INSIGHT YEAR 11 Trial Exam Paper 2011 BIOLOGY UNIT 2

STUDENT NAME: INSIGHT YEAR 11 Trial Exam Paper 2011 BIOLOGY UNIT 2 Written examination 2 Section QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK Reading time: 15 minutes Writing time: 1 hour 30 minutes Number of questions Structure of book Number of questions to be answered Number of marks Suggested times (minutes) A 25 25 25 30 B 8 8 50 60 Total 75 90 Students are permitted to bring the following items into the examination: pens, pencils, highlighters, erasers, sharpeners and rulers. Students are NOT permitted to bring sheets of paper or white out liquid/tape into the examination. Calculators are not permitted in this examination. Materials provided The question and answer book of 25 pages. An answer sheet for multiple-choice questions. Instructions Write your name in the box provided and on the answer sheet for multiple-choice questions. You must answer the questions in English. At the end of the examination Place the answer sheet for multiple-choice questions in the front cover of the question and answer book. Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones or any other electronic devices into the examination. This trial examination produced by Insight Publications is NOT an official VCAA paper for 2011 Biology written examination 2. This examination paper is licensed to be printed, photocopied or placed on the school intranet and used only within the confines of the purchasing school for examining their students. No trial examination or part thereof may be issued or passed on to any other party including other schools, practising or non-practising teachers, tutors, parents, websites or publishing agencies without the written consent of Insight Publications. Every effort has been made to trace the original source of material used in this booklet. Where the attempt has been unsuccessful, the authors, editors and publishers would be pleased to hear from copyright owners in order to rectify any errors or omissions. Copyright Insight Publications 2011

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3 SECTION A Multiple-choice questions Question 1 In ecosystems some living spaces are hostile and are known as extreme environments. An example of an extreme environment is a A. coral reef. B. tropical rainforest. C. salt lake. D. desert. Question 2 The physical, chemical and biological conditions that make up an environment can be grouped as biotic and abiotic factors. Abiotic environmental factors include A. predators. B. light intensity. C. parasites. D. competition. Question 3 Inland Australia is known for its low rainfall, high temperatures and high rates of evaporation. The only surface water that exists is found in A. temporary, ephemeral ponds. B. large, long-term lakes. C. small, permanent billabongs. D. free-flowing river systems. Question 4 Plants are able to survive harsh sub-zero temperatures due to their ability to prevent ice from forming in their tissues. The cytosol has a lower freezing point because A. the concentration of ions in the cytosol of cells is less than the concentration of ions outside the cells. B. the concentration of ions in the cytosol of cells is equal to the concentration of ions outside the cells. C. the concentration of ions in the cytosol of cells is greater than the concentration of ions outside the cells. D. the concentration of ions in the cytosol of cells can change in response to temperature changes. SECTION A continued TURN OVER

4 Question 5 The boab tree, Adansonia gregorii, is able to survive in hot dry climates by storing water in its trunk and by dropping its leaves at times when evaporation is greatest. Image from http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au At what time of the year is the photograph of the boab tree most likely taken? A. winter B. summer C. wet season D. dry season Question 6 Plants that drop all their leaves seasonally are known as A. deciduous. B. evergreen. C. tropical. D. conifers. Question 7 Ethology is the study of animal behaviour. When a behaviour is the same in all organisms in a species, it is known as innate. Which of the following is true of innate behaviour? A. Genes have a negligible role in the expression of innate behaviour. B. Innate behaviours are expressed in most members of a species across a range of environmental conditions. C. Innate behaviours are only displayed by mammals, fish and birds. D. Innate behaviours vary considerably across the members of a species. SECTION A continued

The following information relates to Questions 8 and 9. Adult vervet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops, produce a complex set of alarm calls when they see leopards, eagles or snakes, all of which prey upon vervets. 5 The table shows the type of alarm call that vervets make in response to their specific predators. Predator Alarm Call Response leopard loud bark run up a tree eagle double-syllable cough look up snake chutter look down Infant vervet monkeys give alarm calls but in an undiscriminating manner, giving the eagle alarm when they see any kind of bird. As they mature, the monkeys become more accurate with their alarm calls. Question 8 Observations have been made that if an infant vervet monkey sees an eagle and gives the alarm call, it will be affirmed by an adult making the same call. However if the infant makes the wrong call, it is not affirmed by an adult. By adulthood, the vervet monkeys give calls in response to genuine danger. This pattern of behaviour is best defined as A. innate. B. inborn. C. learned. D. instinctive. Question 9 The behavioural response being demonstrated by the vervets in this instance is A. reproductive. B. parenting. C. territorial. D. defensive. SECTION A continued TURN OVER

Question 10 In birds, mating systems can be monogamous or polygamous. Polygamy is often observed in birds that A. have precocial young. B. show an altricial development mode. C. form life-lasting pair bonds. D. depend on the care of both parents for survival of the young. 6 Question 11 The breeding pattern of a species of animal can vary, depending on the environment in which it lives and reproduces. When environmental conditions do not vary much over the year, populations are likely to show continuous reproduction at a low intensity. In habitats where environmental conditions change over the year, breeding patterns are distinct and regular. The graph shows the breeding patterns of four different species of animal over a two-year period. Environmental conditions do not vary significantly in tropical habitats. The species most likely to live in a tropical habitat is A. Species 1. B. Species 2. C. Species 3. D. Species 4. Question 12 Ovulation is the process where an egg is released from the ovary of a female. In cats, rabbits and camels the female ovulates only after mating has occurred. This is known as A. assisted ovulation. B. delayed ovulation. C. spontaneous ovulation. D. induced ovulation. SECTION A continued

Question 13 The types of reproductive strategies found in animals can be modelled along a continuum with r- and K-selection strategies occurring at opposite ends. Typically, r-selected species A. produce fewer but larger offspring. B. invest extensive parental care in their offspring. C. have high fecundity. D. have lower mortality rates. 7 Question 14 A form of competitive behaviour between species of plants in an ecosystem is known as allelopathy. This form of competitive interaction involves A. chemicals. B. genes. C. visible actions. D. audible cues. Question 15 Parasitism is one of the interactions that occur within a living community. In a parasite host relationship, the parasite feeds on the host without killing it. The host is disadvantaged by the interaction. Which of the following is correct? A. hemiparasitism the flatworm Tetrancistrum sigani is found on the gills of the whitespotted rabbit fish. B. holoparasitism pigs are infected by ingesting earthworms that are infected with the lungworm Metastrongylus apri. C. endoparasitism the roots of Nuytsia floribunda attach themselves to roots of nearby plants, drawing water and nutrients from them. D. ectoparasitism a species of tick (Ixodes holocyclus) is found living in the fur of the brown antechinus Antechinus stuartii. Question 16 Organisms in an ecosystem can be grouped according to their mode of nutrition. They can also be grouped into guilds. Which of the following is not true of a guild? Guilds are groups of different species in an ecosystem that A. share a similar ecological niche. B. are classified according to their mode of reproduction. C. are classified according to their state of mobility. D. exploit the same food resource in similar ways. SECTION A continued TURN OVER

The following information relates to Questions 17 and 18. Ecological pyramids can be used to communicate information about numbers of organisms in an ecosystem. The ecological pyramid shown below is from an ocean ecosystem. Question 17 The ecological role of the bottom fauna is as a A. producer. B. primary consumer. C. secondary consumer. D. tertiary consumer. Question 18 The ocean ecosystem pyramid is a pyramid of A. net production. B. energy. C. numbers. D. biomass. SECTION A continued

Question 19 The diagram shows a process that occurs when harmful materials in an ecosystem, such as pesticides or radioactive isotopes, are absorbed in increasingly higher concentrations. The name given to this process is A. biomagnification. B. bioaccumulation. C. bioconcentration. D. biodegradation. Image from http://www.ecokids.ca SECTION A continued TURN OVER

10 The following information relates to Questions 20 and 21. The crown-of-thorns seastar (Acanthaster planci) is a voracious feeder on the coral of the Great Barrier Reef a single seastar can consume 5m 2 of coral in a year. There have been two significant events in seastar population explosion: the first occurring from the early 1960s to mid 1970s and the second from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. The graph models an interaction like the one that occurred between Acanthaster planci and coral around these periods. Image from http://www.stephsnature.com Question 20 A student was asked to use the provided information to prepare a key for this graph. Which of the following is the correct information for the key? Organism A Role Organism B Role A. Acanthaster planci predator coral prey B. Acanthaster planci prey coral predator C. coral predator Acanthaster planci prey D. coral prey Acanthaster planci predator Question 21 Typically in predator prey interactions like that which occurs between Acanthaster planci and coral, A. the predator is an herbivorous species and the prey is a carnivorous species. B. the fluctuations of the prey population follow those of the predator population through time. C. the predator may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. D. predators will decrease in numbers if prey are numerous thus increasing the prey population, which in turn causes predator numbers to decline. SECTION A continued

11 Question 22 In a population, carrying capacity is A. the maximum number of animals trapped in a mark capture method. B. reached when growth of a population slows and then stops. C. frequently achieved. D. the result of boom-and-bust cycles. The following information relates to Questions 23 and 24. The native plant population of an Australian forest ecosystem can be replaced or regenerated after a bushfire, depending on the type of plant species. The interval between fires is also significant in terms of species survival and ultimately biodiversity. The table shows the typical plant community in a forest. Type of native vegetation Bushfire survival strategy Example tall trees vegetative reproducers Eucalyptus tall shrubs obligate seeders Banksia, Hakea, Casuarina low shrubs and grasses vegetative reproducers Goodenia A hypothetical sequence of events in a forest that is affected by frequent fires is shown in the diagram Question 23 After the second bushfire event, young plants of species such as Banksia, Hakea and Casuarina are killed and not replaced. This is because they are A. vegetative reproducers and their buds have been severely damaged by repeated fire seasons. B. vegetative reproducers and after a fire they require time to mature and reproduce to make a new seed bank. C. obligate seeders and their buds have been severely damaged by repeated fire seasons. D. obligate seeders and after a fire they require time to mature and reproduce to make a new seed bank. SECTION A continued TURN OVER

12 Question 24 If fires occur frequently, which plant types are more likely to become dominant in the affected area? A. obligate seeders B. vegetative reproducers C. both types will become equally dominant D. neither type will become dominant a pioneer species will establish in the affected area Question 25 The carnivorous seastar, Pisaster ochracceus, plays a significant role in maintaining the balance of all other species in an intertidal community. If Pisaster ochracceus is removed from the community, the populations of two mussel species within the community will grow unchecked. Without a predator to control their numbers, the mussels will take over the community and crowd out other species, greatly reduced the community s diversity. The ecological term used to describe the role fulfilled by Pisaster ochracceus in an ecosystem is A. keystone species. B. exotic species. C. endemic species. D. pioneer species. END OF SECTION A

SECTION B Short-answer questions Question 1 The ranges of the ornate burrowing frog (Opisthodon ornatus) and the painted frog (Neobatrachus pictus) are shown in the figure below. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/amphibians_of_australia> a. Which species of frog has a continuous range? The range of a species is determined by the geographic area that encloses all of the habitats in which it lives. A habitat provides resources necessary for survival of organisms. b. Identify two resources that the frogs would obtain in their habitat. Resource A: Resource B: 2 marks Sometimes, due to unsuitable conditions, a species may be absent from a habitat. c. Identify and explain another factor that may result in the absence of a species from a particular habitat. Use an example to explain your choice. 2 marks SECTION B question 1 continued TURN OVER

Australian frogs are highly opportunistic and move habitats in search of resources. In the northern hemisphere, some frogs move to another area to hibernate when winter arrives. d. What is the name given to this pattern of movement? Total 6 marks Question 2 In humans the maintenance of a stable core body temperature is essential for normal functioning. There is no specific, single value for normal stable core body temperature, which can fall between 36.0 C and 37.9 C. Humans must balance the amount of heat energy being produced and lost in order to maintain core body temperature. a. What is the term used to describe the range of core body temperatures shown in humans? Body heat can be gained and lost in many ways. b. Complete the table and identify two mechanisms of heat gain. Mechanism for gaining heat Mechanism for losing heat i. i. evaporation of sweat ii. ii. panting 2 marks SECTION B question 2 continued

15 Consider the diagram below which summarises the response of the human body to hot and cold environments. Image from http://www.mrothery.co.uk/module4/webnotes/mod4notes2ndhalf.htm c. What other name is given to the master gland? d. Identify which response to cold temperatures is under endocrine control and which is under nervous control. Explain your reasoning. i. Endocrine control: Explanation: ii. Nervous control: Explanation: 2 marks SECTION B question 2 continued TURN OVER

Penguins can vary significantly in their body mass. When fully grown, the Little penguin (Eudyptula minor) attains a height of around 40 centimetres and a weight of around 1000 grams. In comparison the Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) reaches a height of around 70 centimetres and a weight around 5000 grams. Little penguins are found only in Australia and New Zealand whilst Adelie penguins are found only in Antarctica. The images show the Adelie penguin and Little penguin. Images from Little penguin http://www.h2opictures.com http://www.animalsgallery.com e. Explain the likely reason for the separate distributions of the two penguins. 2 marks Total 8 marks Question 3 Patterns of behaviour are observed in many species of animals. Marsupials are able to reduce their metabolic activity and commence a period of hibernation or torpor. Marsupials display either shallow or deep torpor. a. What is the principle difference between shallow and deep torpor? SECTION B question 3 continued

17 b. What environmental cue is most likely to induce torpor in marsupials? The revolution of the Earth on its axis every 24 hours influences the activity patterns of marsupials. The diagram describes three activity patterns over a 24-hour period. Images from: http://www.welt.de http://www.uniprot.org http://www.globaltwitcher.com c. What is the general name given to the activity pattern shown by marsupials over a 24-hour period? SECTION B question 3 continued TURN OVER

18 d. What is the type of activity pattern displayed by the following two marsupials? i. Sarcophilus harrisii: ii. Tarsipes rostratus: 2 marks Plants also show activity patterns. The flowering of plants is a response to exposure to light and dark. The figure shows how different plants flower in response to different day lengths. Image from http://proctornet.com e. What is the name given to this plant response? f. Circle the correct answer to indicate which is critical to the flowering of plants and explain how exposure to the appropriate amount of light and dark could lead to flowering in a plant. length of exposure to light length of exposure to darkness 3 marks Total 9 marks SECTION B question 3 continued

19 Question 4 The subtropical coral Acropora solitaryensis and the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri are broadcast spawners. Broadcast spawning is a reproductive process which typically occurs in aquatic environments and uses specific environmental cues as a trigger. On the Great Barrier Reef, broadcast spawning in corals occurs around three hours after dark on a night on which there is very little tidal movement, three to six days after the full moon in November. Images from: http://data.aims.gov.au and http://www.bio.mq.edu.au a. What is broadcast spawning? b. Explain why broadcast spawning is likely to be an advantageous reproductive strategy for some aquatic organisms. SECTION B question 4 continued TURN OVER

20 Broadcast spawners, like many aquatic organisms show external fertilisation. The fertilisation strategy shown by a species directly influences the pattern of development that follows. Patterns of development can either be direct, where the offspring emerge in adult form or indirect, where the offspring are released in a larval form. c. Complete the table. Fertilisation strategy coral trout external fertilisation emu internal fertilisation Pattern of development direct development direct development 2 marks Viviparity is a reproductive strategy used by some vertebrates whereby they produce miniature live born offspring instead of laying eggs. di. Explain how viviparity contributes to an increased chance of survival for developing embryos. dii. What is the difference between egg yolk viviparity and placental viviparity? 2 marks Total 7 marks SECTION B continued

21 Question 5 Ecosystems are made up of living communities, the members of which belong to specific ecological groups. a. Assign the appropriate ecological role to each ecological group by placing the correct letter in the box. Ecological group producer Ecological role A. eats plants or algae consumer B. absorbs nutrients from organic non-living material decomposer C. conversion of organic compounds from CO 2 detritivore carnivore herbivore D. obtain organic matter from the organic matter of other organisms E. consume particles of organic matter found in water or soil F. kills and eats animals 3 marks The evolution of closely associated species over geological time can lead to interactions such as parasitism, mutualism and commensalism. b. What is the term used to describe these relationships? c. Complete the table below to summarise the relationships. Interaction Species A Species B Mutualism Species 1:benefits Species 2: Commensalism Species 1: Species 2: Parasitism parasite: host: harmed 2 marks Total 6 marks SECTION B continued TURN OVER

Question 6 The diagram shows a simplified food web for an aquatic ecosystem. 22 Image from http://www.dse.vic.gov.au a. Identify a food chain in this diagram. b. If an invertebrate processor consumes 100 grams of algae, how much of the chemical energy in this organic material would be available for consumption by i. a fish? ii. a bird? SECTION B question 6 continued

c. What is the trophic level of the mammal in the diagram? Question 7 A population is a group of individuals of a single species that live in the same area. The individuals in a population are dependent on the same resources, are affected by the same environmental factors and are most likely to interact and breed with each other. The diagram is a summary of the dynamics of a population. Image from http://www.birdswallpapers.org a. Using the diagram, identify all possible factors that contribute to an increase and a decrease in population size. i. Factors which lead to an increase in population size ii. Factors which lead to a decrease in population size SECTION B question 7 continued TURN OVER

24 The patterns of dispersion in a population can vary significantly. Variations in local density can provide useful information about the environmental and social interactions of individuals in a population. The images below show the three different patterns of dispersion. Image modified from www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6831e/x6831e14.htm b. Identify the three types of distribution shown in the images. Pattern A: Pattern B: Pattern C: 2 marks c. Explain why, of the three patterns of distribution, Pattern A is least likely to occur in nature. 2 marks Total 6 marks SECTION B continued

Question 8 Biological diversity (biodiversity) can be considered at the level of genetics, species and ecosystem. Human activities currently threaten biodiversity at all levels, locally, regionally and globally. a. Identify two specific threats that human activity poses to biodiversity. 25 The water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, is a native plant of the upper Amazon and is one of the world s worst aquatic weeds. It was probably imported to Australia as an aquarium plant and its ability to thrive in garden ponds has ensured its rapid spread, it is found in every mainland state and territory. Three exotic insect species were considered as possible biocontrols of the water hyacinth. A weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae, and a moth, Niphograpta albiguttalis, were released in the 1970s and another weevil, Neochetina bruchi, was introduced in 1990. The target preferences of the insects are shown in the table. Target preference Niphograpta albiguttalis Eats many plant species Neochetina eichhorniae, Neochetina bruchi Eats Eichhornia crassipes b. Explain which species should be discarded as a potential biocontrol agent. c. Having eradicated the water hyacinth, explain what characteristic would be evident in the best biocontrol. 2 marks Total 4 marks END OF BOOKLET END OF SECTION B