Some Basic Botany Module 2
Plant Divisions Thallophyta algae and fungi Bryophyta mosses and liverworts *Pteridophyta ferns *Spermatophyta seed plants *Vascular plants - have tube-like tissue that transport nutrients, water, etc.
Division i i Spermatophyta t (seed plants) Vascular tissue Produce seeds Two Subdivisions i i Gymnospermae (naked seeds borne on the scale of a cone) Pines, Junipers, True Cedars, Cypress, Ginko biloba Most are evergreen trees or shrubs Most have needle-like, like, linear, or scale-like like foliage Angiospermae (true flowering plants, seeds borne in an ovary)
Gymnosperm (pine cone) Naked Seed
Angiosperm Ovary
Angiosperms Two classes (or sub-divisions) Dicotyledoneae (dicots) Two cotyledons (seed leaves) ) Monocotyledoneae (monocots) One cotyledon
Cotyledon (seed leaf) Monocot (corn) Dicot (bean) cotyledon
Other Distinguishing Characteristics Monocots and Dicots Monocots One cotyledon Parallel veined leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 s In stems vascular tissue bundles scattered throughout Dicots Two cotyledons Net veined leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 In stems vascular tissue bundles arranged in circle
Leaf Venation Monocots Parallel veined Dicots Netlike veins
Flower Parts Monocots Dicots Sets of 3 Sets of 4 or 5 Lily Primrose Blue flax
Vascular Tissue (stem) Monocots (vascular tissue bundles scattered in stem) Dicots (vascular bundles arranged in circle) Vascular Tissue
Some representative Families of Monocots (~50,000 species): Iridaceae (iris family) (iris, crocus) Liliaceae (lily family) (lilies, tulips, yucca, onions, asparagus) Poaceae (grass family) (grasses, corn, sorghum)
Monocot examples California Falsehellebore Yucca (Liliaceae) Grasses (Poaceae) Rocky Mtn. Iris (Iridaceae)
Some Representative Families of Dicots (~225,000 species) Rosaceae (rose family) Scarlet cinquefoil, True Mountain Mahogany Fabaceae (Leguminosae) (pea family) Bird of Paradise, Spanish broom Asteraceae (Compositae) (sunflower family) Common white yarrow, Curry plant, Mexican hat Solanaceae (nightshade h family) tomato, potato, peppers, nightshade Brassicaceae (Cruciferae Cruciferae) (mustard family) canola, broccoli, cauliflower Cucurbitaceae cucumbers, melons, squash Cucurbitaceae
Representatives of Dicot Families Rosaceae Asteraceae Cucurbitaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae
More Dicots
Which plant from the previous slide would you not want in your garden?
Bindweed
Other Descriptive Terms Reference to Life Cycle Annual lives for single season only Biennial Can be subdivided into summer and winter annuals completes life cycle in 2 seasons Perennial lives more than 2 years Can be subdivided into herbaceous and woody
Summer Annual germinates in spring, flowers and seeds in summer, dies in fall Impatiens Marigolds Zinnias
Winter Annual germinates in late summer or early fall, flowers and seeds in spring, dies in summer Baby s breath Sweet peas Canola
Biennial - germinates in spring or early summer of first year but does not bloom until the following summer, seeds then dies Foxglove Carrot Sweet William
Perennial lives more than 2 years: Herbacious top pg growth dies back each year (bulbs, anemones, alyssum, alfalfa) Penstemons Purple coneflower Giant four o clock
Perennial lives more than 2 years: Woody does not die back in winter (shrubs, trees) Black pine Desert willow Three-leaf sumac
Perennials Distinctive Characteristics Woody plants are always perennial. Plants with food storage organs (tubers, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, etc.) are perennial. Plants with large roots are usually perennial. Plants with remnants of last year s stems attached to the crown or root are perennial. Plants with enlarged crowns near the ground level, having a series of scars or constrictions as they enter up into the stem are perennials.
Other Descriptive Terms Woody vs. Herbaceous Woody = hard stems, bark Herbaceous = non-woody stems that t die back (can be annual, biennial or perennial) Evergreen vs. Deciduous (woody plants) Leaves stay green during winter (evergreen) or are shed during winter (deciduous)
Deciduous Cottonwood Evergreen Juniper
Morphology and Function
Parts of the Plant and Function Flowers: 1. Reproduction 2. Produce seeds Leaves: 1. Make Food 2. Breathe Stems: 1. Transport 2. Support 3. Protect Fruit: 1. Seed Packets Buds: 1. Growing points Roots: 1. Feed 2. Anchor 3. Store Soil: 1. Storehouse (nutrients, water, air) 2. Support
Petal Stigma Anther Style Stamen Male Filament Pistil Female Sepal Ovary
Corolla Petals Calyx Sepals
Si Stigma Anther Filament Stamen Pis stil Style Ovary Petal
Function of Flower Parts Sepals Sepals small, green structures that protect and surround the other flower parts. All together they from the calyx. Petals form the corolla. Brightly colored to attract pollinators. Petals Stamen male reproductive structure consisting of a filament and anther where pollen or microspores are produced. Stamen Pistil female reproductive structure consisting of the ovary (where eggs are produced) the style (tube) and stigma (opening of tube). Pistil
Sexual Reproduction Pollen (produced by the anther) lands on the stigma. It germinates and extends a pollen tube down the style and into the ovary where it fertilizes the ovules (egg cells) to form seeds. Pollen The ovary ovary then enlarges to form a fruit which may contain one seed (i.e.. peach, apricot) to many (i.e.. tomato, pepper, squash) seeds.
Flowers may be Complete have all the parts shown in diagrams (sepals, petals, stamens, pistils). il Complete Incomplete lack one or more of the parts. Perfect has both male and female parts (bisexual). Perfect Imperfect (or unisexual) an incomplete flower that has only male parts (staminate staminate) or female parts (pistillate) but not both.
Plants with imperfect flowers: Categorized as being Monoecious Monoecious have both staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers on the same plant (i.e i.e.. corn w/ tassel & silk) Dioecious have either male or female flowers but not both. Each plant is referred to as either male or female (i.e.. cottonwood, mulberry, kiwi)
Monoecious Plant Plant (corn) Staminate flower Pistillate flower
Dioecious Plant Plant (mulberry) Male plant (flower) Female plant (flower) Female plant (fruit)
Cross Pollination vs. Self Pollination Pollination transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Pollination Self pollination within same flower or other flower on same plant (reproduces clones) Cross pollination transfer of pollen to a flower stigma on transfer of pollen to a flower stigma on a different plant (genetic diversity) Plants may use one method primarily over the other (peppers self, all dioecious i plants -cross) or use both methods equally (i.e.. corn).
Asexual Reproduction (vegetative propagation) Rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Many lawn grasses, potatoes, aspen, creosote Layering and Cuttings Berries, many houseplants Budding and Grafting Many fruit trees Tissue culture Cellular propagation in lab
The Leaf
Leaf Structure Cuticle (protection) Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Bundle sheath cell Vein (transport) Spongy mesophyll Chloroplast (photosynthesis) Lower epidermis Stoma (gas exchange)
Gas Exchange During Photosynthesis CO 2 O 2 + H 2 O Guard cells open and close for gas exchange. When open, they lose water that has been taken up by plant roots (transpiration). But, they must take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Stoma Guard Cells Guard cells
Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O + light = 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 + H 2 O Carbohydrates, starches, etc. plus nutrients = amino acids, proteins, enzymes, etc. Chloroplast Sunlight provides energy! Chlorophyll (green pigment)
Leaf Types based on Venation Pinnate Palmate Parallel l Leaflets Simple Pinnately Compound Palmately Compound
Leaf Blade, Petiole & Stipule Blade Petiole (leaf stalk) Stipule (leaf stalk collar)
The Stem
Stems (support and transport) t) Vascular bundle of corn stem Vascular Tissue Phloem transports food produced in leaves by photosynthesis downward to sites were it is used. Xylem conducts water and minerals absorbed by the roots upward to the leaves.
Woody Dicot Stem Stem (Tree) Pith Xylem Primary Secondary wood Phloem Primary Secondary Cambium
Stem Terminal bud Internode Node Axillary (or lateral) bud Leaf scar Bundle scar One year s growth Bud scale scar
Modified Stems Bulb (tulip, onion) Corm (crocus, gladiolus) Tuber (potato)
Modified Stems Bermudagrass Stolons Rhizomes
The Root
Roots (support, uptake, storage) Root hairs Xylem (water & minerals) up Phloem (carbohydrates, etc.) down Apical meristem (new cells produced) Root cap
Two Types of Root Systems Fibrous (grasses) Tap (dandelion)
Adventitious (prop) Roots Prop Roots
What do roots absorb? Water (H 2 O) Minerals Macronutrients Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), and Sulfur (S), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe) Micronutrients Manganese (Mn Mn), Boron (B), Chlorine (Cl Cl), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo)
End of Module 2 SOME BASIC BOTANY