcp A\p-am-\w. Ipd hnkvxr- Xn, CS-Øcw hnkvxr-xn, IqSnb hnkvxrxn F n-ßs\ ImSp-Isf Xcw-Xn-cn- p. ssph-ssh-hn- y {]m[m-\ysø (kky-ßsf am{xw) Ah-ew-_n v Ipdhv, anxw, IqSp-X, G hpw IqSp-X F n-ßs\ \membn Xncn- p. IqSp-X ssphsshhn- y-ap henb h\hpw hfsc IqSp-X ssphsshhn- y-ap hepxpw CS-Ø-c-hp-amb h\- ta-j-ebpw \qdn Xmsg P\-kwJy D Xpw IqSp-X ssphssh-hn- y-hp-ap h\hpw ]cn-ÿnxnteme {]tz-i-øn-\- IØv hcp- p (Fig 1,2). sndnb ImSp-I-fn G hpw IqSp-X ssph-ssh-hn- y-ap-s - nepw ]cn-ÿnxnteme {]tz-i-øn- \-IØp hcp- n-. hepxpw CS-Ø-chpw sndp-xp-amb h\-ta- J-e-bn ssph-ssh-hn yw Ipd-hpw, anxhpw BsW- n Ah ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-øn\v ]pd-øv. AXp-t]mse CS-Øcw ImSp-I-fn N.-In. ao -dn 100 IqSp-X P\- kwjy Ds - n AXpw ]pdøv t]mip- p. (C-Øcw am\- Z-fißsf imkv{xo-b-ambn tnmzyw snø-s -Sp- p). C{]- Imcw ] n-a-l- -Øns 37 ix-am\w ]cn-ÿnxnteme {]tzi-øpw, 63 ix-am\w kmwkvim-cni taj-e-bnepw hcp- p. (G hpw hnkvxrxn Ipd ImSp-I-fn G hpw IqSp- 13

X ssph-ssh-hn- y-ap-s - n t]mepw ]cn-ÿnxn teme {]tz-i-ambn IW- m- n-bn- n F p- -XmWv hnnn-{xw. P\ km-{µx IqSp-X-ep CS-ß-fn Ahn-S-hnsS ImSns AhinjvSw Ds - n Ah kwc- n-t F p ]d-bp- Xv Aimkv{Xobw Xs -bm-wv. Atß-b w Ipd-s - nepw ip hmbp P\-߃ v In p- -Xn-\p km[yx C m-xm- p- Xv P\-hn-cp -a-t?) ]cn-ÿnxnteme {]tz-i-ß-fn t{]m m-ln- n-t - -Xpw \ncp- m-l-s -Sp-tØ- Xpw \nb-{ n-t - Xpw \n tø- -Xp-amb {]h Ø-\-߃ 1. `qhn-\-ntbmkw KmUvKn IΩn n (1) h\-߃ h\-ß-fmbpw Irjn`qan Irjn`qan-bmbpw \ne- \n- -ØpI. (2) Irjn`qansb h\-ambn am m I j-i kzbw Xocp-am-\n- m CXn-\p [\-k-lmbw k m \ I-Ww. Irjn`qan-bn Xma-kn- p P\-ß-fpsS IpSpw_w hep- Xm-Ip-tºmƒ a p hosv \n Ωn-t Bhiyw h m kz w Irjn`qan \ni-ømw. (CXns A w C v hymjym-\n- p- Xp t]mse ]pxnb hosp-iƒ \n Ωn- p-hm ]msn F. ]pxnb hosp-iƒ BImw, AhnsS h j-ß-fmbn Xma-kn phcp P\-߃ p-am-{xw.) (3) s]mxp-ÿew kzim-cy-h -cn- -cp-xv. (Cu ip]m i-bmwv G hpw IqSp-X sx n- m-cw D m n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. 1977 P\p-hcn 1 hsc IpSn-tb-dn- m Øn p- -h v ] bw simsp- m-sa v 1993 k m Xocp-a-m\n- n p- v. 20 h j-øn\v tijhpw ] bw F m-h pw simsp-øn- n-, ti{µ- ]-cn-ÿnxn h-\w a{ me-bhpw kp{]ow-tim-s-xnbpw A\p-h-Zn- -Xn-\p-ti-jhpw. Cu Hc-h-k-c-Øn CØcw Hcp ip]m i \ne-hn h m ] bw In pi F Xv hfsc Zp LS-ambn amdpw. D WvT a\- n-em- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. KmUvKn ip]m iiƒ \S- n-em- p-hm Xocp-am-\n- -s -Sp-I-bm- 14

sw n, At mƒ hcp hn m-]-\-øn GXv Znhkw apx-emwv hn m]\w {]m_-ey-øn hcp- Xv F v hy -am- nbm Cu Bi- v ÿm\-an- m-xm-ipw. GXmbmepw 20 h jw ]n Ime{]m_-ey-Øn BIp-I-bn- t m). IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: `qhn\n-tbm-k-sø- p-dn v H pw ]dbp- n. 2. si ns\n amww KmUvKn IΩn n (1)hnt\mZk m-cn-iƒ pw a pw th - ]pxnb si n-s-ßfpw tlm -ep-ifpw ti{µ-k m-cns Sqdnkw t]mfnkn A\pk-cn- m-bn-cn- Ww. (2)sI ns\n am-w-øn\v Hcp si ns\n amw \nb-am-hen (Building code) sim p-h-c-ww. (3)hoSp-Ifpw si n-s-ßfpw {]IrXnkulr-Z-am-bn-cn- -Ww. (F p sh m Xo pt]mip {]IrXn hn`-h-ßsf (C-cp-ºv, I v, aw F n-h) Ign-bp- Xpw Ipd v D]- tbm-kn p sim p- -Xm-bn-cn- -Ww. Ccp-tºm, Icn- t m, awtem D]-tbm-Kn- -cp-sxt m, ]p v D]-tbm-Kn v hosv ]Wn-b-W-sat m CXn-\ -an sb v hmb-\- m v hy -am-bn- p mipw F v hniz-kn- p- p). Hmtcm ho nepw kutcm w kw`cn- m\pw ta q-c-bn \n pw sh w kw`-cn- m\pw amen\yw kwkvicn m\pw th G m-spiƒ snbvxn-cn- -Ww. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n (1) kutcm w t{]m m-ln- n- Ww. (hcpwxe-ap-d-ifpss Bh-iy-ßsfIqSn ap n I p-sim- v KmUvKn IΩn n ]d-bp- -Xp-t]m-ep {Inbm-fl-I-amb Hcp ip]m ibpw IkvXq-cn-cw-K- dnt m n ImWm Ign-bn- ). (2) ]cn-kvynxntem-e- {]t-z-iøv 20,000 N.-ao(2,15,000 N.ASn) D si n-s߃ BImw. AXn-t\- mƒ hepxv A\p-h-Z- \o-b-a-. (]cn-ÿnxn BLmX]T-\-w Bh-iy-am-sW p ]d-bp- n-. tim {Io pw a pw D]-tbm-Kn- p CØcw henb si ns߃ Npd-dp-]mSpw Xmakn p P\-ßsf Fßns\ _m[n- p-sa pw dnt m v hy -am- p- n ; AØcw si nsw aqe-ap- m-ip Xm]-h -\bpw, 15

X ÿm-\-øp- m-ip ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\-ßfpw A`nkwt_m-[\ snbvxn- pan!) 3. amen\ykwkv -cww KmUvKn IΩn n (1) A]-I-S-Im-cn-Ifpw hnjp\y-ß-fp-amb Bip]{Xn amen\yßfptsbpw ]p\-cp-]-tbmkw snøm-hp a v amen-\y-ß-fptsbpw kwkvi-cw pa-xe {]mtz-ini `c-w-iq-s-߃ v \ Ip-I. (2) ]cn-ÿnxnteme taje 1, 2 F n-h-bn A]-IS-Im-cn- Ifpw hnjp\yß-fp-amb amen-\y-ß-fpss kwkvi-cw bqwn- p-iƒ ]msn- ; \ne-hn-ep- h 2016\p n AS- n-cn- Ww. (3) ]cn-ÿnxnteme taje aq n aen-\o-i-cw \nb-{ W t_m Uns \nb-{ -W-߃ p hnt[-b-ambn πm p-iƒ ÿm]n- mw. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: ta ]-d- -h-sb- n {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- n. 4. Pe-t{km-X- p-iƒ KmUvKn IΩn n (1) Pe-hn-X-cWw Xt±i kzbw-`-cwÿm]-\-ßfpss Iognem-bn-cn- -Ww (Pew Hcp Itºm-f-h-kvXp-hm n kzim-cyh-xvi-cn- m-\p {iaw \S- p-tºmƒ, Cu ip]m i-bpss {]m[m\yw Gdp- p). (2) NXp- p-iƒ, \ne-߃, XÆo Ø-S-߃ F nh \niø-cp-xv (3) Db-c-Øn-ep Pe-t{km-X- p-isf kwc- n- pi (4) Pe-ssh-ZypX Pe-tk-N\ ] -Xn-I-fpsS hrjvsn{]tziw kwc- n- pi, ] -Xn-bpsS Zo L-Ime tkh-\-øn-\mbn (5) ]pg-bpss Hgp pw Pe-Øns KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw imkv{xob-ambpw P\-]- m-fn-ø-tøm-ssbpw Dd- p-h-cp-øp-i (6) Pekwc- -W-w A\p-tbm-Py- km-t -XnI hnzy D]-tbm-Kn v \S- n hcp-øp-i (7) \ZnIsf KXn-Xn-cn v hns-cp-xv IkvXqcncwK IΩn n: Pet{kmX- p-isf pdn v au\w. F m ap kn men n Pew hnx-c-w-øn\v FSp- p-tºmƒ 16

AXns hne-bpss Hcp ] v ]pg-bpss D -h-ÿm-\-øp ImSp-IfpsS {]m {]tz-i-ß-fn Xma-kn- p- -h v simsp- Ww F p ]d-bp- p- v. (AXns A w sh -Øn\v hne-bn-sww F p-xs -bm-wv. tziob Pe-\-b-Øns ]m m-øe-ønepw, F pw kzim-cy-h -c-w-øn-\p {iaw \S- p psh ] m-ø-e-ønepw Cu ip]m i A]- ISw \nd Xm-Wv. KmUvKn IΩn n Bhmkhyh-kvYbpsS ]tcm- -Kp-W-߃ hne-bn-cp-ø-w-sa pw AXns \s mcp ] v AØcw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb \ne-\n Øp Xt±ihmkn-Iƒ v \ I-W-sa pw ]d-bp- p- v. IkvXq-cncw-K IΩn- n-bpw CXv Bh-iy-s Sp p- v). 5. Irjn KmUvKn IΩn n: ssph rjn- t{]m km-ln- n- pi; cmk- Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpw, cmk-i-f-\m-in-\n-ifpw L w L -ambn \n Ωm \w snøpi; taje H n 5 h jw sim pw, taje c n 8 h jw sim pw, taje aq n 10 h jw sim pw. ssph-ir-jn-bn-te v amdp-tºmƒ I j-i\v \jvsw hcn-i-bm-sw- n, \jvs]cn-lmcw k m simsp- Ww. IqSmsX Irjn- m v Xmsg ]d-bp- -hbv v [\-k-lmbw simsp- Ww. (1) ssph rjn-bmbn am p-tºmƒ D m-ip \jvs-øn\v (2) X\-Xmb hnøp-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p- -h v (3) \ms I p-im-en-isf hf Øp- -h v (4) \ms a y-ßsf hf Øp- -h v (5) ]pc-bn-s-ß-fn hr -߃ sh p]nsn- n- p- -h v (6) Imhvv kwc- n- p- -h v (7) ssph- rjn coxn-iƒ kzoi-cn- p- Xp hgn aænse Im _ _ \w kpkm- y-am- p- -Xn\v klm-bn- p I j-i v. (8) sndp-ins I j-i v sxmgn-ep-d v ] -Xn-bpsS km[y- XIƒ {]m]vx-am- p-i. (9) henb txm -ß-fn If\nb-{ Ww b{ -k-lm-b-tømss \S-Øp- -Xn\v k_vkn-un-iƒ \ Ip-I. (]cn-ÿn-xn-teme {]tz-iøv (taje 1,2,3) Irjn]mSn-s t m, Irjn- msc IpSn-bn-d- -W-sat m HcnSØpw ]d-bp- n- ). 17

IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: CØcw Imcy-ß-ƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn- pt -bn-. (10) 30 ix-am-\-øn IqSp-X Ncnhp ae-i-fn hm jni hnf-i-fn \n pw Zo L-Ime hnf-bn-te v t]mip-, {]txyin pw sndp-ins I j-i v. (C-Xns A w, ] na-l- -Øn ac- o-\n-tbm, Ingtßm, tntºm Irjn snøp-hm ]msn- F C v hymjym-\n- p Xpt]m-se. 30 ix-am-\-øn IqSp-X Ncnhp ÿeøv hm jni hnf-iƒ IqSp-X asæm-en- n\v CS-h-cp-Øpw. CXv I j-i\v Xs \jvs-amip-ibpw snøpw. I j-i v Adn-bm-hp Hcp hkvxp-x-bmwnxv. C\n, GsX- nepw {Kmak`-tbm, ] m-btøm Xß-fpsS taj-e-bn 30 ix-am-\-øn IqSp-X Ncnhp ÿeøv ac- o-\ntbm, tntºm a pw Irjn snøwsa v Xocp-am-\n- m, B Xocpam\w A n-a-amwp Xm\pw. KmUvKn IΩn n {Kma-k-`-bpsS Xocp-am-\-Øn\v {]m[m\yw -sim-sp- Ww F p Xs -bmwv ip]m i snbvxn- p- -Xv. 520 t]pp KmUvKn dnt m n Hcp hmniw t]mepw I j-i v FXn-cm-bn- n-. I j-isc IpSn-bn-d- -W-sas m pw ]d-bp- n-. I j-i IpSn-bn-d-tß n hcp- -Xn- \p Hcp kml-ncyw KmUvKn dnt m v \S- n h m kwpm-x-amipw F p- ]d-bp- -Xnepw Ig-ºn-. adn v C p \ne-hn-ep A\n-b-{ n-x-amb J\\w, Icn- as, hnt\mzk m-cw, si ns\n ΩmWw, `qam-^n-b, F nh I j-i v Irjn snøm ] mø Hcp Ah-ÿbmWv krjvsn psim n-cn- p- -Xv. AXpsIm v Ah AhnSw hnts n hcpambn-cn pw. KmUKn I-Ωn nbpss \n t±iw CØcw {]h Ø-\-߃ v Hcp AdpXn hcpøm\p- -Xm- Wv. F m IkvXq-cn-cw-K dnt m m-is ] n-a- L Øns 63 ix-am\w {]tz-i-ßfnepw CØcw {]h Ø\߃ \n tem`w XpScp- -Xn\v DX-Ip- -Xm-Wv). IkvXqcncwK IΩn n (1) ssph- r-jn-bn-te v t]miww. (2) txbne, Im n, Gew F n-hbv v ssph- rjn km y- ]{Xw simsp- p k{º-zmbw sim p-h-c-ww; hntzi 18

hn]-wnsb BI jn- m. Chbv -vth t{]m m-l\w k m \ I-W-w. (Irjn m p-th- n- Imcy-ambn Hcp ip]m i-bpw simsp- Øn- n-. ssph- r-jn- m-is ka-b-]-cn-[nbpw simsp-øn- n-. ticf k m-cns \ne-hn-ep ssph- r-jn-\bøn\p Xs CXv FXn-cm-Wv. kab]cn[n \n -bn- m-ø-xns KpWw, cmk-h-f-ß-fpw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw hn p- -h msw- p- -Xn\v X -ap- m-hn. Irjn- m v \jvsw D m- Ip-I-bm-sW- n \jvs-]-cn-lmcw k m hln -W-sa v KmUvKn IΩn n ]d-bp- p-ap v). 6. ark-]-cn-]m-e\w KmUvKn IΩn n (1) cmk-h-f-߃ v A\p-h-Zn- ncn p k_vknun ark-]- cn-]m-e-\-øn\pw ssph-hm-x-tim-xv]m-z-\-øn-\pw ssphhf D ]m-z-\-øn-\p-ambn ]p\ hn\y-kn- p-i. (2) kwc- nxtaj-e-bpss ]pdw`mk-øp ]p ta-sp-ifpw ta n ÿe-ßfpw ]p\-cp- -cn- p-i. (3) {]Xn-Iq-e-amb Im jni Imem-hÿm kml-n-cy-ßsf AXn-Po-hn- m si p \ms I p-imen C\-ßsf t{]m mln- n- p-i. (4) If-I-fn H p-an- Xpw Imen-Øo IqSn BbXn-\m \mwy-hn-ftøm -ß-fnepw tdmu-cn-inepw If-\m-in\n {]tbmkw \n -b-ambpw \ntcm-[n-t - -Xm-Wv. (5) txbn-e-tøm- -ß-fn Irjn-sNømsX Hgn- p-in-s- p CS-߃ Imen-h-f Ø-en-\p-th n D]-tbm-Kn- pi. AXn \n pw D ]m-zn- n- -s -Sp Imen-hfw txbne-tøm- -ßfn Xs D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øm-hp- -Xm-Wv. (6) {Kma-hm-kn-I-fpsS Imen-Ir-jn- m-h-iyamb Xo - p v th {X Af-hn AXm-Xn-S-ß-fn Xs D m-zn- ns Sp m-\p klm-b-ß-ƒ \ Ip-I. (7) ] n-a-l {]tz-i-ß-fn, Npcp-ßn-b-] w c v I p- Im-en-I-sf- n-ep-ap IpSpw-_-߃ v ssph-hm-xi πm v ÿm]n- p-hm-\p kui-cy-߃ \ IpI. IqSm-sX, {Kmao-W-X-e-Øn Xs s]mxp-hmb Bh-iy-߃ v 19

_rl-ømb coxn-bn ssph-hm-xi πm v ÿm]n v \S- m- pi. (c v I p-im-en-i-sf- -Xp-sIm v Dt±in- p- Xv G hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv c v I p-im-en-i-sf- n-ep-sa- -Xm-Wv. c n-tesd I p-im-en-iƒ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-as t m AYhm I p-imen ]cn-]m-e\w \ntcm-[n- Wsat m CXv A -am- p- n- ). IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: ark-]-cn-]m-e-\-sø- p-dn v {]Xn-]m- Zn- p- n. 7. a y-irjn KmUvKn IΩn n (1) a y-ß-fpss k m-c-]m-x-bn XS- -ap- m- p ] XnIƒ hcp-tºmƒ "a y-t mwn' ] -Xn-tbm-sSm w kwhn-[m\w snøp-i. (2) txm XpS-ßnb kvt^ms-i-h-kvxp- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p a y-_- \w \ntcm-[n- p-i. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: a yir-jn-sb- p-dn v \n»-_vzw. 8. h\-ta-je KmUvKn IΩn n (1) sndp-ins `qhp-s-a-i-fp-tsbpw, h\mh-imi\nba-{]-imcw AwKo-I-cn- -s ]c-º-cm-kx `qhp-s-a-i-fp-tsbpw AhImi߃ AwKo-I-cn- p-i. (2) h\mh-imi\nbaw AXns icn-bmb A -Øn \S- n hcp-øp-i. (3) h\-øn\pnp pw Xma-kn- p sndp-ins `qhp-s-a-iƒ v h\kwc- -W-Øn-\mbn "h\-kw-c- W ]mcn-txm-jniw' \ Ip-I. (4) h\kwc- W ]mcn-txm-jn-i-ambn \nipxn Cf-hpw ]m w ]pxp- -epw, {]tnm-z\m-fl-i-ambn AXn\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ifmb sndp-ins `qhp-s-a-iƒ v \ Ip-I. (5) bq m-en-]v kv t]mep GI-hnf rjnsb Hgn-hm n \ΩpsS X\Xv hr -߃ sh v]nsn- n- p- Xv t{]m m ln n- p-i. (bq m-en-]v kv t]mse F p ]dbp-tºmƒ At jy, hm n F n-h-bmwv. txbn-e-tbm, Im n-tbm, Getam A-. CØcw GI-hnf Irjn-Iƒ ]msns v Hcn-SØpw ]d- n- pan- ). 20

IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: CØcw hnj-b-sø- p-dn v {]Xn- ]m-zn- p n. F m {]txyi am \n t±itømss h\- `qan a m-h-iy-øn-\mbn hn\y-kn- mw. AØcw ] -Xn-IfpsS ]q Æ-cq]w sh_vssk- n simsp- -Ww. h\-ß-fn \n p hcp-am\w h\-ß-tfmsv tn v InS- p {Kma-t a-øn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-kn- p-i. XSn-tb-Xc h\-hn-`h kºzvhyhÿsb t{]m m-ln- n- p-i. 9. Du w/sshzypxn KmUvKn IΩn n (1) Du D ]m-z-\-øn\v simsp-t - n-h-cp ]mcnÿnxnihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb hne Fs v D]-t`m- m sf t_m[-h -cn- p-i, BUw-_c Bh-iy-߃ Ipdt - -Xns Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s -Sp-Øp-I. (2) Bh-iy-ßsf hkvxp-xm-]-c-ambn IW- n-se-sp- p-ibpw XZ-\p-kr-Xhpw Imem-\p-kr-X-hp-amb sshzypxn hn\ntbmk ssien-iƒ kzoi-cn- p-ibpw snøp-i. (3) sshzyp-xn-bpss D ]m-z-\w, hnx-cww F nh hnti{µoicn- p-i. kutcm D]-tbmKw t{]m m-ln- n pi. (4) ka{k ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLm-X-]-T\w \S-Øn-b-Xn\p tijw am{xw \Zo-Pe] -Xn-Iƒ \S- n-em- p-i. taje H n {]mtz-inixe-ønep Du Bh-iy-߃ ]cn-lcn p- -Xn-\v-th n Pe-kw-`-cWn Bh-iy-an- mø (Run of the river) ] -Xn-Ifpw ]c-am-h[n aq v ao Dbcw hscbpw 10 sakm-hm vhsc D ]m-z-\-ti-jn-bpap ] - Xn-Iƒ BImw. taje c n-em-is 10 apx 25 sakmhm v tijn-bp- ]cam-h[n 10 ao Db-c-ap ]pxnb Pe-ssh-ZypX ] -Xn-Iƒ BImw. F m taje aq n ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLmX]T-\-Øn\v hnt[bambn henb AW-s - p-iƒ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. IqSmsX taje H n sndp-ins Pe-ssh-ZypX ] -Xn-Iƒ hn]p-e-ambn \S- m- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Ch P\-ß-fpsS DS-a-ÿ-X-bnepw ]cn-]m-e-\-ønepw Bbn-cn- -Ww; sshzypxn hnxcw irwj-e-bn CXv Dƒs -Sp-Øp-Ibpw Acp-Xv. 21

(5) ]pxnb Xm]-\n-e-b-ßtfm Im n \n v sshzypxn DXv]mZn n- p h InS] -Xn-Itfm taje H n A\phZ-\o-b-a-. F m taj-e-i-fn-tebpw Xm]-\n-e-b-߃ ]cn-ÿnxnhn\m-i-im-cn-i-fm-hp- n F pw Dd p hcptø -Xp- v. taje aq n ]pxnb Xm]-\n-e-b-߃ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW- n t]mepw Ch XnI pw amen\y hnap {]h Ø\coXn-tbmSv IqSn-bh Bbn-cn- -Ww. (6) Xm]-\n-e-b-ß-fn \n v ]pd- - p Nmc-ap-]-tbm-Kn v CjvSnI -Iƒ D m- p- -Xn\p ]pdsa tdmuv \n ΩmWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw Cu Nmcw ^e-{]-z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p coxn v \ne-hn-ep Xm]-\n-e-b-߃ {]Nmcw \ ti Xp v. (7) hnti-{µo-ir-x-amb Du m-h-iy-߃ p th n kutcm w, ssph-t{km-x- p-iƒ F n-hbpss D]- tbmkw hym]-i-am- p-i. (8) Du t m- m-z\ ] -Xn-Iƒ p th n \Zn-Iƒ, Acphn- Iƒ F n-h-bpss KXn Xncn- p-hn-sp- Xv A\p-h-Zn- m ]msn. (9) \o adn XXz-߃ -\p-kr-x-ambn hrjvsn{]tz-i-߃ ]cn]m-en- -s -SpI. (10)hnhn[ ] -Xn-Iƒ Xt±i kzbw`cw ÿm]-\-ßfpw Du t_m Upw tn v \S- m- pi. Ch Pn m Xe Bhm-k-hy-hÿm IΩn- n-bpss ]cn-]q Æ \nco- -W- Ønepw ta t\m- -Ønepw Bbn-cn- p-ibpw thww. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n (1) henb Umap-Iƒ BImw, F m Ah G hpw ASpØv ÿnxn snøp Uman \n v 3 In.an F nepw AI-e- Øn-em-bncn Ww. sh w G hpw Ipd-hp -Im-eØpw ]pgbn 30 ix-am\sa nepw Hgp v D m-bn-cn- p-sa v Dd p hcp-øpi. 50 ix-am-\-øn IqSp-X \Zo-X-S-Øn\v _m[n mø coxn-bnepw, Hcp ka{k]mcn-ÿn-xni ]T\w \S-ØnbXn\p tijhpw Bbn-cn- -Ww. (2) 25 sakm-hm n Ipd-hp ] -Xn-Iƒ ]cn-ÿnxn BLmXw IW- n-se-spøp thww Xocp-am-\n- m. (3) kutcm -hpw Im msnifpw t{]m m-ln- n- -W-w. 22

(4)Xm]-\n-e-b-߃ ]cn-ÿnxnteme {]tziøv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. 10. AW-s - p-iƒ {]h Ø\ hnap- -am- (Dam decommissioning) KmUvKn IΩn n: {]Xo- nx Bbp ssz Lyw ]q Ønbmbn Ign hbpw {]h Ø-\- -ax Ipd- -hbpw, \n ±njvs Af-hn-tesd F epw snfnbpw ASn p IqSn-b- Xp-amb AW-s - p-iƒ {]h Ø-\-hn-ap- -am-t - -hbpss Iq -Øn s -Sp p. AW-s - p-i-fpss icm-icn {]Xo- nx Bbp ssz Lyw A tz-iob \nk-a\w A\p-k-cn v 30 apx 50 hsc h j-ß-fm-wv. (F- m F m AWs pifpw C{]-Imcw {]h Ø-\-c-ln-X-am-tI- hbmsw v CXv A -am- p- n- ). {]Xo- nx \nehmcøn-ep {]h Ø\w Imgv -sh-bv mø AWs p-i-sf-bmwv C{]Imcw {]h Ø\hnap amt -Xv. Hscm cm{xn sim v \S- n hcptø H CXv; adn v Hcp kpzo L{]{In-b-bm-Wv. ]e {][m\ hnjb-ßfpw kmt - Xn-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n v hnebn-cp-øp- -Xn-eq-sS-bmWv C mcyw Xocp-am-\n- -s -ts Xv. Ah-bn Nneh XmsgsIm-Sp- p- p. (1) LS-\m-]-c-amb kpc- n-xxzw: AW-s - ns {]mbm[niyw, \n Ωm-W-Øn kw`-hn A]- -bw, tisp]m-sp-iƒ, \n ΩmWsshI-ey-߃. (2) F epw snfn-bpw A-Sn piqs : ]cn-[n-bn-tesd F epw snfn-bpw A-Sn p IqSp- -Xp-hgn {]Xo- n- p Af-hn-ep Pekw`-c-W-tijn \jvs-s -Sm-\p km[y-x. (3) {]h Ø\ta Ipdhv: cq]-i -\-bn-ep sshieyw, {]h Ø\ a-a- mø S ss_-\p-iƒ F nh (4) kmº-øni _m yx: AW-s v kwc- n- p- -Xn-\p Nnehv, Poh-\- m-cpss iº-fw, a v A\p-_ snehp- Iƒ, AW-s - n \n v kaq-l-øn\v e`n- p tkh\ßfpss aqey-hp-ambn Xmc-Xay]T-\w. (5) ]mcn-ÿn-xni hn\miw: hnhn[ BhmktaJ-e-Iƒ v kw`-hn- p A]-N-bhpw AW-s - n \n v e`n- p 23

tkh\aqeyhpw Xmc-Xay]T-\-Øn\p hnt[-b-am- -s -Sp p. ta ]cm-a in hkvxp-x-i-fn-t -ep kmt -XnI hni- I-e-\-Øn\v tijta AW-s v {]h Ø-\-c-ln-X-am- twm th tbm F v Xocp-am-\n- m Bhp-I-bp- q. AW-s v \n Ωm-Ww, kwc- Ww F o taj-e-bnse hnz-kv cpss A m-cmjv{s kwl-s-\-bmb ICOLD (International commission on Larger Dams) s \nco- W{]Imcw Hcp AW-s - ns {]h Ø\k -amb Bbp ssz Lyw 30 apx 50 h jw hsc-bm-wv. C mcyw KmUvKn IΩn n kqnn- n p F p am{x-ta-bp- q. ICOLD s\ A -cm -Øn ]n Xp-S-tc Bh-iy-an-. Cu taj-e-bnse hnz-kv cpss D]-tZiw am{xamwv C m-cy-øn kzoi-cn-t - -Xm-bn- p q. AXn\m KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m v \S- m- -s -Sp-I-bm-sW- n ticf-ønse F m Umap-Ifpw \in- n p If-tb n-hcpw F hmz-kxn XnI pw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-Wv. Umw {]h Ø-\- clnxam- -W-sa v (Dam decommissioning) ]d-bp- Xpw, \in- n v Ifb-W-sa v (Dam demolition) ]d-bp- Xpw c pw c mwv. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: Cu hnj-b-øn au\w ]men ncn pi-bm-wv. 11. hml-\-k-xm-k-xw KmUvKn IΩn- n: taje H nepw, c nepw Hgn-hm- m-\mhmø Xc-Øn AXym-hiyap ÿe-ß-fn- ]pxnb sdbn sh sse\p-itfm a v henb tdmup-itfm A\p-h-Zn- mw. CXp-w ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLmX]T-\-߃ v tij-hpw, I i-\-\n-b-{ W am\-z-wvu-ß-fnepw P\-Iob ta t\m- - Øn Iognepw Bbn-cn- -Ww. F m taje aq n \nb- { -W-ß-tfm-sSbpw kmaq-lni ta t\m- -Øn-eq-sSbpw C{]- Imcw sdbn th sse\p-itfm tdmup-itfm A\p-h-Zn- p- - Xn A]m-I-X-bn-. (]p-xnb tdmup-itfm sdbn sh sse\p- Itfm A\p-h-Zn- m ]msn- m-sb v CXv Hcn- epw A am- p- n- ). IkvXqcncwK IΩn n: tdmup-iƒ Dƒs -ss-bp F m \n Ωm-W-߃ pw ]cnÿnxn-blmx]t\w thww. F m sdbn- ]mxbv p ]cn-ÿnxnblm-x-]-t\w th. 24

12. hnt\m-z-k- m-c-ta-je KmUvKn IΩn- n: ]-cn-ÿnxn h\w a{ m-e-b-øns ]cnÿnxn kulm ± hnt\m-z-k- m-c-hn-i-k\ am \n t±i tcj \b-sø ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]txyi ] m-ø-e-øn th -hn[w am w hcp-øn, ]cn-ÿn-xn v G hpw Ipd BLmXw am{x-ap- m- p hnt\m-z-k- mc ] -Xn-I-ƒ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. F m taje c nepw aq nepw BI-s, hnt\mz-k- mc taj-e-bpss hmli tijn, X {]-tz-i-ß-fnse s]mxp-k-aq-l-øn\v D m-hp Aku-I-cy-߃, ]cn-ÿn-xn v kw`-hn-t - m-hp BLm- X-߃ F nh Dƒs -Sp-Øn-sIm- p Hcp _rl-xv]-cn- ]m-sn-bpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn I i-\-\n-b-{ -W-ß-tfmtSbpw kmaq-ly-\n-co- -W-Ønepw hnt\m-z-k- m-c-hn-i-k\w \S- n-em- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. IkvXqcncwK IΩn n (1) ]cn-ÿnxn BLmX]T\w thww. (2) ]cn-ÿnxn h\w a{ m-e-b-øns ]cn-ÿn-xn- -hn-t\mz k mc am -\n t±itcj A\p-k-cn- m-bn-cn- Ww. (3) Xocp-am-\m-[n-jvTnX \nco- -W-tI{µw CXns \S-Øn v Ah-tem-I\w snø-ww. 13. hyh-km-bw Km-UvKn IΩn n (1) AXoh aen-\o-i-cw km[y-x-bp Nph- v, Hmd v C\Øn s ]pxnb hyh-kmbkwcw-`-߃ taje 1, 2 F n-h-bn A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-. Ct m-gp- h 2016 HmsS amen\y hnap ambn am n-bn-cn- Ww. (Ah AS p]q - W-sa v Hcn-SØpw ]d-bp- n- ). C m-cy-øn I i-\- amb s]mxp-p\ ta t\m w XpS pw A\n-hm-cy-amWv. (2) taje 3 ]pxnb hyh-kmbkwcw-`-ß-ƒ I i-\-amb \nb-{ -W-Ønepw kaq-l-øns s]mxp-hmb ta t\m- -Ønepw Bcw-`n- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Hmtcm {]tz-i-øp-ap Akw-kvIrX hkvxp- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn v, ]cn-ÿnxn v \miw hcp-øm-sx-bp hyh-km-b-߃ v ap K-W\ simsp- p-i. 25

IkvXqcncwK IΩn n: AXoh aen-\o-i-cww Df-hm- p Nph v h -Øn s hyh-km-b-im-e-iƒ ]cnÿnxnteme {]tz-iøv ]msn- (] nal- -Øns 37 ix-am\w `mk-øv). a p taj-e-bn Nph v, Hmd- v, a F o hn`m-k-ßfn s hyh-km-b-߃ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. (AXm-b-Xv, 63 ix-am\w {]tz-iøpw BImw. \ΩpsS F m ]pg-ifpw aen- \o-i-cn- -s p F hkvxp-x-bpw, ]pg aen-\o-i-cww sim v P\-߃ p m-ip amci BtcmKy{]iv\-ß-tfbpw IW- n-se-spøp thww Cu \n t±-i-ßsf hne-bn-cp-øm ). 14. J\\w KmUvKn IΩn n (1) taje H nepw c nepw J\-\-Øn\p th n ]pxnb ssek kp-iƒ A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a. \ne-hn-ep h 2016 HmsS L w-l- -ambn Ah-km-\n- n- pi. F m, taje c n ]pxnb ssek kp-iƒ, ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLmXw IW- n-se-spøv Hmtcm ] Xnbpw {]txy- In v ]cn-k-wn- mhp XmWv. taje aq n ka-xe {]tz-i-ß-fn Zp e-`-amb [mxp ƒ I i-\-amb \nb- { -twm-]m-[n-i-tfmssbpw P\Iob ta t\m- -tømsp IqSnbpw \S- n-em m-hp- -Xm-Wv. tkm{xh - m-cpss ap Iq- n-bp A\p-hmZw hmßn-bn-cn Ww. Xs -bp-a-, CØcw {]{In-b-Iƒ tkm{x-h - mcp-ssbpw a v P\- hn-`m-k-ß-fp-ssbpw Ah-Im-i-߃ AwKo-I-cn p sim pam-bn-cn- -Ww. (2) A\p-hm-Z-an- mø J\\w, ]md-a-s, aw-eq- F nh aq v taj-ei-fnepw DS-\Sn \n Ønshbv pi. Icn- a-sbpw asæ-sp pw taje H n Icn- as, aw J\\w F n-h- p ]pxnb ssek kp-i-sfm pw \ IcpXv. F m taje c nepw aq nepw tkm{x-k-ap-zm-b- m-cpss Ah-Im-ißsf _m[n- mø hn[-øn, I i\ \nb-{ W D]m-[n-ItfmsSbpw P\-Iob ta t\m- -tømsp IqSnbpw, ]mda-sbpw aw J\-\hpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: J\-\hpw ]md-a-sbpw asæ-sp pw ]cn- 26

ÿxnteme -{]tz-iøv \ntcm-[n- -Ww. (A-Xm-bXv ] na- L- Øns 37iXam\w CS-Øn am{xw; _m n-bp P\- km-{µx IqSpX-ep 63 ix-am\w CS-ß-fn {]txyi \ntcm- [-\-an-. \ne-hn-ep \nb-a-ßfpw `c-w-co-xnbpw i n-s - Sp-Øn-bm axn-bmipw. AhnsS btyjvsw BImw F w. I-kvXq-cn-cw-Ks ]cn-ÿn-xn-teme {]tziw Ct mƒ Xs h\-kw-c- W taj-e-bm-wv. tic-f-øn GXm v 85 ixam\w. _m n-bp 15 ix-am\w hcp- -bn-sømwv Cu \n tcm-[\w hcp- -Xv. Hcp NXp-c{i Intem-ao- dn P\kwJy 100 Ipd-hp CS-ØmWv CXv _m[n- pi. P\-kwJy 100 IqSn-bm Cu \ntcm-[\w ]n h-en-t - n-h-cp-sa pw IqSn Hm t - -Xm-Wv. ImcWw, P\-km-{µX IqSpX-ep, Hcp NXp-c{i Intem ao -dn 100 IqSp-X, {]tz-i-amwv ]cnÿnxnteme {]tziøp \n pw IkvXq-cn-cw-K Hgn-hm n kmwkvim-cni taj-e-bm n {]Jym-]n- n- p- -Xv. AhnsS J\\w \n tem`w BImw. AXns ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\- ßtfm Xt±-i-hm-kn-Iƒ p- m-ip Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßtfm H pw Xs IW- n-se-sp-øn- n Cu Ah-k-c-Øn. kn p-zp v Pn -bnse 25 {Kma-k-`-Iƒ Xß-fpsS {Kmaßfpw taje H n Dƒs -Sp-Ø-W-sa v KmUvKn IΩn- n-tbmsv Bh-iy-s p F p- Xv {i m l-am-wv. AXn\v ]d c v Imcy-߃: 1. taje H n Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bm X߃ J\\`ojWn-bn \n pw hntam-nn-x-cm-ip-a-t m., 2. h\w hip- ns ]ou-\-ß-fn \n v c -s -Sp-a-t m). 15. ]cnÿnxn BLmX]T\w KmUvKn IΩn n: AW-s v \n Ωm-Ww, J\-\w, hnt\m-zk- m-c-hn-i-k\w, ]m ns kap- b \n ΩmWw XpS-ßnb GsXmcp ]pxnb ] -Xn-bpw X {]-tz-i-ß-fnse Pe-t{km- X- p-i-fnt am{x-a-, samø-øn X {]-tz-isø Bhmk-hy-hÿbv p m- m-hp BLm-X-߃ ka-{k-amb ]T- \-Øn\v (Cumulative Impact Assessment) hnt[bam-t - -Xp- v. Xt±-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-sfbpw AØcw ]T-\- Øn Dƒs -Sp-Ø-Ww. X {]-tz-isø hmlitijn v A\p-kr-X-ambn am{xta CØcw ] -XnIƒ v A\p-aXn \ Im ]msp- q. 27

IkvXqcncwK IΩn n: ka-{k-amb ]cn-ÿnxn BLmX ]T\w CØcw ] -Xn-Iƒ v (sd-bn sh sse Hgn- v) Bh-iy-amWv. (F m Xt±ihmkn-IfpsS {]mxn- \n[ysø p-dn v ]d-bp- n- ). 16. ]mcn-ÿn-xni ]T\] Xn KmUvKn IΩn n (1) {]mtz-ini ]mcn-ÿn-xni{]iv\-ß-fn Du n-bp ]T- \-]- -Xn-I-fn-eqsS Ip n-i-sfbpw bph-p-\-ß-sfbpw ]cnÿn-xn-bp-ambn CW- n-t p-i. (2) {]tz-i-hm-kn-iƒ v Ah-cpsS ]mcn-ÿn-xni {]iv\-ßsf kq -a-ambn \nco- n- m\pw hne-bn-cp-øm\pw DX-Ip Xc-Øn ]cn-ÿnxn]t\ ] -Xn-Iƒ v cq]w \ Ip-I. CØcw ] XnIƒ hgn P\-߃ v Xs ssph-sshhn y cpn-ã Xøm-dm- p Xn\v -k-lm-bn- m Ign-bpw. (3) \Zn-tbm-c-ß-fn-ep hnzym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-fnse Ip n- Iƒ v AXmXv \Zn-Isf Adn-bm\pw kwc- n- m\pw t{]cn- n- p hn[-øn-ep ]pg-tbm-c- - p-iƒ v cq]w \ Ip-I. IkvXqcncwK IΩn n: CØcw Imcy-߃ {]Xn-]m-Zn- n- n-. 17. imkv{x km-t -XnIw KmUvKn IΩn n (1) AW-s - p-iƒ, J\n-Iƒ, hnt\m-z-k- m-c-ta-j-e, ]m ns kap- -b-߃ XpSßn GsXmcp ]pxnb ] Xn Bcw-`n- p- -Xn\p ap ]pw Xt±-isØ Pe-t{km-X- p-i-fn Ch krjvsn- p ]mcn-ÿn-xni BLmXßfpw, samø- Øn X {]-tz-isø Bhmkhyh-ÿbv v {]Xy- ambpw ]tcm- -am-bpw D m-im-hp BLm-X-ßfpw hnebn-cp-øp-i (Cumulative Impact Assessment). {]tz-i-øns hml-i-ti-jn- -\p-kr-x-am-sw- n am{xta CØcw ] - Xn-Iƒ v A\p-aXn \ Im-hq. (2) {]IrXn kulm ±-]c-amb kmt -XnIhnZy-Iƒ cq]-s - Sp-ØpIbpw AXv P\-߃ v {]m]y-amb coxn-bn Ah- X-cn- n- p-ibpw snøp-i. (3) Kth-j-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw, Kh-s n-xc kwl-s-\-ifpw 28

s]mxp-p-\-]- m-fn-ø-tømss ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss kzm`m-hni KXn-am w kqnn- n- p LS-I-ßsf Is -Øp-I. IkvXqcncwK IΩn n: ]cn-ÿnxn BLmX]T\w \S-Ø- W-sa v am{xsa ]d- n- p- q. api-fn ]d Xt±-i-hmkn-Isf Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn- p ]cn-]m-sn-i-sf- p-dn v H pw Xs ]d-bp- n-. 18. hn m\tij-c-whpw \n -l-whpw KmUvKn IΩn n (1) ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm hnzkv kan-xn-bp- m- nb tu m-t_kv IqSp-X i -s -Sp-Øp- -Xn-\pw, AØcw tu D]-tbm-Kn v ]cn-ÿn-xn-bn-ep- m-ip am -ßsf Ah-tem-I\w snøp- -Xn\pw Hmtcm ]uc-t bpw ] mfn-ø-tømss, {]txy-in v hnzym n-k-aq-l-øns ] mfn-ø-tømss, Hcp Xpd, kpxm-cy-amb ] Xn cq]o-icn- p-i. (2) Pe-Øn-t -bpw \Zn-I-fp-tS-bpw \Zo-X-S- Bhmkhyh-ÿbp-tSbpw ]-cn-ÿn-xn-bp-tsbpw Hcp tu m-t_kv D m- p-ibpw AXns\ kwtbm-pn-x-ambn hn]p-eo-i-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- n-cn- p-i. IkvXq-cn-cw-K IΩn n: CØcw ip]m i-i-sfm pw simsp- Øn- n-. F m Cu IΩn n \n t±-in- n- p Xocp-am-\m- [n-jvtnx \nco- WtI{µw ] n-a-l- -Øns ]mcn-ÿnxn Ah-tem-I\w snbvxv bym-k-abw dnt m v \ IWw F p- ]-d-bp- p- v. 19. AXn-c- n n Pe-ssh-ZypX] Xn KmUvKn IΩn n: AXn-c- n n Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]- -Xn-bn taep ip]m i-iƒ v cq]w simsp p Xn-\p-ap-ºmbn Xmsg ]d-bp Imcy-߃ KmUvKn IΩn n ]cn-tim-[n- pi-bp- mbn. (1) ] Xn{]tZ-isØ Pe-e-`y-X, ssph-ssh-hn y kº- - Xbpw X\n-a-bpw, Xt±i tkm{x-hm-kn-i-fpss A[n-hm-ktI-{µ-ß-fn D m-ip BLm-X-߃, \n nx AWs - ns Xmgvhmc-Øp Im jnihrøn, IpSn-sh w F n-h-bn D m-im-hp {]Xym-Lm-X-߃, CXc 29

Du t m -Zm-\-t{km-X- p-iƒ F n-h. (2) AXn-c- n n ] m-b-øp-ambn \S-Ønb N Ifn \n pw Db A`n-{]m-b-߃ (3) AXn-c- n- n-bn kwl-sn- n- s]mxp-p-\-thznbn \n pw Db A`n-{]m-b-߃. (4) tkm{x-h - m-cp-ss A`n-{]mb߃ (5) tic-f-kw-ÿm\ sshzypxnt_m Unse F n-\o-b amcp-am-bpw, Pe-tk-N-\-h-Ip- v, h\w-h-ip- v, BZn-hm-kn-t a hip- v, ticf h\w- K-th-j-W-tI-{µw, t{sm n- s_m m\n- Km U & dnk v C Ãn- yq v F o ÿm]-\-ß-fnse imkv{x- -, ] -Xn-{]-tZ-isØ Khs nxc kwl-s-\-iƒ F n-h-cp-ambn \S-Ønb N - Iƒ. (] m-bøv samø-ambpw ] -Xnsb FXn Øv kwkmcn- p-i-bp- m-bn. ÿew Fw.-F.F A\p-Iq-en \ne-sb- Sp-Øp. 200 ]cw Bfp-Iƒ ]s -Sp-Ø s]mxpn -bnepw F m-hcpw Xs ] Xn th F \ne-]m-smwv FSp-Ø- Xv. Nme- psn ]pgkwc- W kanxn ] -Xn-sIm v ssphssh-hn- y-øn\pw Irjn m pw D m-ip {]iv\-ß-sf p-dn v hni-zambn kwkm-cn- p. Bcpw ] Xn thw-sa v Bh-iy-s - n-. kmt -XnI N -bn sshzypxn t_m Uv Dt ym-k-ÿ Ah e`n psa p ]d sh -Øns Af-h-\p-k-cn v Ah-Im-i-s -Sp 163 sakm-hm v sshzypxn D m-zn- n- p-hm Ign-bn-s - Nme- psn ]pgkwc W kan-xn-bpss sh p-hn-fn p ap n \n»-_vz-cm-bn-cn- p-ibmwv D m-b-xv. 163 sakm-hm- n\v ]Icw, IqSn-bm 25 sakmhm v sshzyp-xntb D m-zn- n- m Ignbq F mwv Ah Ah-Im-i-s - -Xv. sshzyp-xn-t_m Uv DtZym-K-ÿ adp-]sn ]d-bm-xm-b-t mƒ, adp]sn C -sa-bn-en s{]m^. KmUvKnen\v FgpXn Adn-bn- m Bh-iy-s - p. F m AXp m bn- ). Xmsg ]d-bp hkvxp-x-i-fpss shfn- -Øn, ] Xn {]tz-i-øns hnhn[xe-ß-fn-ep {]m[m-\yhpw IΩn n hne-bn-cp-øn. i. t_mws_ \m p-d lnãdn skmssk n/ 30

t_ Uvsse^v C \m-j-w (Birdlife International) F o ÿm]-\-߃ ] -Xn-{]-tZ-isØ temi-ønse Hcp {][m-\-]- n-k-t -X-ambn (Important Bird Area of the World) {]Jym-]n- n- p- v. ii. {^ v C Ãn- yq v Cu taj-esb AXo-h-{]m-[m-\y-ap kwc- nxtaj-e-bmbn \n t±-in- n- p- v. iii. \mj-w _yqtdm Hm^v ^njv P\- nivkv dntkmgvkv (NBFGR) Nme- p-sn- p-gsb a y-kw-c- nx ti{µ-ambn {]Jym-]n- m ip]m i snbvxn- p- v. iv. ticf kwÿm\ ssph-ssh-hn y t_m Uv ssphssh-hn y {]m[m-\y-tøbpw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-tbbpw IW- n-se-sp-øv ] Xn{]tZ-isØ samøw Bhm-khy-h-ÿ v t\cnt m A m-sxtbm bmsxmcp hn[ Atem-k-c-hpw D m-imsx kwc- n p \n Ø-W-sa v ip]m i snbvxn- p- v. CsX mw ]cn-k-wn- -t mƒ KmUvKn IΩn- n v Xmsg-]-dbp Imcy-߃ t_m[y-s - p. (1) {]Xo- n- -p sshzypxn (163 MW) D ]m-zn- n- m- \m-h-iy-amb Pew ] Xn {]tz-i-øv Dt m F _e-amb kwi-bw. kwibw Xo m si.-f-kv.-c.- _n.bv v Ign- n-. (2) ] -Xn-{]-tZiw AXoh ssphkº amwv. (3) CtX Db-c-Øn ÿnxnsnøp \Zo-XS Bhm-k-hyhÿ kwÿm-\øv as ßpw Xs -bn-. (4) ] Xn \ne-hn h m AW-s - n\v Xmsg-bp Im jnihrønsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n- pw. (5) Du t m ]m-z-\-øn\v CXc t{kmx- p-iƒ Ds - n-cns, C{X-tbsd ssph-ssh-hn y kº- -amb {]tziw CØ-c-samcp ] -Xn pth n _en-i-gn-t bmsxmcp Bh-iyhpw C. (6) F m-øn\pw D]-cn-bmbn, ] Xn {]tz-isø P\-߃ Cu ] -Xn v ]q Æ-ambpw FXn-cm-Wv. BbXn-\m AXn-c- n n Pe-ssh-ZypX] Xn ]n h-en- m\pw X {]-tziw kwc- nx taj-e-bmbn \ne-\n Øphm\pw KmUvKn IΩn n ip]m i snbvxp. 31

IkvXqcncwK IΩn n: kwÿm\ k m-cns Ct m-gsø ] Xn, IΩn- n-bpss ip]m i-iƒ (G hpw ASp-Øp AWs n \n pw 3.In.an AIew Dd p-h-cp-øp-i, Pe-\n-c v G hpw Ipdbptºmgpw 30 ix-am\w Hgp v \ne-\n ØpI, \ZoX-S-Øns 50 ix-am-\øn IqSp-X `mk-߃ v {]Xn- Iq-e-ambn _m[n- n F v Dd p h-cpøpi, \n ±njvs sshzypxn -DXv]m-Z\w (163 sakm-hm v) \in p-t]mimhp ssph-ssh-hn- y-hp-ambn Xmc-Xay ]T\w \SØpI) IW- n-se-spøv ]p\ Nn- \w \SØn ]pxnb Hcp ] -Xn-bm n am n, thw-sa- n ti{µk m-cns\ kao-]n- mw. (\n `mkyhim sshzypxn t_m Uns sshzypxn D ]m- Z\w h n- n- Ww F hmzw IW- n-se-sp-ømwv Cu Xocp-am-\w. ticf kwÿm\ ssphsshhn y t_m Uns ip]m i-tbm, ssph-ssh-hn- y-øns {]m[m-\ytam, ] - Xn- m-h-iy-amb Pe-km- y-x-i-sf- p-dn v Nme- psn ]pg kwc- -W-k-anXn Db Ønb hmz-ap-jtam, sshzypxn t_m Uv Ah-Im-i-s -Sp 163 sakm-hm v sshzypxn {]-Ir-Xn v \mi- \-jvs-ap- m-im-sx a v am K-ß-fn IqSn D ]m-zn- n- p-hm Ign-bp-sa- p hmztam IW- n-se-sp-øn- n F p- Xv bp -ambn txm p n-. CXn-s\ mw ]pdta ] -Xn-{]-tZisØ P\-߃ Cu ] Xn v FXn-cm-sW- p G hpw {]m[m-\y-a ln- p hkvxp-xbpw IW- m- msx t]mbxv P\m-[n-]-Xy-tØmSp Xs -bp A]-a-cym-Z-bm-Wv). ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXm-dn- n- (Western Ghats Ecology Authority) cq]o-i-cww. KmUvKn IΩn- nsb G n- n- p as mcp DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw, 1986se ]cn-ÿnxn (kw-c- -W) BŒns Iogn Hcp ] na-l Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-m AtXm-dn n (Western Ghats Ecology Authority) \nb-an- p- -Xn\pw, CXn s -Sp kwÿm-\-ßfpss ]n p-w-tbmss ] n-a-l- -Ønse Bhmkhyh-ÿsb ]cn-t]m-jn- n- p- -Xn\pw kpÿn-c-hn-i-k\w Dd- p-h-cp-øp - Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb am -\n t±i߃ \ IpI F p Xpam-Wv. 32

Hcp {XnXe `cw-kw-hn-[m-\-amwv IΩn n hn`m-h\w snøp- -Xv: apgp-h ] n-a-l {]tz-i-߃ pw th n-bp Hcp D -XXe ] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm AtXm-dn n, Hcp kwÿm\xe ] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm AtXm-dn n, Hcp Pn m-xe IΩn n. ] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm AtXm-dn n (Western Ghats Ecology Authority) 24 AwK-ßsfbmWv ip]m i snøp- Xv: 1. A y- Hcp dn -tb Uv kp{]ow-tim-sxn PUvPntbm AYhm {]i-kvx-\mb ]mcn-ÿnxni imkv{x- t\m. 2 6. hnjb hnz-kv {]Ir-Xnkw-c- W imkv{x- - (Conservation Biologists) Po-h-im-kv{X, ]cn-ÿnxn \nb-a-, kmaqly imkv{x- -, kmº-øni hnz-kv, Irjn imkv{x-, em UvkvtI v hnz-kv ; Hmtcm taj-e-i-fn \n pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø hoxw. 7. tkm{x-{]-xn-\n[n Hcp {]_e tkm{x-k-ap-zm-b-øns {]Xn-\n[n. sdmt j {Ia-Øn ] nal -Ønse F m kwÿm-\- Øn\pw {]mxn-\n[yw e`n- Ø -hn[w. 8 13 kmaq-ly-{]-h Ø-I-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ Hmtcm kwÿm-\-ß-fn \n pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø. Ch ] n-a-l kwc- -W-Øn X ]-ccpw ani kw`mh\ \ In-b-h-cpam-bn-cn- -Ww. 14 18 DtZym-Kÿ AwK-߃ (FIvkv H^n-tjym) ti{µ- -]-cn-ÿnxn h\w a{ m-e-b-ønse Hcp AUoj-W sk{i- -dn, ti{µ aen-\o-i-cw \nb-{ W t_m Uv snb am, ti{µ Bkq-{XW IΩo-j saº (] n-a-l / ]cn-ÿnxn {]iv\-߃ ssiimcyw snøp saº ), tziob ssph-ssh-hn y AtXm-dn- n snb am, saº sk{i- dn (ti{µ tpmb v 33

sk{i- -dn-bpss AYhm kb nãv "Pn' t{kun-ep DtZym-K-ÿ ). Ct±-lsØ ti{µ- ]-cn-ÿnxn h-\w a{ m-ebw ] nal Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXm-dn n snb am\pambn N snbvxn- mwv \nb-an- p-i. 19 24 : kwÿm\ ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXm-dn- nbpss saº sk{i- -dn-am. kwÿm\ ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXm-dn n (State Western Ghats Ecology Authority) kwÿm\ ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hy-hÿm AtXm-dn- n-bn 11 saº am-scbmwv hn`m-h\w snøp- -Xv: 1. A y- : Hcp ap PUvPn AYhm Hcp {]i-kvx ]cn-ÿnxn imkv{x- 2. Hcp ]cn-ÿnxn \nbahnz-kv 3. X kw-ÿm-\sø Hcp ]mcn-ÿnxni imkv{x hnzkv 4 6. Ign-hp kmaqly{]-h Ø-I (Civil Society Representatives) 7 10. DtZym-Kÿ AwK-߃ kwÿm\ aen-\o-i-cw \nb-{ Wt_m Uv A y-, ]cn-ÿnxn h\w hip- ns {]n kn- sk{i- dn, kwÿm\ Bkq-{XW t_m Uv {]Xn-\n[n, kwÿm\ ssph-sshhn yt_m Uv snb am. 11. saº sk{i- dn (^pƒ sssw) X kw-ÿm-\sø k m \n t±-in- p Hcp tpmbn v sk{i- -dntbm D]-tZ-i-It\m (kwÿm\ k m-cns Pn t{kunep D]-tZ-jvSm-hv). Pn m-xe Bhm-khyhÿm IΩn n (District Ecology Committee) AXmXv kwÿm\ k m-cp-ambn N snbvxv, X kw-ÿm-\-sø ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hyhÿm AtXm-dn- nbmwv Pn m-xe IΩn niƒ cq]o-i-cn- p- -Xv. 34

Pn mxe IΩ- n-bpss LS\ C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. A y- : ] n-a-l Bhm-k-hyhÿm AtXm-dn n \nban- p ]cn-ÿnxn Hmw_p-Uvkvam AwK-߃ : kmº-ønihnzkv, \nb-ahnz-kv, h\imkv{x hnz-kv, Pe-hn-`h hnz-kv, kmaqly imkv{x-, Im jni imkv{x- -, ]cn-ÿnxn hnz-kv, aæv kwc- W hnz-kv, `qhn-\n-tbmk taj-e-bn \n p hnz-kv, IqSmsX Kh-s ns {][m\ hip- p-i-fn \n pw s]mxpkaq-l-øn \n pap AwK-ßfpw CXn Dƒs -Sp- p. ] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm AtXmdn n, kwÿm-\-xe Bhmkhyh-ÿ-m AtXm-dn n, Pn m Xe Bhmkhyh-ÿm I-Ωn n F n-h-bpss apjye y-߃ 1. ] nal -Ønse hni-k\ ] -Xn-Iƒ IqSp-X kpxmcy-xtbmss Xpd kao-]-\-øn IqSn-bm-bn-cn- p-i. 2. ] nal hni-k-\-øn-\mbn Bkq-{X-W-IΩoj ] h c ] -Xn-Iƒ aptj\ \ Ip [\-k-lmbhpw a p- X-c-Øn-ep [\-k-lmbpw _ -s F m hip- p-isfbpw tn Øv A\n-hm-cy-amb ] -Xn-Iƒ cq]o-i-cn- p- Ibpw G hpw kpxm-cy-amb coxn-bn \S- m- p-ibpw snøp-i. 3. hni-k\ ] -Xn-bpsS D hw Xs {Kma-k-`-bn \n mbn-cn- Ww; IogvØ- n \n v api-fn-tebv v. \mw I psim- n-cn- p- -Xp-t]mse api-fn \n v Iotgm- m-h-cp- Xv. 4. F m ] -Xn-bv pw kmaqly Ah-tem-I\w G s -Sp- Øp-I. 5. \mfnxphsc XpS p-h-cp ASn-t n- -s -Sp \nb- { -W-Øn\p ]I-cw, {]IrXnkwc- -W-Øn-\mbn, {]Xo- ImXva-I-hpw, {]Xy- -hp-amb t{]m m-l\w simsp-øpsim p, P\-] m-fnøw Dd- m- p Hcp kwhn-[m\w sim p-h-cni. 35

`c-w-l-s-\-bpss 73, 74 t`z-k-xn-i-fpss ASn-ÿm-\- Øn P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-{In-b-bmb A[n-ImchntI-{µo-IcWw {]mh Øn-I-am- p-i. CX-\p-k-cn v, ] n-a-l- - Ønse ]cn-ÿnxn ]p\:ÿm]\w, kpÿnchni-k\w, kwc- Ww F nh Xmtg X n \n pw api-fn-te v P\-]- m-fn-ø-tømss sim p-h-cn-i. 6. ]cn-ÿnxn BLmX]T-\hpw, XpS v A\p-hmZw simsp- p- -Xp-amb {]{Inb samø-øn ]cn-jvi-cn- -Ww. CXn\m-h-iy-am-b ] -Xn-I-fpsS \ne-hn-ep ] nixs samø-øn ]cn-jv -cn-t - -Xp- v. ]cn-ÿnxn BLmX]T\w ]cym-]vxhpw kpxm-cy-hp-am- Ww 7. F m ] m-b-øn-epw, ap kn- m-en- n-bn-epw, tim -tdj-\n-epw, ssphsshhn y amt\-pvsa v IΩn- n-iƒ cq]o- I-cn- p-hm ap ssi FSp- p-i. 8. ssphsshhn y \nb-a-øn \njvi jn- p If- Nm Pv CuSm- p- -Xn-\p A\p-hm-Zw Dd- m- p-i. 9. 2001 se kky-kw-c- W I jimh-imi \nb-a-{]-imcw (Protection of Plant Verieties and Farmer s Rights Act 2001) tziob P\n-XI ^ n (National Gene Fund) \n p In p \nt ]w D]-tbm-Kn- v X-t±ihnf-Isf t{]m m-ln- n- p-i. 10. ]cn-ÿnxn ]p\:cp m-c-w-øn\v alm-flm-km n sxmgnep-d v ] -Xn-bn \n pff \nt ]w Dd v hcp-øp-i. 11. ] ni-{]-tzi \nb-a-øn-t bpw (Extension of Panchayat Raj to the Scheduled Area Act (PESA) h\m-h-imi \nb-a-øn-t bpw (Forest Right Act 2006) ASn-ÿm-\-Øn {Kma-k-`-Iƒ i ns -Sp-Øp-I. 12. h\m-h-imi \nb-a-ønse kmaqly h\hn`h \n t±-i߃ AtX]Sn \S- n-em- p-i. 13. kz w `qan-bn ssph-ssh-hn yw kwc- n- p- -h v Bhmkhyhÿm tkh-\-aqeyw (Ecosystem Service Charges) A\p-h-Zn- pi. 14. kwc- -W-Øn-\p-th n hn\n-tbm-kn- p samøw XpIbpw AXn- \n v bym -Øn kwc- -W-Øn\v Nne-h-gn- p XpIbpw, kwc- WØn\v e`n- p t\ - 36

ßfpw hkvxp-\n-jvt-ambn hne-bn-cp-øp-i. kwc- -W- Øn G s - n- p DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-tSbpw, kmt -XnI hnz-kv[-cp-tsbpw iº-f-øn\pw a v B\p-Iq-ey-߃ pambn Po v, `h-\-\n ΩmWw F n-hbpw Iq n samøw Nnehv hcp ]Whpw Cu hne-bn-cp-ø-en Dƒs -Sp- Ø-Ww. kwc- -W-Øn\p th n bmym -Øn Nneh-gn- p- Xv hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn- p-sa- Xn kwi-b-an-. CXn \n p e`n- m-hp XpI, {]mtz-ini P\- ߃ v DX-Ip ssphsshhn y kwc- -W-Øn\v D]- tbm-kn- p-i. 15. ssphsshhn- y-øns {]txyils-i-ß-fpss kwc- W aqey-\n Æ-b-Øn-\p-th kmt -XnI ]cn- m\w \ Ip-I. ssphsshhn- y-øns \ne A]- {K-Yn- m hfsc hniz-k-\o-bhpw, kpxm-cy-hp-amb kwhn- [m-\-߃ kwl-sn- n- p-i. IkvXqcncw-K IΩn n KmUvKn IΩn n ip]m i-sn-bvx-xp-t]m-se-bp Hcp `cwk{º-zmbw (] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm AtXm-dn n) Bh-iy-an-. (A-Xn\v {][m\ ImcWw Bdp kwÿm-\-ßfpw CXns\Xncm-bn-cp p F -Xm-Wv. F m samøw KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m ns\ FXn Ø-h-cn tihew 0.63 ix-am\w am{x-amwv CØcw Hcp AtXm-dn- nsb Ipdn v FXnc-`n-{]mbw ]d- -sx v, IkvXqcncwK dnt m ns 10 mw t]pn simsp-øn-cn- p Nn{X-Øn (Fig. 5) \n pw hy - am-ip p v) ] n-a-l AtXm-dn- n v ]Icw Hcp "Xocp-am-\m-[n jvtnx \nco- -W-tI{µw' (Decision Support and Monitoring Centre for Western Ghats) ÿm]n -W-sa v ip]m i snbvxn- p v-. CXns {][m\e y-߃: 1. P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-ambn N \SØn ] n-a-l- -Øns {]txyi kml-n-cy-øn hni-k\{]{in-b-bn hcptø Bhiyw hy -am- p-i, 2. ] nal -Øns ]mcn-ÿnxni Ah-tem-I\w \SØn dnt m v snøp-i. 3. ]cn-ÿn-xn-teme {]tz-iøv \S- m- p ] -Xn-Iƒ pth am -tc-j-iƒ simsp- p-i. 37

Xocp-am-\m-[n-jvTnX \nco- -W-tI{µØn\v ]pdsa ] nal - Øns hni-k-\-øn\v \n t±-in- n-cn- p- h: 1. Ct m-gp _ -s ]cn-ÿn-xn, h\w, Irjn F o hip- pitfbpw ssphsshhn y amt\-pvsa v IΩn- ntbbpw IqSp-X i -am pi; Hmtcm kwÿm-\-øns bpw {]h Ø-\-߃ IqSp-X ^e-h-øm- p- -Xn\v th n. 2. kwÿm-\-ß-fnse {]h Ø-\-߃ GtIm-]n- n- p- - Xn\pw, kwÿm-\-ß-ƒ XΩn- IqSp-X [mcw D m- p- -Xn-\pw, {]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-øn\pw th n \ne-hn-ep D -X-Xe {]h Ø\ kanxnbn Hmtcm kwÿm-\- Øns apjy-a{ ntbbpw Dƒs -Sp-Øp-I. Hcp Ãm yq- dn Hm Un-\ kns Iogn hcmø CØcw kwhn-[m\w Hcp hn[-ønepw {]mtbm-kn-i-am-hn F p thww Icp-Xm. IqSmsX ]cn-ÿn-xn- -h\w a{ mebw hn`m-h\w snbvx ] nal Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿsb ]p\ Po-hn- n- p-hm\pw kpÿnchni-k\w \S- n-em- phm\pw th n-bp ] n-a-l Bhmkhyhÿm AtXmdn n v CØcw Hcp kwhn-[m\w Hcn- epw ]I-c-am-In. {]txy-in v 1960 Ifn πm\nwmv IΩo-js t\xr-xz-øn Bcw-`n ] n-a-l hni-k\ ] -Xn-I-fpsS \S-Øn pw hnpbhpw hne-bn-cp-øp-tºmƒ. KmUvKn IΩn n hn`m-h\w snbvxn-cn- p- Xv ] na-l- -Øns Bhmkhyhÿ ]p\ Po-hn- n- Wsa pw Ahn-SsØ km[m-cw P\-ß-fpsS PohnX\ne-hmcw Db Øp Hcp kpÿnc hni-k\w \S- n-em- -W-sa pw, AØcw {]{In-b-Iƒ P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn-cn- -W-sa- pw, G hpw kpxm-cy-x-tbm-sp-iq-sn-b-xp-am-bn-cn- -W-sa- pw, ] na-l- -Ønse NqjWk{º-Zm-b-߃ F -t bv p-ambn \n Ωm \w snø-w-sa- p-ap ZrV-\n- -b-tøm-ss-bm- Wv. At\-I-h jw ] n-a-l- -Ønse P\-ß-fp-tSbpw ]cnÿn-xn-bp-tsbpw ssph-ssh-hn y kwc- -W-Øn-t bpw {]iv\-߃ ]Tn- - ] m-ø-e-øn Km Kn IΩn n hn`mh\w snøp kvddm- yq- dn A[n-Im-c-ap-ff hnti-{µo-ir-xhpw 38

kpxm-cy-hp-amb Hcp kwhn-[m-\-øn\v am{xta a\pjy\ sb ap \n Øn B[p-\nIimkv{Xw D]-tbm-Kn- p-sim v kpÿnc-hn-i-k-\-øn\v cq]p-tcj \ Ip-hm Ign-bq. Zo L-ho- Ww C msx, P\-ß-fpsS {]iv\-ßfpw AXn-\p ]cnlm-chpw t\cn v I p-]-tn v P\-]- m-fn-øtømsp-iq-sn-bp ] -Xn-I-ƒ hn`m-h\w snøp-ibpw \S- m- p-ibpw snøp- - Xn\v ]Icw api-fn F mw ti{µo-i-cn v hn`m-h\w snøp \b-]-cn-]msn ]cm-p-b-am-sw v Imew hy -am- n-bn- p- v; ]e-h w. KmUvKn IΩn n dnt m v km[m-c-w Db ph tnmzy-ß-fpw, Ah-bv p adp-]-snbpw 1. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw ""]cn-an-x-amb ssh m-\ni \nehmcw'' h p- t\m p-tºmƒ, IΩn- n-bnse 14 AwK-߃ v sshhn- y-am taj-e-isf kw_- n- v IrXy-amb ip]m i-iƒ Fßn-s\-bmWv \ Im-\m-hp-I? Xo -bmbpw hfsc {]k- -amb kwi-b-am-wn-xv. Xß-fpsS ssh m-\ni \ne-hm-c-sø- p-dn v IΩn n AwK-߃ t_m[-hm- m-cm-wv. AXn-\m-emWv sshhn- yam taj-e-isf kw_- n- p 42 ssh m-\ni tej-\-߃ XpS- -Øn Øs IΩn n tij-cn- -Xv. Du t m-xv]m-z-\w, Pe-tk-N-\w, Irjn XpS-ßnb tajei-fnse hnz-kv -cpss A`n-{]mbw R߃ Bcm- ncp- p. Rß-fpsS ip]m i-iƒ A n-a-ambn \ Ip- - Xn\papºv Ah Kuc-h-ambn ]cn-k-wn- p-ibpw snbvxncp- p. 2. Ip p-ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw aqew Xo Øpw ka-\n-c- - mø H mwv ] n-a-l- -{]-tz-iw. CØcw Hcp {]tz-i-sø 9 N.-In.ao hnkvxo Æ-ap NXp-c-ß-fm n Xncn- Xv XnI pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-Wv. Ch Ipd- p-iqsn sndnb NXpc-ß-fm n Xncn- n-cp- p-sh- n, Cu {]tz-i-߃ hy - ambn {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- -s -Sp-am-bn-cp- p. ip]m inxtaje-iƒ A mø ÿe-߃ Hmtcm NXp-c-Ønepw hcp p F Xv Ct m-gsø coxn-bpss Hcp t]mcm-bva-bm-wv. 39

ap ]cm-a in- -s kqn-i-ßsf (10 mw t]pv) kw_- n v th {X hnh-c-߃ e`y-am-ip ] w sndnb NXp-c-ß-fmWv IqSp-X IrXyX \ Ip-I, kwib-an-. Ct mƒ AXv e`y-a-. am{x-a At\Iw imkv{x- - m-cpss kpzo L-]-T-\-Øn\p tijta AØ-c-samcp tu m _m v krjvsn- p-hm Ign-bq. AXp-sIm- mwv Ct mƒ e`y-amb tu bp hpw kpxm-cy-hp-amb coxnbn D]-tbm-Kn- psim v Hcp XpS w Ipdn mw F Xocp-am-\-Øn IΩn n FØn-t -Xv. bym -Øn 30 ao hy -X-bp D]-{Kl Nn{X-amWv D]-tbm-Kn- - Xv. \ne-hn-ep ta ]-d hnh-c-߃ CXn {]Xn- ^-en- n p-sim v, samø-øn 9 N.-In.ao NXp-c-Øn simspøp F p am{xw. tic-f-øn BZyw snbvxxv 1 N.-In.ao NXp-c-Øn-em-bn-cp p. tkmh-bnepw CXp-t]m-sebmWv snbvx-xv. kui-cy-øn-\p-th- nbpw F m kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw Htc coxn-bn snø-w-sa v Xocpam\n Xv sim- p-amwv 9 N.-In.ao dn simsp-ø-xv. IkvXqcncwK IΩn n 24 ao hy -X-bp D]-{K-l- Nn-{X-amWv D]-bm-Kn- Xv. D]-{Kl Nn{X ]cn-tim-[-\-bn 24 ao -dpw 30 ao dpw hy -X-bp Nn{X-߃ XΩn henb hyxm-b-k-߃ D m- p- n-. C y-bnse {]apj imkv{x-{]-kn- o-i-c-w-amb "Id v kb kn ' Cu dnt m n-\m-[m-c-amb F m \nco- -W-ßfpw imkv{x- -k-t XnI coxn-ifpw hni-z-ambn {]kn- o-i-cn- n-cp- p. CXp-hgn ]cn-ÿn-xn-bp-ambn _ - s taj-e-bn \n p hnz-kv -cpss A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \n t±-i-ßfpw kam-l-cn- p-hm\pw IΩn- n v Ign- p. am{x-a-, Hmtcm IΩn n ao nw-kn-t bpw ]q Æ-amb \S- ]-Sn-{I-a-ßfpw Xocp-am-\-ßfpw sh_v- -ssk- n-eqss \ IpI hgn a p- -h-cp-ambn IrXy-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øn-sIm- p-t]m-im\pw IΩn- n v Ign- p. 3. taj-em-h -cwwaqew, \n ±njvs Xmeq- p-i-fn Dƒs -Sp Nne sndp-]- -W-ß-fn IqSn hni-k\ {]{In- 40