History of Biological Diversity Evolution: Darwin s travel
Developing the Theory of Evolution The Galápagos Islands Darwin noticed that the different islands all seemed to have their own, slightly different varieties of animals. Somewhat similar species that suited their particular environment. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Origin of Species: Darwin s Book In 1859 On the Origin of Species presented evidence and proposed a mechanism for evolution that he called natural selection.
Today, scientists use evolution to mean cumulative change in a group of organisms through time. Natural selection is not synonymous with evolution it is a mechanism by which evolution occurs. Artificial selection: (instead of natural) humans select which organism get to reproduce and pass on genes Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Darwin s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Peppered Moth: Natural Selection The light colored form was the predominant form in England prior to the Industrial Revolution. Around the middle of the 19 th century the darker form began to appear. It was first reported in 1848. By 1895 98% of the moths in Manchester were the dark variety. In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the pollution there and the lighter colored moths have increased in numbers.
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Types of Selection: a. Artificial Selection humans select for variations in plants and animals that they find useful. b. Natural Selection also means Survival of the Fittest. - Fitness in this sense does not mean strongest. - Fitness in Darwin terms means reproduction. The one who survives long enough to reproduce the most is the one with the highest fitness.
Types of Natural Selection -Evolution acts on the phenotype of the individual, not the genotype. - There are 4 types of selection that can occur on a population. 1. Directional Selection when individuals at one end of the curve have a higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve.
2. Stabilizing Selection when individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve, narrowing of the graph.
3. Disruptive Selection when individuals at either end have a higher fitness and individual near the middle of the curve are selected against. - Over time with enough selection a population can go through genetic drift. a. genetic drift random change in allele frequency.
4. Sexual Selection: the ability to attract a mate
HOMEWORK PAP and Academic
Support for Evolution Evidence for evolution comes from: 1. The fossil record: remains in layers of rock 2. Comparative anatomy a. Analogous structures b. Homologous Structures c. Vestigial Structures 3. Comparative embryology 4. Comparative biochemistry 5. Geographic distribution Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
1. Support of Evolution: Fossil Record Fossil Record Fossils are the remains of ancient organisms found in layers of rock in the Earth.
Support of Evolution The layers of rock tell the history of the Earth, while the fossils found within the rock tell a history of life. The fossils are thought to be the same age as the rock they are found in.
Support for Evolution: The fossil Record Researchers consider two major classes of traits when studying transitional fossils: Derived traits are newly evolved features, such as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors. Ancestral traits are more primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that do appear in ancestral forms. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
2. Support for Evolution: Comparative Anatomy A. Homologous structures are anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor. Similar structures with different function (similar bones) (common ancestor) Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
Support for Evolution Comparative anatomy B. Analogous structures can be used for the same purpose and be superficially similar in construction, but are not inherited from a common ancestor. Structures are different but have similar function. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
Support for Evolution Comparative anatomy C. Vestigial structures are structures that are the reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms. Evolutionary theory predicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost. snake pelvis human appendix Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
3. Support for Evolution: Comparative embryology Embryos of many animals with back-bones are very similar.
4. Support for Evolution: Comparative Biochemistry Common ancestry can be seen in the complex metabolic molecules that many different organisms share. The more closely related species are to each other, the greater the biochemical similarity. Similarities in DNA and protein sequences suggest relatedness. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
5. Support for Evolution: Geographic distribution The distribution of plants and animals that Darwin studied were what first suggested evolution to him. The distribution of plants and animals around the world is studied in the field of biogeography. Evolution is linked to migration patterns, climate, and geological forces (such as plate tectonics). Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
Adaptation- an inherited trait that increases a population s chance of survival and reproduction in a particular environment Fitness is a measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation. The better an organism is adapted to its environment, the greater its chances of survival and reproductive success. Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
Through adaptations, populations often become suited to a specific job called a niche. 1. niche the role a population plays in a habitat - job, profession, role 2. Competition arises when 2 populations occupy the same niche.
Camouflage Adaptation Types of adaptations Camouflage is a suite of morphological adaptations that allow an organism to blend into its environment. Mimicry is a type of morphological adaptation where a species evolves to resemble another species. Antimicrobial resistance develops in some bacteria in response to sublethal exposure to antibiotics. Mimicry Copyright McGraw-Hill Education Evidence of Evolution
Can you find the hidden animals? Giraffe
Wolf
Willow Ptarmigan
Caiman
Great Horned Owl
American Pike
Bluecrowned Parrot
Horned Adder
Leopard
Gyrfalcon
California Ground Squirrel
Spotted Deer
Impala
Cheetah
Common Snipe
Wandering Tattler
Nighthawk
Coyote
Blue Dacnis
Hide and Seek: ALL
Population Genetics - study of the traits in a population A. Population a group of interbreeding organisms (a species) living in a given area B. Gene Pool combined genetic material of all the members of a population C. Gene Flow-the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. D. Genetic Drift- any change in the allelic frequency in a population that results from chance.
E. Allele forms that a gene can take F. Allele Frequency the number of each allele for a trait This changing of the gene pool (allele frequency) has a name Evolution. Evolution the changes in the gene pool of a population over time.
Speciation formation of a new species 1. Reproductive Isolation - 2 or more species cannot interbreed 2. Geographic /Allopatric Isolation - 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers examples: rivers, mountains, bodies of water
Types of Evolution Convergent Evolution: less alike to more alike Divergent Evolution=Adaptive Radiation: more alike to less alike Coevolution: evolve together Punctuated equilibrium: happens in short period of time
Convergent Evolution: Occurs when different organisms that live in similar environments become more alike in appearance and behavior. Less alike to more alike Examples: - Bird wings/insect wings - Shark fins/dolphin fins Draw the diagram in Notes
Divergent Evolution=Adaptive Radiation One species gives rise to many species More alike to less alike Also known as adaptive radiation. Examples: - Darwin s Finches. - Brown bears and polar bears Draw this diagram in notes
Coevolution Co-evolution occurs when, two or more organisms evolve together.
Gradual equilibrium Predicts that little of evolutionary change takes place in small gradual steps. Punctuated equilibrium predicts that a lot of evolutionary change takes place in short periods of time tied to speciation events.
Charts to compare evolutionary relationships: Cladogram: a chart that is composed of many different clades or branches. It is similar to a family tree as it has many different branches, but it is set up in a slightly different format than a typical tree. Organisms listed are all related, but the cladogram depicts the successive points of species divergence from common ancestral lines.
Cladogram Example: Which species developed first: Ferns or Mosses? How long ago was the development of vascular tissue? Assuming this cladogram is correct, would we find a fossil for a fern that is in rock 425 million years old?
Charts to compare evolutionary relationships: Dendrogram a branching diagram representing a hierarchy of categories based on degree of similarity or number of shared characteristics, especially in biological taxonomy.
Dendrogram Example: Who is most closely related to the Brown bear? Who is furthest related to the Brown bear? Who is most closely related to the Lesser panda?
PAP Homework New Species Change over Time Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest Darwin Dog Breeds Naturalist Galapagos Anatomical Evidence Whale Bones DNA Finches Turtles Vestigial Structures Homologous Shaped Shells