CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Type and Design This research applies descriptive qualitative method. The purpose of descriptive qualitative is to describe a portrait of phenomena deeply and thoroughly based on its actual condition in the field of study (Sutopo, 2002, p. 111). In addition, Bogdan and Taylor (as cited in Moleong, 2010) states that the definition of qualitative methodology is a research procedure which produces descriptive data in the forms of written or spoken words (p. 4). The precise procedures for descriptive qualitative research are collecting the data, analyzing the data, and reporting a result of qualitative research (Creswell, 1994, p. 143). The data used in descriptive qualitative method are in the forms of words, pictures, videos, personal or legal documents, notes or memos, utterances, and interviews. From those statements, it can be summed up that descriptive qualitative method is focused on describing the detail description of research analysis in the form of data statements. Moreover, this method describes facts based on the condition, situation, and characteristics of the research data. Instead of making hypothesis, this method is purposed to explore, describe, and understand the phenomena of the research factually and holistically. This research is descriptive research because the main purpose of this research is to describe the translation techniques used by the translator in 41
42 translating geological terms in the children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Mineral and the effects of translation techniques on the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. Furthermore, this research is qualitative research because this research is concerned with the comments, opinions, and ideas of the raters in producing data in the form of quality assessment to gain whole perspective of geological terms translation in the children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals. This research belongs to single-embedded case study. Merriam and Yin (as cited in Creswell, 1994) define single-embedded study case as exploring a single entity or phenomenon or case bounded by time and activity and collects detailed information by using variety of data collection procedures during a sustained period of time (p. 12). Research is a case study because this research is focused on the characteristics of specific case which is aimed to have single purpose and is limited to certain parameter, types or category, and time. This research explores specific case about the description of translation techniques used by the translator in translating geological terms found in children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and the effects of the translation techniques to the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. B. Data and Source of Data In qualitative research, data can be in the form of discourse, sentence, clause, phrase, or words (Subroto, 1992, p.7). In this research, the data used are in
43 the form of words and phrases which are the geological terms found in the children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and its Indonesian translation. The other data are the assessment, evaluation, and comments from raters about the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. In qualitative research, source of data can be obtained from informants, events, activities, behaviors, places, things, pictures, videos, recordings, and documents (Sutopo, 2006, p. 49-54). In this research, the data are taken from several sources of data. The first source of data is the documents. The documents of this research are the children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and its Indonesian translation entitled Batuan dan Mineral. The second source of data consists of the informants who are the raters assessing the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. Raters were given questionnaire and were interviewed about the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability in a focus group discussion (FGD). C. Sampling Technique In descriptive qualitative method, sampling technique is purposed to gain information from various sources which constructs the fundamental theory and to elaborate the detail and specific context (Moleong, 2010, p. 224). This means that the focus of sampling technique in qualitative research is not the numbers of data. The data in sampling technique in qualitative research are focused on whether the data are sufficient to give detail information and clear description about the phenomena.
44 Since this research is aimed to describe the translation techniques used by the translator in translating geological terms found in children s book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and the effects of the translation techniques to the quality of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability, it employs purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling technique means selecting and limiting the data based on the information that needs to be described, the data are selected in order, and no repeated data. Patton (as cited in Sutopo, 2006) states that the data collection of purposive sampling technique is based on the characteristics of the research and the criteria of the source of data (p. 64). In this research, the source of data is the children s book entitled Basher Science: Rocks Minerals and the data are selected and limited to the geological terms in the forms of words and phrases. The children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals is chosen as the source of data because it contains many geological terms that can be used as data to study on how translator translates the geological terms from English into Indonesian. Furthermore, in measuring and analyzing the quality of the translation, the source of data are three raters who assess the quality of the translation of geological terms. Since the data are geological terms, apparently it needs rater who has competence in geology. However, I encounter difficulties in finding rater who has competence in geology who is willing to participate in assessing the quality of geological terms translation. Therefore, I decide to find raters from translation background who are willing to participate in assessing the quality of
45 geological terms. The raters from the translation background assess the quality of the translation with the help of geological terms dictionaries. The criteria of choosing the raters are as follows: 1. Having competence in both English and Indonesian language. 2. Having competence and knowledge in translation theory. 3. Having practical experience in translation field. D. Technique of Data Collection In collecting the data, I applied two types of techniques which are content analysis and focus group discussion. The further description is presented as follows: 1. Content Analysis According to Holsti (as cited in Moleong, 2010, p.220) content analysis is a technique used for drawing conclusion by finding the characteristics of the message and doing it objectively and systematically. It can be said that in content analysis technique the process of data collection is conducted in certain procedures. In this research, the data were collected by using content analysis, the procedures are: a. Reading the children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and its Indonesian translation Batuan dan Mineral. b. Selecting geological terms found in the book and its Indonesian translation.
46 c. Validating the geological terms by consulting to reliable validator who is expert in geology major and checking the geological terms using geology glossary dictionary. d. Classifying the data based on its category e. Encoding the data 2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) Focus group discussion is a process of collecting data and information of specific problem systematically through group discussion (Irwanto, 2006, p.1-2). It can be stated that in focus group discussion, the topic discussed is specific topic which is determined beforehand and the purpose is for gaining the data and information about the topic or problem discussed through group discussion which is conducted systematically. In this research, focus group discussion is conducted by distributing the questionnaire of the assessment of quality translation of geological terms in children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals to the informants. In this case, the informants are the raters who are demanded to give evaluation to the translation. The questionnaire contains evaluation of translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. There are two types of questionnaire, they are open-ended format and close format. In the openended questions, the raters are allowed to give evaluation on the accuracy and acceptability in the form of opinion and comments. Meanwhile, in the closedended questions the raters gave evaluation on the accuracy and acceptability by choosing one of the available options provided by me as the researcher. Since, the
47 data are geological terms found in the children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and its Indonesian translation, the data are in the forms of words and phrases. In order, to gain detail information about the assessment of geological terms, I give further explanation to the raters that the data of geological terms that need to be assessed are only the data in the forms of words and phrases which are marked in bold. This focus group discussion is aimed to discuss and to gain deeper information and detail explanation about the assessment on the translation quality of geological terms in children s science book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals. The scale for assessing the accuracy and acceptability of translation is presented as follows: Table 3. 1 : Scale of Accuracy Kategori Skor Parameter Kualitatif Terjemahan Akurat 3 Makna kata, istilah teknis, frasa, klausa, kalimat atau teks bahasa sumber dialihkan secara akurat ke dalam bahasa sasaran; sama sekali tidak terjadi distorsi makna Kurang Akurat 2 Sebagian besar makna kata, istilah teknis, frasa, klausa, kalimat atau teks bahasa sumber sudah dialihkan secara akurat ke dalam bahasa sasaran. Namun, masih terdapat distorsi maknaatau terjemahan makna ganda (taksa) atau ada makna yang dihilangkan, yang mengganggu keutuhan pesan. Tidak Akurat 1 Makna kata, istilah teknis, frasa, klausa, kalimat atau teks bahasa sumber dialihkan secara tidak akurat ke dalam bahasa sasaran atau dihilangkan (deleted). Instrumen Penilai Keakuratan Terjemahan. (Nababan, Nuraeni and Sumardiono, 2012, p.50)
48 Table 3.2 : Scale of Acceptability Kategori Skor Parameter Kualitatif Terjemahan Berterima 3 Terjemahan terasa alamiah; istilah teknis yang digunakan lazim digunakan dan akrab bagi pembaca (pendengar); frasa, klausa dan kalimat yang digunakan sudah sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah bahasa sasaran. Kurang Berterima 2 Pada umumnya terjemahan sudah terasa alamiah; namun ada sedikit masalah pada penggunaan istilah teknis atau terjadi sedikit kesalahan gramatikal. Tidak Berterima 1 Terjemahan tidak alamiah atau terasa seperti (karya) terjemahan; istilah teknis yang digunakan tidak lazim digunakan dan tidak akrab bagi pembaca; frasa, klausa dan kalimat yang digunakan tidak sesuai dengan kaidahkaidah bahasa sasaran. Instrumen Penilai Keberterimaan Terjemahan. (Nababan, Nuraeni and Sumardiono, 2012, p.51) E. Technique of Data Analysis The technique of data analysis involves three steps of activity as proposed by Miles and Huberman (1994) which are; data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification (p.10). The first step is data reduction, the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data in written-up field notes or transcription (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p.10). In this research, the data were selected and focused on geological terms and its Indonesian translation. The following step is data display, an organized, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action (Miles & Huberman, 1994, p.11). In this research, the data are displayed in tables along with the elaboration of the analysis on the translation techniques and
49 translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability. The last step is drawing conclusion and verification. In this step, I drew conclusion based on the findings and analysis previously done. F. Research Procedure The procedures of this research are conducted as follows: 1. Reading the children scientific book entitled Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and its Indonesian translation. 2. Collecting the geological terms found in Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals and its Indonesian translation. 3. Validating the data by consulting the reliable validator. 4. Encoding the data. Each datum is given number and code to identify and to ease in doing the analysis. The data encoding is conducted as follows: 001 refers to the number of the datum RM refers to the abbreviation of the title of the book in English Basher Science: Rocks and Minerals ; this means the datum is the source text. BM refers to the abbreviation of the title of the book in Indonesian Batuan dan Mineral ; this means the datum is the target text.
50 R refers to the category of the datum; code R means the datum belongs to the specific concept rocks. M code M means the datum belongs to the specific concept minerals. G code G means the datum belongs to the specific concept related to geological features. P.1 refers to the page of the datum in the book. L.1 refers to the line of the paragraph Example: 001/RM/R/P.1/L.1 5. Making questionnaire to assess the quality of the translation in terms of the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. 6. Conducting focus group discussion with the raters using questionnaire as the tool to gain deeper information about the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. 7. Analyzing the techniques used by translator in translating geological terms and the impact of the translation to the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy and acceptability. 8. Drawing conclusion and giving suggestion based on the result of data analysis and research findings.