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gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB Introduce Mother Language Education HTNF, JAC, Kapaeeng & Care-Bangladesh gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 1

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gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB Introduce Mother Language Education m úv`k Rbjvj PvKgv wbe vnx m úv`k g_yiv wîcyiv Hill Tracts NGO Forum (HTNF) Jum Aesthetics Council (JAC) Kapaeeng Care-Bangladesh gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 3

gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB Introduce Mother Language Education GBPwUGbGd, RvK, Kv cs I Kqvi-evsjv `k KZ K Avš RvwZK gvz fvlv w`em 2005 Dcj Ôgv qi fvlvq co Z PvBÕ k vmvb K mvg b i L Av qvwrz i vjx I Av jvpbv mfvq cöeü I Av jvpk `i e³e m ^wjz cökvkbv K ZÁZv ^xkvi t BDGbwcwWÕi cve Z PÆMÖvg Dbœqb d vwmwjwuõi Avw_ K mnvqzvq G cökvkbv cökvwkz cökvkkvj Ryb 2005, iv½vgvwu cövwß vb t wnj Uª v±m GbwRI dvivg ivrivox ivw, iv½vgvwu-4500, iv½vgvwu cve Z Rjv, cve Z PÆMÖvg dvb t +880-351-62842, d v t +880-351-6119, E-mail: htnf_cht@hotmail.com Ryg Cm _wukm KvDwÝj ebiƒcv, iv½vgvwu-4500, iv½vgvwu cve Z Rjv, cve Z PÆMÖvg dvb t +880-351-62842, E-mail: jac_cht@yahoo.com ï f Qv g~j t 50.00 UvKv US $ 5.00 gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 4

m~pxcî m úv`kxq cöeü cve Z PÆMÖv g cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöpjb Rbjvj PvKgv Avw`evmx `i fvlv cöpjb I PP v g Yvj Kvwš wîcyiv, gs wms Tv I my Lk i PvKgv cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx fvlv mgm v exi Kzgvi Z½ v Av jvpbv mfv KxwZ wbkvb PvKgv, DbœqbKgx mywbj Kvwš `, mfvcwz, iv½vgvwu cöm K ve BDmyd Avjg, mfvcwz, Avw` I vqx evovjx Kj vy cwil` cökvš wîcyiv,cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK mgš^qk, Kqvi-evsjv `k g½j Kzgvi PvKgv, Dc `óv, wnj Uª v±m GbwRI dvivg myavwmüz Lxmv, m`m, cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` ivrv `evkxl ivq, PvKgv mv K j Pxd I Pqvicvm b, wnj Uª v±m GbwRI dvivg d Uv AvK vbf Av qvrk msmv bi cwiwpwz gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 5

m úv`kxq gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 1999 mv j 17 b f ^i BD b v KZ K 21 k deª qvix K Avš RvwZK fvlv w`em wn m e NvlYv Kivq GKz kõi Zvrch GKw` K hgb mviv we k i mkj gvbe RvwZi Kv Q e w c q Q, Ab w` K fvlv knx` `i AvZ `v bi gh v`v Avš R vwzkfv e ^xk wz jvf K i Q ZvB h w`em GK mgq ïay evovjx RvwZi knx` w`em wn m e cvwjz n Zv Zv AvR Avš RvwZK fvlv w`em wn m e cvwjz n Q, mrb gnvb GKzk GLb Avi Kej evovjxi bq, mgmö gvbe RvwZi cvkvcvwk Avvw`evmx RvwZmg~ ni Kv Q GB w`emwu AvR wbr gvz fvlv i vi cöiyv I Drmvn hywm q Avm Q evsjv fvlv GKgvÎ ivóª fvlv niqvq evsjv ` ki Avw`evmx `i evsjv fvlvq wk v MÖnY I ivóªxqfv e evsjv fvlv e envi I K_v ej Z nq wbr cwiev i gvz fvlvq K_v ej ji gvz fvlvq wk v jv fi Kvb my hvm bb d j D P wkw Z I kû i Avw`evmx cwiev ii wkïiv AvR wbr gvz fvlv fyj Z e m Q Ggb Ae vq AvwfRv Z i An¼v i A bk gv-evev Avevi wbr mš vb K wervzxq fvlvq K_v ej Z DrmvwnZ K ib wbr gvz fvlv nviv bvi e v_v KLbI Abyf~Z nq bv Ggb wkw Z mgv Ri! Z`ycwi wbr gvz fvlv PP v I e nv ii Kvb ZvwM` bv _vkvq z`ª z`ª fvlvi gšwjk k ãi e` j wervzxq kã AbycÖ ek NU Q Aev a Gfv e AvR nvwi q hv Q A bk RvwZi fvlv WvbKvb IqvKvi-Gi fvl g Z ez gv b we k cöwz gv m 2wU fvlv nvwi q hv Q MvwW qvb cwîkvi g Z AvMvgx 100 erm ii g a cövq 3000 fvlv c w_ex _ K wejyß n q hv e cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i 10wU fvlvi GB Aejywßi Avk¼v _ K gy³ bq cve Z PÆMÖv gi cªv_wgk wk v e e v welqk M elyvq `Lv hvq h, Avw`evmx wkï `i cöv_wgk wk v _ K S o covi nvi 60% _ K 70%, gva wgk I D P wk vi Î GB nvi 30% _ K 40% M elyvq cözxqgvb n q Q h, GB S o covi Ab Zg KviY n Q fvlvmz mgm v h nzz GKw` K Zvi wk v Rxe bi cö_g w` b hw` z j G m wk Ki Kvb K_v eys Z bv cv i, Zvn j m wkfv e wk v ïi Ki e? Zvi Kv Q zjwu hgb AcwiwPZ, QvÎ-QvÎx-wk K AcwiwPZ m Î wøzxq w` b m wkfv e z j h Z DrmvwnZ n e? Ggb cwiwe k GKwU wkï K V j `Iqvi A_ n jv zj Avi wk v K Zvi Kv Q `y ev a K i Zvjv Aci w` K z j G m hw` m wbr gvz fvlv K_v ej Z I wk v MÖnY ïi Ki Z cv i, m wk v Zvi Kv Q mnr gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 6

I evamg n e, wk v MÖn Y m DrmvwnZ n e wbm ` n ^fvezb GKwU wkï wbr gvz fvlvq hz mn R wk v MÖnY Ki Z cv i Ab fvlvq KLbI cv i bv gvz fvlvi gva g wk v MÖn Yi G Myi Z Abyaveb K i evsjv ` k Avw`evmx wkï `i Rb cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi AZxe cö qvrb ZvB AvR Avw`evmx `i wk v MÖn Yi Î cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöpj bi welqwu cövavb c q Q wkš Gwel q mikvwifv e Kvb c` c GhveZ MÖnY Kiv nqwb hw`i evsjv `k mikvi I cve Z PÆMÖvg RbmsnwZ mwgwzi g a 1997 m bi 2iv ww m ^ i ^v wiz cve Z PÆMÖvg Pyw³i (L) Aby Q `i 33bs avivq cve Z PÆMÖv g gvz fvlvi gva g wk v`vb welqwu ^xkvi K i bqv n q Q Ges Pzw³ gvzv ek ms kvwaz cve Z Rjv cwil` AvB b Aš f~ ³ Kiv n q Q Z`ycwi Avš RvwZK kªwgk ms v (AvBGjI) Gi 40Zg Awa ek b Kb fbkb-107-gi 23(1) avivq Avw`evmx I DcRvZxq wkï `i Zv `i wbr ^ gvz fvlvq wk v cö`v bi AwaKvi ^xk wz `qv n q Q GK_v wvk h, cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöpj bi Î A bk mgm v i q Q hgb wjwc mgm v, wk Ki mgm v, cvv eb qi mgm v BZ vw` g~jzt G jv wkš Kvb gšwjk mgm v bq me P q eo mgm v nj mw` Qv I D ` vmnxbzv m Î g~j D ` vm wb Z n e mikvi K wzb cve Z Rjv cwil` AvB bi Kvh Ki Ki Z n e Gici vbxq mikvix cöwzôvbmgyn hgb cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil`, wzb cve Z Rjv cwil`mgyn Avw`evmx fvlvmgy ni wjwc mgm v mgvavb, cvv µg I cvv m~wp cöyq bi D ` vm wb Z cv i G Î Avw`evmx `i fvlv wfwëk msmvb I cöwzôvbmgyn i Z c~y f~wgkv ivl Z cv i GB ev ezvi Av jv K ej Z nq cök Zc Avw`evmx msmvbmg~n KB AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 7

f~wgkv t cve Z PÆMÖv g cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöpjb Rbjvj PvKgv cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm Z_v gvz fvlvi gva g wk v jv fi `vex AvR Avw`evmx `i Ab Zg i Z c~y `vex Z cwiyz n q Q GB `vexi AvBbMZ wfwë cöwzwôz nq 1997 mv j evsjv `k mikvi I cve Z PÆMÖvg RbmsnwZ mwgwzi g a ^v wiz Òcve Z PÆMÖvg Pyw³Ói gva g BD b v KZ K 21 k deª qvix K Avš RvwZK fvlv w`em wn m e NvlYv Kivi d j GB `vex Av iv b~zb gvîv c q Q h nzz gvz fvlvq K_v ejv I gvz fvlvq wk v jvf Kiv gvby li Rb MZ AwaKvi Ges gvz fvlvi gva g gvbyl gb I ms wzi g a mnr wgjb NUv Z cv i gvz fvlvi gva g GKwU RvwZ wb R `i Rxeb K, K wó I wpš vaviv K cömvwiz Ki Z cv i, wb Ri ms wz K i v Ki Z cv i GKwU ^vaxb RvwZi wkï R b i mv _ mv _ GB AwaKvi fvm K i wkš GB AwaKvi _ K ewâz nq wfbœ fvlvfvwl msl vjny I Avw`evmx RvwZmg~n hv `i gvz fvlv ivóªxq fvlv wn m e ^xk wz cvq bv Zviv ivóªxq fvlvq wk v MÖnY I K_v ej Z eva nq evsjv ` k evsjv fvlv GKgvÎ ivóª fvlv niqvq GLv b Avw`evmx `i wbr gvz fvlvq wk v jv fi Kvb my hvm bb Zv `i K evsjv fvlvq wk v MÖnY I ivóªxqfv e evsjv fvlv e envi I K_v ej Z nq wbr gvz fvlvi gva g wk v MÖn Yi AwaKvi I my hvm _ K Zviv ewâz ZvB AvR Avw`evmx `i wk v MÖn Yi Î cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöpj bi welqwu cövavb c q Q gvz fvlvq wk v Kb? wbdwrj vû-gi mv cöwzk M elyvq `Lv M Q h, h me gviwi (Maori) wkï wbr gvz fvlvq cöv_wgk wk v MÖnY K i Q Zviv ïay Bs irx Z wk v MÖnYKvix wkï `i P q fvj djvdj K i Q Abyiƒc djvdj cviqv hvq gvwk b hy³iv óªi George Manson University (Virginia)-Gi GK M elyvqi GB wek we` vj qi M elyv BDwbU 15wU iv R i 23wU z ji (hvi 6wUi g a 4wU z j gvz fvlvq wk vµg wqj) djvdj 1985 mvj n Z ch e Y K i 11 ermi ci `Lv hvq h, h me QvÎ-QvÎx hz `xn mgq a i `ywu fvlvq wk v MÖnY K iwqj, Zviv gva wgk i A c vk Z fvj djvdj K i Q G Z cögvwyz nq h, gvz fvlvq wk v MÖn Yi mg qi m ½ cövwzôvwbk djvd ji GK cöz m úk i q Q eªvwr ji U ibv Rb Mvôxi gvz fvlvi gva g wk vi AMÖMwZi welqwui GLv b Av iv GKwU cök ó D`vniY wn m e Dc vcb Kiv hvq 1970 mv ji gvsvgvws mg q Sociedade Internacional de Liguaistica (SIL) U ibv Rb Mvôx K gvz fvlvq wk v `v bi GK cökí MÖnY K i hv GK erm ii ci eü n q hvq mlv b cz ymxr nj wk vi GKgvÎ gva g GB wk v e e v wkš U ibv Rb Mvôx K AvK ó Ki Z cv iwb 1998 mv j wk v wefv Mi GK D P c` Kg KZv `L Z cvb h, Uivbv Rb Mvôxi 74% QvÎ-QvÎx czz MxR fvlv co Z I wjl Z cv i bv Ges 6 erm ii g a 55% QvÎ-QvÎx 1g MÖW _ K 2q MÖW DËxY niqvi Rb czz MxR fvlv AvqZ Ki Z cv iwb Zv `i S o covi nvi wqj ekx Uivbv Rb Mvôxi GB Ae vq GK Uivbv ` úwz Uivbv wkï `i gvz fvlvi gva g wk v `v bi gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 8

D ` vm MÖnY K ib 1999 mv j wk v wefv Mi m µuvixi Aby iv a bbwm evujvi h cö_g cök í KvR K iwq jb wzwbi H ` úwzi m ½ hvm w` q wk v `vb ïi K ib GKB mv ji deª qvix gv m Zvici Ryb gv m wk v wefv Mi m µuvix cwi`k b G m `L Z cvb h 71% Q j g q hviv czz MxR fvlvq wkqyb wkl Z cv iwb, Zviv Uivbv fvlvq mn R co Z I wjl Z ïi K i Q GB mvdj _ K ez gv b Uivbv A j gvz fvlvmn wøfvlvq wk v `vb Aby gvw`z nq Gfv e wewfbœ M elyvq GUv cögvwyz h, gvbyl wbr gvz fvlvi gva g AwZ mn R wk v MÖnY Ki Z cv i, gvz fvlvi gva g wk v MÖnY wk v K mnr I evamg K i, wk v_x i g b wk vi welqe mn R cö ek K i Ges G Z wk v_x i mnrvz eyw, gšwjk wpš vkw³ I Kíbvkw³i wekvk mnrzi n q _v K wb Ri fvlv I ms wz GKRb gvbyl K A bk ekx we k lyx n q DV Z mvnvh K i Acic wfbœ fvlvq wk v MÖnY gvby li Rxe b Kvbfv e cwic~y Zv Avb Z cv i bv Ges A b i fvlvq ÁvbPPv KLbI we k lyagx n q D V bv cve Z PÆMÖv gi cªv_wgk wk v e e v wb q Ghver A bk M elyv I jlv jwl n q Q Gme M elyvq `Lv hvq h, Avw`evmx wkï `i cöv_wgk wk v _ K S o covi nvi 60% _ K 70%, gva wgk I D P wk vi Î GB nvi 30% _ K 40% M elyvq `Lv hvq GB S o covi Ab Zg KviY n Q fvlvmz mgm v G Î bvwrgywïb k vgj-gi Dw³ Av iv cöwyavb hvm wzwb wj L Qb Ò hlvbkvi DcRvZxq jvkrb evsjv fvlv Rv b bv, PÆMÖv gi fvlv Rv b I ev S wkš wkï-wk kviiv e Z Zv `i gvz fvlv A_v r DcRvZxq fvlv Qvov wkqyb Rv b bv d j z j Zviv cvv cȳ K hlb evsjv ev Bs irx co Z nq ZLb cvv MÖnY mwz Kvi A _ B `~iƒn n q c o Ó Rvevivs-Gi M elyvq ejv nq ÒGfv e Avw`evmx wkïiv z j ïi Z fvlvmz, mvs K wzk, cwi ekmz mgm vi m ylxb nq hgb: wkïiv evox Z Avw`fvlvq K_v e j wkš z j G mb Zv K wfbœ fvlvq cov kvbv Ki Z nq, hv wkï `i Rb LyeB AmyweavRbK GKvi Y A b K Drmvn nvwi q d j I S o c o ÕÕ GUv wbwø avq ejv hvq GKwU wkï wbr gvz fvlvq hz mn R wk v MÖnY Ki Z cv i Ab fvlvq KLbI cv i bv ZvB wk v MÖn Yi Î gvz fvlvb me P q mnr eva fvlv gvz fvlvi gva g wk v MÖn Yi GB Myi Z Abyaveb K i evsjv ` k Avw`evmx wkï `i Rb cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi AZxe cö qvrb G Z Avw`evmx wkï `i cöv_wgk wk v MÖn Yi my hvm e w cv e I wk v MÖnY mnr n e KvgjgwZ wkï `i wbr fvlvq wk v ïi Ki Z hgb Kvb fqfxwz _vk e bv Zgwb wk v MÖn Y Avb ` Dc fvm Ki e A bk Avw`evmx wczv-gvzv wbr wkï K cöv_wgk wk v `v bi m g n eb Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi wfwë t cve Z PÆMÖv g cöv_wgk z j Avw`evmx fvlv cöpjb g~jzt Kvb b~zb welq bq Avw`evmx `i BwZnvm cv V Rvbv hvq h, weªwu ki cövwzôvwbk wk v e ve v cöez bi A bk Av M _ K PvKgv I gvigv mgv R jvkwk v e e v Pvjy wqj PvKgv ˆe` MY wbr wkl `i PvKgv ni d wk v w` Zb Ges ˆe` kv, cywuz, werm (BwZnvm) msi Y Ki Zb gvigv mgv RI wkqvs Kw `ªK gvigv ni d wk v e e v Pvjy wqj ez gv bi GB jvkwk v e e v Dfq mgv R cöpwjz i q Q ciez x Z weªwuk Avg j cövbgvix i evsjv I Bs irx fvlvi cvkvcvwk PvKgv I gvigv fvlvq wk v `vb Pvjy Kiv nq Z e mb mg qi GB Avw`evmx fvlvi cöpjb wb q AwaKvsk Avw`evmx bz e `i wøgz I we ivaxzv wqj d j Avw`evmx gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 9

fvlvi GB cöpjb Zgb i Z jvf K iwb ciez x Z cvwk vb Avg j GB fvlvq wk v `vb m ú~y fv e eü n q M j Zv Pvjy ivlvi Rb Kvb D ` vm I `vex DÌvwcZ nqwb ez gv b cöv_wgk i Avw`evmx fvlv wk v cöpj bi AvBbMZ wfwë cöwzwôz n q Q evsjv `k mikvi I cve Z PÆMÖvg RbmsnwZi g a 1997 m bi 2iv ww m ^ i ^v wiz Òcve Z PÆMÖvg Pyw³Ói d j GB Pzw³i (L) Aby Q `i 33bs avivq cve Z PÆMÖv g gvz fvlvi gva g wk v `vb welqwu ^xkvi K i bqv n q Q Ges Pzw³ gvzv ek ms kvwaz cve Z Rjv cwil` AvB b Aš f~ ³ n q Q Z`ycwi Avš RvwZK kªwgk ms v (AvBGjI)-Gi 40Zg Awa ek b Kb fbkb-107 Gi 23(1) avivq mycvwik Kiv n q Q h, Avw`evmx I DcRvZxq Rb Mvôxi wkï `i Zv `i wbr ^ gvz fvlvq wk v cö`vb Kivi GB `vexi Av iv ˆeaZv G m Q MZ 1999 mv j 17 b f ^i BD b v KZ K 21 k deª qvix K Avš RvwZK fvlv w`em wn m e NvlYv Kivi gva g GQvov GB wel q ez gv b ` ki wewfbœ dviv g I mwgbv i Av jvpbv-chv jvpbv I M elyv Pj Q j Yxh h, Gme M elyv I chv jvpbvq welqwu w`b w`b i Z I mg_ b cv Q G Î ivrkvnx wek we` vj qi Aa vck Rvwn`yj Kwi gi Dw³ cöwyavb hvm - The Policy Planners and administrators may consider to make provisions for using the minority tribal language in the administration machinery for the tribal people, side by side with Bengali. However in order to formulate such policies and put them into effect the tribal people must be both consulted and involved at every stage of the development. Nothing can deliver the good without their active participation. A H M Zahidul Karim, 1993, Government needs to reform primary Education Policy for minorities, Dhaka Courier, Vol. 10) Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi mgm v I m vebv t Dc ii Av jvpbvq GUv úó h, ez gv b cve Z PÆMÖv g cöv_wgk z j Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi Kvb AvBbMZ evav bb wkš ZvB e j ivzvivwz GB fvlv cö qv Mi e vcv i Avkvwš^Z niqvi AeKvkI bb Avw`evmx `i Av_ -mvgvwrk ev ezvi Av jv K GB fvlv cö qvm I cöpj bi Î wk wk evav Avm Z cv i Zv chv jvpbv Kiv Mj (1) Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi Î me P q eo evav wn m e A b K Avw`evmx `i nid mgm v K g b K ib h nzz cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i g a PvKgv, gvigv I gyi s (b~zb Avwe Z) RvwZ Qvov Ab `i wbr ^ Kvb nid bb Z`ycwi PvKgv `i cöpwjz ni di wel qi gzv bk we` gvb (2) wøzxq mgm v wnmv e wfbœ wfbœ fvlvi Rb mb fvlvq wk v `vb mgm v K D j L Kiv h Z cv i h nzz cve Z PÆMÖv gi 7 j i gz Avw`evmx `i 10wU fvlv we` gvb G `i A bk fvlvi RbmsL v LyeB Kg Ges wew ß GB mgm v Avwd«Kvi `kmgy ni AvR `Lv w` q Q Avwd«Kvi 700 wgwjqb jvk 1000 fvlvq K_v e jb KejgvÎ bvb Rwiqv Z 250wU Rb Mvôx 400 fvlvq K_v e jb ZvB Avw`evmx fvlvi weweaz (Multiplicity of language) Kvi Y z j cvv`vb Kivi gz wk K cviqv hv e bv (3) Avw`evmx fvlv e env ii Î A b K Gme fvlvi cðv`c`zv, Ac~Y Zv I vûvw bq e j Abxnv ev we ivaxzv Ki Z cv ib G Î hyw³ `qv nq- Avw`evmx fvlvi gva g AvaywbK wk v gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 10

MÖnY m e bq, we kl K i weávb I cöhyw³mz wk v MÖnY Am e g~jzt Gme fvlvi e envi bv _vkvi Kvi Y ^qs Avw`evmx `i g a Giƒc aviyvi D b l N U hgb AvR Avwd«Kvi `kmg~ n GB mgm v `Lv w` q Q (4) m ev cwi ivóªxq I mvgvwrk Rxe b Gi cöv qvwmkzv wb q wøgz `Lv w` Z cv i GgbwK A b K we ivaxzvi Ki Z cv ib hgb wqj weªwuk Avg j AvR Awd«Kvi `kmg~ ni GKBfv e wezk m wó Kiv n q Q h nzz A bk wczvgvzv g b K ib h, D Pwk v I PvKzixi evrv i GB wk v Kvbfv e mnvqk n e bv GB wpš vaviv wkš ïay wczv-gvzvi bq, QvÎ-QvÎx `i g a M o D V Q `w Y Avwd«Kvi Pietersburge Gi Motse High School -Gi zj QvÎx hfv e e j- We don t find our mother tongue to be that important. you don t make overseas calls in your mother tongue; you don t it in everyday life. It s not useful (Peter Mwaura, Guardian, August 21 2003) Avi GB Kvi Y AvR Avwd«Kvi `kmg~ n wbr gv fvlvi P q Bs irx Z wk v MÖn Yi SvuK ekx ejvevûj Avgv `i mgv RI GBiƒc Bs irx gva g wk v MÖn Yi cöeyzv cöej n q D V Q Avgv `i mgv Ri m Qj AwffveKiv AvR we ` k Bs irx gva g Q j g q `i cov bvi Póv Ki Q (5) Avevi A b K evsjv I Bs irx wk vi cvkvcvwk GB fvlv wk v K wkï `i Dci AwZwi³ gvbwmk Pvc wn m e AwfwnZ Ki Z cv ib (6) GQvov Avw`evmx fvlvq cvv µg I cvv eb qi mgm v, GKB z j GKvwaK fvlv wk v cö`v bi mgm v BZ vw` D j L Kiv h Z cv i ejvevûj Avw`evmx fvlv wk v cöpj bi Î D j wlz mgm vmg~n AwZ mn R mgvavb Kiv hvq hgb h me RvwZmg~ ni GLbI Kvb nid bb, Zv `i gzvgz wb q cö qvr b b~zb nid Avwe vi Kiv, hgb gyis RvwZi Rb ÔÔ gªv Pvn& PvÕÕ bv g wbr ^ nid m wó Kiv n q Q eg RvwZi Rb ivgvb ni d Òeg ey eyj eyó wk ivbv g eg fvlvq cªv_wgk A i-ávb wk vi eb cökvk Kiv n q Q wjwcwenxb fvlvi Î ivgvb ni d cöv_wgk cvv eb cökv ki gva g wk v e e v Pvjy Kiv h Z cv i Avevi evsjv ni di gva gi GB D ` vm bqv h Z cv i BwZg a evsjv ni d wewfbœ Avw`evmx fvlvi eb cökvwkzi n q Q wîcyiv Z ez gv b evsjv ni d KKeiK fvlv Pvjy Kivi Póv Ki Q wîcyiv mikvi Z e Avw`evmx `i GKUv Ask ivgvb nid Pvjy Kivi `vex Ki Q Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi Î D j wlz mgm v _vkv m Z I ez gv b we k i A bk ` k msl vjny I Avw`evmx fvlv K ^xk wz w` q mb fvlvq wk v e e v cöpjb Kiv n q Q D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq bvb Rwiqvq 24wU I ez gvb ivwkqvq 42 Avw`evmx fvlvq cöv_wgk wk v Pvjy i q Q Avgv `i cvk ezx `k fvi ZI ek K qkwu Avw`evmx fvlv K ivóªxq fvlvi ^xk wz `Iqv n q Q cwðg evsjvq evsjv fvlvi cvkvcvwk bcvjx, wnw `, D` y cöf wz fvlvfvlx wk v_x iv wbr wbr gvz fvlvq wk v MÖn Yi my hvm cv Q B`vwbs ÒAvjwPwKÓ bvgk ey gvjv Avwe vi K i mviuzvjx fvlvq wk v Pvjy Kiv n q Q& GQvov wîcyiv ZI evsjv ni d wîcyix fvlv ÒKKeiKÓ fvlvq 1g I 2q kªyxi cvv eb ˆZix K i wk v `vb Kiv n Q wg Rviv gi PvKgv wwwók KvDwÝ j cöv_wgk y j PvKgv fvlvq wk v `vb Kiv n Q Gme D`vniY _ K GUv wbwø avq ejv hvq h, cöv_wgk i z`ª z`ª fvlvq wk v e e v Pvjy Kiv Kvb `yi n KvR bq cve Z PÆMÖv g Avw`evmx fvlvi cöpj bi my hvm I myweav Av iv e vck ejv hvq hgb PvKgv I gvigv fvlvi cöpjb GLv b hym hym a i Pvjy i q Q B`vwbs gªv fvlvqi nid Avwe vi I cvv eb jlv gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 11

n q Q Aš Zt GB wzb Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj b ez gv b Kvb mgm v bb KejgvÎ mikvix Aby gv`b I D ` vm MÖnY Ki jb h Kvb gyû Z wbgœ cövbgvix wk vq Gme fvlv Pvjy Kiv h Z cv i j Yxq h, BwZg a cve Z PÆMÖv g Avw`evmx fvlvi cöpj bi Î wkqy wkqy D ` vm cwijw Z n q Q ez gv b iv½vgvwu wcwuavb cöwk Y PvKgv fvlv Kvm Pvjy Kiv n q Q, hv Z Ab fvlvfvlx wk KMY QvÎ-QvÎx `i m ½ PvKgv fvlvq K_v ej Z cv ib ev `ievb Rjvq i gv AvevwmK zj, mvqvjk gªv AvevwmK y j, AvjxK`g AvevwmK y j mxwgzfv e gvigv fvlv wklv bv n Q emikvixfv ei gvz fvlv PPv i A bk D ` vm I cöqvm Pvjv bv n Q hv cövwzôvwbkfv e fvlv cöpj b mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb Ki e wemz 2 `kk a i Avw`evmx jlk I wkíxmy wbr wbr fvlvi Dbœq b cö Póv Ae vnz i L Qb d j iwpz n Q b~zb b~zb KweZv, Qov, Mí, Mvb I bvuk, m wó n Q bvu Mvôx, mvs wzk msmvb cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöp jbi Dc iv³ m vebv _vkv m Z I GB fvlv wji wejywßi Avk¼v eiveib _ K hvq h nzz ez gv b msl vjny I Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxi fvlv µgkt wejywßi c _ Ges BwZg a K qk kz fvlv wpiz i nvwi q M Q WvbKvb IqvKvi-Gi fvl g Z ez gv b we k cöwz gv m 2wU fvlv nvwi q hv Q Zvi fv l Av iv Rvbv hvq A óªwjqvi Ab Zg Avw`evmx fvlv ÔÔgvwZ KÕÕ fvlvq Rv b Ggb jvk gvî ez gv b 3 Rb e Pu Av Q MvwW qvb cwîkvi g Z AvMvgx 100 erm ii g a cövq 3000 fvlv c w_ex _ K wejyß n q hv e Ges gvwk b hy³iv óªi ÔÔmvgvi BbwówUDU Ae wj½ybw KmÕÕ Gi mgx vq cökvk, ÔÔ51wU fvlv Av Q hvi jvkmsl v gvî 1 Rb RxweZ, Avi 100 R bi Kg Rv b Ggb fvlv Av Q cövq 500 1000 Rb ej Z cv i Ggb fvlv Av Q 1500, 10000 Gi Kg msl K gvbyl ej Z cv i Ggb fvlvi msl v 3000 Avi 100000 jv Ki fvlv wnmv e Av Q 5000 cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i 10wU fvlvi g a 7wU fvlv k lv³ MÖ ci chv qf~³ G Z Kvb m `n bb AvMvgx 50 erm i nqz Avgiv G `i h Kvb fvlvi Aejywßi cöz `kx n Z cvwi h me D ` vm wb Z n e t cöv_wgk wk vq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöpj bi Î g~jzt g~j D ` vm wb Z n e mikvi K cö_ g cöávcb Rvix K i fvlv wk vi Pvjy Kivi AvB bi Kvh KvwiZvi wfwë ipbv Ki Z n e Gici cve Z PÆMÖv gi we kl kvmbe e vi Aax b cöwzwôz cöwzôvbmgyn hgb cve Z PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil`, wzb cve Z Rjv cwil`mg~n Avw`evmx fvlvmgy ni wjwc mgm v mgvavb, cvv µg I cvv m~wp cöyq bi D ` vm wb Z cv i G Î Avw`evmx `i fvlv wfwëk msmvb I cöwzôvbmg~n i Z c~y f~wgkv ivl Z cv i g~jzt GB mgm vwu Kvb RwUj mgm v bq Avw`evmx fvlv cö qvm I cöpj bi Î me P q eo mgm v nj mw` Qvi Afve Ges D ` vmnxbzv GB ev ezvi Av jv K ej Z nq G Î Avw`evmx msmvbmg~n KB AMÖYx f~wgkv wb Z n e ejvevûj mikvix D ` vm MÖn Yi Î ˆZix Ki Z Avw`evmx m PZb Rb Mvôx ev msmvbmg~n K h me i Z c~y fywgkv cvjb Ki Z n e, Zv nj- cö_gzt Avw`evmx mgv Ri g a m PZbZv m wó Kiv hb ^xq ms wz I RvZxq Aw Z i vi Rb wbr gvz fvlv cöpj bi i Z Abyaveb Ki Z cv i h nzy fvlv I ms wz LyeB A½v½xfv e RwoZ GKwU RvwZi fvlv nvwi q hviqv gv b mb RvwZi ms wzi jyß niqv gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 12

wøzxqzt wbr RvZxq A i eq ^v izv Awfhvb cwipvjbv Kiv hb e w³mz wpwvcî I cövz wnk wnmve-wbkvk Kiv hvq G Z wbr fvlv klvi cö qvrbxqzv e w cv e I fvlvi cöpjb e w cv e wbr fvlvq Mê, KweZv, mvwnz I msev`cî cökvk Kiv hb fvlv PPv i e w N U h RvwZ RvZxq fvlv e env ii Î Abyiƒc chv q DbœxZ n Z cv i mb RvwZi fvlv e envi I cö qv Mi Î Avi Kvb evwn K kw³i cö qvrb n e bv cövz wnk Rxe bi cö qvr b mk j hgb wbr fvlv wk L b e, Zgwb mb RvwZi wkí, mvwnz, ms wz I BwZnvm Rvbvi Rb Ab iv mb fvlv Rvb Z AvMÖnx n e G Ae vq h fvlv cušq Z cvi e mb fvlvi wejywß NUvi Kvb m vebv _vk e bv ZvB ^xq fvlv K wejywßi nvz _ K evupv bvi Rb hgb wbr K gyl f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e, Zgwb mikvix ^xk wz Av`v qi Rb fvlv K cövwzôvwbkfv e cª qv Mi hvm Zv AR b Ki Z n e ================= mnvqk Z_ m~î t- 1 wewewm wbdr, `wbk c~e KvY, 10 deª qvix 2005 Bs 2 evsjv ` k DcRvwZ `i wk v msku I DËi bi m vebv, cwi cöw Z cve Z PÆMÖvg-c óv-116 3 cöv_wgk wk v wpî: evsiv ` ki Avw`evmx, evsjv `k Avw`evmx dvivg I Rvevivs Kj vy mwgwz, gvp 2004 Avw`evmx `i fvlv cöpjb I PP v gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 13

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Awf hvrb K bq h nzz mvs wzk ixwzbxwz jv gvbyl K wk L wb Z nq m nzz ˆRweK DËivwaKv ii gva g gvbyl Zv AvqZ K i bv GK cyi l _ K Ab cyi l ev ciezx cör b i g a Gi cöpj bi Rb GKUv wbw` ó hvmv hvm e e v w ixk Z Kivi cö qvrb `Lv hvq hvmv hvm e e v ej Z evsv bv n Q, wkfv e GK ai bi ixwzbxwz ev AvPvi e env ii mv _ ci úi K cwiwpz K i Zvjv hvq, wk K i wbr ^ a vb aviyvi mv _ Ab K cwiwpz K i Zvjv hvq Ges wk K ib ev A b i a vb aviyv I wpš v RM Zi m ½ wb R cwiwpz n Z cv i KZ jv wbav wiz ms KZ ev Bw½ Zi mvnv h RxeRM Z G K A b i fveavivi mv _ cwiwpz nq GB ms KZ hv kãmz ev ïay Bw½Z ev Bkvivq n Z cv i G Î gvbyl Zvi fvlvi mvnvh RwUjZg wpš vaviv cökv k hgb m g nq I cö qvr b cybtcybt m GKB Awfe w³ µgvš^ q cökvk Ges AbeiZ cwiez b I cwiea b G b bzzb K i cökvk Ki Z cv i gvby li fvlv, hv Zvi hvmv hvm c wzi me P q cö qvrbxq Dcv`vb, Zvi wzbwu gšwjk I ^Zš ˆewkó i q Q cö_gz: gvby li fvlv mxwgz msl K aÿwbi gva g nvrv iv ik gi e I AwfÁZv K cökvk Ki Z mg_ c w_ex Z Lye Kg fvlvb i q Q hlv b me gvu e eüz aÿwbi msl v câv ki Dc i A_P gvî K qkwu aÿwb K wewfbœfv e GKwÎZ K i nvrv iv ik gi e I AwfÁZv K wewfbœ ` ki wewfbœ fvlvfvlx gvbyl cökvk K i P j Q wewfbœ aÿwbi h_vixwz GKÎxKi Yi gva g hfv e Avgiv wewfbœ gvbyl GKB e ev AwfÁZv K ev Abyf~wZ K cökvk Ki Z cvwi Zv fve j wew Z n Z nq hgbt- Z bvs wk? (PvKgv), bvk& bv g Rv j? (gvigv), wbwb eygs Zvgv (wîcyiv)- cöf wzi A_ nj evsjv- Zvgvi bvg wk? Gi AwZwi³ Kvb wkqzb bq kã hb e i cözxk, wkš cözxk kã hb H e i iƒc bq GB h kã K cözxk _ K ^Zš Kiv Zv ïaygvî gvby li fvlv ZB m e gvby li fvlvi GB we kl gzvb gvby li fvlv K Amxg kw³i AwaKvix K i Zz j Q wewfbœ aÿwb K hy³ K i AbeiZB Avgiv wbz bzzb kã ˆZwi K i P jwq wbz bzzb cözx Ki Rb w`w Q Avi cö Z KwU cözxk K A_ gq K i ZzjwQ wøzxqz: gvby li fvlv h ïay Kg g ZvB bq Gi Rb gzv cövq mxgvnxb kã I aÿwb K GKÎ K i bzzb A_ gq k ã cökvk Kivi Î gvbyl K we kl em c Z nq bv, hw`i c~ e mb kã I aÿwb m Kvbw`b kv bwb h Kvb fvlvfvlx jvk Ggwbfv e Zv `i fvlvq AmsL evk AbeiZ ˆZwi K i h Z cv i gvby li fvlvi G Rb gzv fvlv K hvmv hv Mi gva g wn m e GK bgbxq h š cwiyz K i Q, h h š i mvnv h mn RB Avgiv wbz bzzb msev `i Av`vb cö`vb Ki Z mg_ nb Z ZxqZ: gvby li fvlv wbr ^ cwi e ki evb ii msev` K cökvk Kivi gzv iv L AZx Z hv GKw`b N UwQj, Avgiv Zv hgb K i cökvk Ki Z cvwi fwel Z hv NU Z cv i ev NUve m vebv Av Q ev hv Kíbvg~jK ev hv nq Zv bvi NU Z cv i Zgb NUbvI Avgiv fvlvq cökvk Ki Z cvwi gvby li fvlvi GB vb cwiez b (Displacement) gzvi e jb Avgiv e wbi c weg~z welq wb q wpš v Ki Z cvwi, Ab vb cövyx hv cv i bv gvby li fvlvi GB wzb we klz hv K Avgiv ej Z cvwi cöpwjz ixwz ev Abykxjb gzv (Conventionality) Rb gzv (Productivity) I vb cwiez b gzv (Displacement)-hv gvbyl K wbz bzzb cwikíbv Ki Z klvq, fv jv-g ` wbav iy Ki Z klvq Avi m e vcwi gvbyl K `q mgš^q mvab Kivi GK gzv hv w` q m wb R K GKwU w i wbav wiz c _ GwM q wb q h Z cv i wksev gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 15

cö qvr b bzzb c _i hvîx n q h Z cv i Avi gvby li G fvlvb gvbyl K Ab vb cövyxi D a vb w` q Q Rxe bi AwfÁZv K fvlvq Abyev` K i ev iƒc w` q gvbyl Áv bi GK fvûvi ˆZwi K i hv ciezx Kv ji gvby li Rb i L w` Z cv i gvby li GB kw³ hv w` q Avgiv mwâz AwfÁZv K ciezx Kv ji gvby li Rb i L h Z cvwi ZvB gvby li ms wz wekv ki we kl Aej ^b I ewkó cöwzwu fvlvb KZ jv wbw` ó aÿwbi mgš^ q M o I V, GB aÿwbi msl v cö Z K fvlv ZB mxwgz Ges GB aÿwbi c~ e wbav wiz ixwz Abymv i I mgš^ q kã, evk vsk, evk M o I V cö Z K fvlvb ^qsm ú~y Ges H fvlvfvlx `i cövk wzk I mvgvwrk A_v r mvgwmök cwi ek K cökv ki hvm Zv iv L cövk wzk I mvgvwrk cwi e ki cwiez bi m ½ LvcLvB q mb cwiewz Z cwi ek K cökvk Kivi Rb cö Z K fvlvb AbeiZ wbz bzzb kã Avwe vi I GKÎxKi Yi hvm Zv iv L h Kvb cwi e ki ey bvi Rb Ges cwi e ki iƒc ev kªyx wbav i Yi R b h kãvejxi cö qvrb, Zv cö Z K fvlvq cö qvrbvbyhvqx i q Q e wbi c wpš v Kivi gzv cö Z K fvlv ZB we` gvb Kvb fvlvb ïaygvî e w³ we kl ev e we k li cökv ki evnb iƒ c mxgve bq Ges Gw`K w` q wepvi Ki j ejv hvq Kvb fvlvb Zyjbvg~jKfv e Ab fvlv _ K wbk ó ev AbybœZ bq, cö Z K fvlvqb mb fvlvfvlx `i cö qvrb guvevi Rb ^qsm ú~y Avš R vwzk cöw Z I cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx t Avw`evmxiv n Q A bk ` kib cö_g emwz vcbkvix ev g~j Awaevmx c w_exi 5wU gnv ` ki 70wU ` k cövq 300 wgwjqb Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxi emevm i q Q msl vmwiô GKvsk- cövq 150 wgwjqb Avw`evmx emevm K i Gwkqv gnv ` ki wewfbœ ` k hgb- evsjv `k, gvqvbgvi, Pxb, fviz, B `v bwkqv, Rvcvb, gvj qwkqv, cvwk vb, wdwjcvbb, kªxjskv Ges _vbj vû cövq 30 wgwjqb Avw`evmx evm K i j vwub Av gwikvq ewjwfqv, qv Zgvjv I ci i gvu RbmsL vi A a KiI ekx n Q Avw`evmx RbMY BD ivcxq Jcwb ewkkzvi we wzi mgq A bk Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx K wbg~ j Kiv n q Q Ges Zv `i f~wg e`lj Kiv nq Rvi K i Avw`evmx `i i q Q ^Zš ms wz, f~wgmsjmœ Rxeb-RxweKv, ag Ges mvgvwrk I A_ ˆbwZK cöwzôv bi KvVv gv wkqy wkqy aviy K i HwZn MZ Rxeb c wz Zviv g~jz wb R `i gšwjk cwiwpwzuv K ervq ivl Z Pvq wkš wb R `i ^Zš ˆewkó m Ë I Avw`evmxiv A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk w`k w` q cðvrc` A bk ÎB Zviv elg, `vwi`ª, ^v nxbzv, ekviz cöf wzi wkkvi Zv `i f~wg I m ú`- ebvqb, Lwb, evua, mok wbg vy, ivmvqwbk er wb vkb, cvigvbwek cix v, mp cªkí cöf wz wzkvik Dbœqb Kv Ri Kvi Y AvR ûgwki m ylxb mvivwek Ry o Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxmg~n f~wg I Rxe bi Ici wbqš Y cöwzôv Ges Zv `i AwaKv ii ^xk wz Av`v qi Rb msmövg K i hv Q Avw`evmx `i GB msmövg Avš R vwzk m cö`v qi ` wó AvKl Y K i Q 1982 mv j RvwZmsN KZ K cöwzwôz nq GKwU Working Group on Indigenous population (WGIP) bgbxqzv I Db y³ki Yi ^v _ RvwZmsN Avw`evmxi Kvb aivevav msáv wbiƒcy K iwb Z e gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 16

w`k wb ` kbv wn m e Jose martinez Cobo-i ˆZwi msávwu WGIP e envi K i Martinez Cobo-i g Z Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx njt (1) hv `i cövk-avmövmb I cövk-jcwb ewkk Avgj _ KB wbw` ó fš MvwjK mxgv ilvq emev mi GKwU HwZnvwmK avivevwnkzv i q Q (2) H fš MvwjK mxgv ilvi Af š i gzvkvjx Ab As ki Zzjbvq ^Zš (distinct) ewkó m úbœ (3) mgv Ri AvwacZ nxb Ask (4) Zv `i mvs wzk web vm, mvgvwrk cöwzôvb I wewae e v Abyhvqx, Zv `i fš MvwjK mxgv ilvq Rb Mvôx wn m e avivevwnk Aw Z msi Y Ki Z Ges fwel Z cör b i nv Z n vš i Ki Z ` p mskí Jose martinez Cobo-i msáv Abymv i cve Z PÆMÖv g emevmiz PvKgv, gvigv, wîcyiv, gªv, Z½ v, eg, jymvb, cvs Lvqv, PvK I Lqvs-GB 11wU Rb Mvôx K Avw`evmx (Indigenous) Rb Mvôx wn m e MY Kiv hvq wkš evsjv ` k mvsweavwbk ev mikvixfv e Avw`evmx `i Aw Z I AwaKvi ^xk Z bq weªwuk kvmbvg j cöyxz 1900 mv ji kvmbwewa Z G `i K Indigenous Hillman ev Avw`evmx cvnvox e j D j L Kiv n q Q 1950 mv ji c~e e½ f~wg AwaMÖnY I cörv ^Z AvB b ÔAvw`evmxÕ wn m e AvL vwqz Kiv n q Q 1995 mv ji 12 b ^i AvB bi GKB ^xk wz g j GQvov evsjv `k Avw`evmx dvivg KZ K wewfbœ mg q cökvwkz msmv bi gylcî ÔmsnwZÕ-i wewfbœ msl vq ÔMYcÖRvZš x evsjv `kõ mikv ii cöavbgš xi evyx jv Z evsjv ` k ÔAvw`evmxÕ Rb Mvôxi Aw Z i q Q e j ^xk Z n q Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx fvlv I ey gvjv t cve Z PÆMÖv g Avw`evmx `i fvlv cöpjb I PPv wb q G Av jvpbvq fvlv I ey gvjvi AeZvobv AcÖvmw½K n e bv g~jzt GLvbKvi Avw`evmx `i Pnviv, mvgvwrk AvPvi AvPiY, ixwzbxwz, K wó-ms wz, gvbwek Mob cöf wz wgj _vk ji Zv `i fvlv GK bq PvKgv I Z½ v Avw`evmxiv g ½vjxq n ji Zv `i fvlv B `v-gwiqvb cwievif~³ cve Z PÆMÖv g Avw`evmx `i g a wlqvs Rb Mvôx Qvov mevb Zv `i mvgvwrk I agx q wewfbœ Î ey gvjv e envi K i _v K PvKgv I Z½ viv GKB ai bi ey gvjv e envi K i _v K hv ÔPvKgvÕ ey gvjv wnmv e cwiwpz gvigv I PvKÕiv GKB ai bi ey gvjv e envi K i _v K hv ÔgvigvÕ ey gvjv wn m e cwiwpz eg, jymvb, I cvs Lvqviv ivgvb ey gvjv e envi K i _v K gªv Rb Mvôx Ô gªv Pvn& PvÕ bv g GKwU ey gvjv e envi K i Avevi hviv wlªóvb agv ej ^x Zviv e envi K ib ivgvb ey gvjv cve Z PÆMÖv g Lywgiv gªv ey gvjv e envi K i _v K Z e gvqvbgv i ivgvb ey gvjv _ K ey wb q e envi Kiv n Q e j Rvbv hvq wîcyiv ˆe` `i g a wkqz wkqz PvKgv I gvigv ey gvjv e envi Ki Z `Lv hvq Z e evsjv I ivgvb ey gvjv _ K ey wb q c _K `ywu ey gvjv i q Q fvlv cwievi fvlv A) B `v- Gwiqvb `j 1) PvKgv 2) Z½ v Av) wu e Uv- K) evgv - AvivKvb Dc`j 1) gvigv gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 17

evgv b `j L) KKeiK Dc`j 1) wîcyiv M) KzwK- wpb Dc`j 1) jymvb 2) cvs Lvqv 3) eg 4) wlqvs 5) Lygx 6) gªv 7) PvK m~î t Sugata Chakma: The Tribal Language of CHT I my i `ª jvj wîcyiv t cve Z PÆMÖv gi DcRvwZ wk v Avš R vwzk gvz fvlv w`em I Avw`evmx `i cöz vkv t 21 k deª qvix K ÔAvš R vwzk gvz fvlv w`emõ NvlYvi gva g mvjvg, iekz, iwdk, ReŸv ii i ³ ivov bv Agi GKz k wek BwZnv mi cwigû j GK bzzb gh v`vq AwawôZ n qwqj bzzb mnmªvã _ K Dwbkk evqv bœi gnvb fvlv A `vjb wek evmxi gvz fvlv cöxwz I Aš i½ PZbvq GK bzzb e Äbv I gwngvq D vwmz n q D V Q MZ 17 b f ^i 1999 c vwi m BD b v m`i `ß i ms vi 30Zg mvaviy Awa ek b DÌvwcZ cö v e ejv nq Ò1952 mv ji GKz k deª qvix evsjv ` k gvz fvlvi Rb Af~Zc~e AvZ Z v Mi ^xk wz ^iƒc Ges mw`b hviv cövy DrmM K i Qb Zuv `i wzi D Ï k w`bwu K ÔAvš RvwZK gvz fvlv w`emõ NvlYvi cö ve Kiv n Q Õ cö vewu DÌvc bi m ½ m ½B Zv Dcw Z mkj m` m i me m wzµ g mv` i M nxz nq BD b vi G wm v š i ga w` q evsjv fvlvi Rb AvZ Z v Mi msmövg hgb wek - ^xk wz c q Q, Zgwb ev½vwj RvwZmË vi MwÛ K AwZµg K i gnvb GKz k deª qvix we k i cöwzwu fvlvfvlx ev RvwZmË vi m ú ` cwiyz n q Q BD b v ÔAgi GKzkÕ- K wek - ^xk wz cö`v bi gva g cöwzwu RvwZmË vi gvz fvlvi cöwz cig gh v`v cökvk Ki Q BD b v g b K i gvz fvlv cömv ii j cwipvwjz wewfbœ Kg KvÛ fvlvmz ˆewPÎ Ges eû fvlvwfwëk wk v cöwµqvi aviyv mgybœz Ki Z AMÖYx f~wgkv ivl e mb m ½ G ai bi Kg KvÛ wek e vcx fvlvmz I mvs wzk HwZn m ú K m PZbZv m wói cvkvcvwk mwnâz I evsvcovi wfwë Z Avš R vwzk msnwz e w Z mnvqk n e Ó GKz k deª qvix BD b v KZ K ÔAvš Rv wzk gvz fvlv w`emõ wn m e ^xk wz cökvivš i MvUv we k i mkj gvz fvlvib ^xk wz GB w`em n q DVyK mviv we k GK PwUqv fvlv-mvgªvr cöwzôvi Avov j RvwZMZ kvly I Avwac Z i wei kvwlz RvwZ I wejyßcövq fvlvmg~ ni mw wjz cöwz iva w`em evsjv fvlv AvR Avš R vwzk m v b f~wlz wkš GB w`e mi mv_ KZv ZLbB Avm e hlb evsjv ` ki AbMªmi Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx Ges Zv `i fvlv ms wz K h_v_ ^xk wz cö`vb Kiv n e Kbbv gvz fvlvi gva g Ávb I wpš b web v mi Afv e mgv R gšwjk wpš v I m RbkxjZvi mªvz m wó n Z cv i bv fvlvmz civaxbzv gvby li gšwjk wpš v K wekwkz n Z `q bv ZvB g bi gyw³, wpš vi ^vaxbzv, gšwjk AbymwÜrmvi Dcjwä I m RbkxjZv m cömvi Yi Î gvz fvlvi Kvb wekí n Z cv i bv cöwzwu Rb Mvôxi cwip qi cöavb ewkó c~y Dcv`vb nj Zvi gvz fvlv evsjv ` k cöpwjz msl vmwiô Rb Mvôxi ivóªxq GKK fvlv-ms wzi cvkvcvwk Avw`evmx `i eû fvlv-ms wzi fveavivi m~pbv nvk, GUvB Avš R vwzk gvz fvlv w`e m Avw`evmx `i cöz vkv gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 18

Avw`evmx `i fvlvmz AwaKvi I AvBbMZ wfwë t BD b v KZ K GKz k deª qvix K ÔAvš Rv wzk gvz fvlv w`emõ wn m e NvlYvi Av MI Avw`evmx `i gvz fvlvi AwaKvi wewfbœ Avš R vwzk mb` jv Z ^xk Z n qwqj 1957 mv j 5B Ryb Avš R vwzk kªg ms vi 40Zg Awa ek b 107bs Kb fbk b Avw`evmx I DcRvwZ fvlv K cövavb w` q wkqz bxwzgvjv ˆZwi K i D³ Kb fkb-gi 23(1) Aby Q ` ejv n q Q, Ômswk ó Rb Mvôxi Q j g q `i K Zv `i gvz fvlvq co Z I wjl Z wk v `vb Ki Z n e, wksev hlv b GUv m e bq, m Î Zv `i mg MvÎxq `i g a mvaviyfv e cöpwjz fvlvq wk v `vb Ki Z n e Õ Avevi 23 (2) Aby Q ` ejv n q Q, ÔgvZ fvlv ev Avw`evmx fvlv _ K RvZxq fvlv wksev ` ki GKwU Awdwmqvj fvlvq µgvš^ q DËi Yi Rb e e v MÖnY Ki Z n e Õ 1997 mv j ^v wiz Ôcve Z PÆMÖvg Pzw³Õ-i ÔLÕ L Ûi 33bs avivi (L)-G ejv n q Q, Ôcwil `i (cve Z Rjv cwil`) Kvhv ejxi 3 b ^ i wb gœv³ welqmg~n ms hvrb Kiv n et 1) e wëg~jk wk v 2) gvz fvlvi gva g cöv_wgk wk v I 3) gva wgk wk v Õ Pzw³ Abyhvqx 1998 mv j cve Z Rjv cwil` ms kvabx we ji gva g welqmg~n AvB b Aš f~ ³ n q Q iv½vgvwu/ LvMovQwo/ ev `ievb cve Z Rjv cwil` AvBb 1998-Gi 36(V) avivq ÔgvZ fvlvi gva g cöv_wgk wk võ K AvBbMZ ^xk wz `qv n q Q GQvov evsjv `k mikvi ^v wiz ÔAvš Rv wzk wkï AwaKvi mb`õgi 30bs avivq D j L i q Q, Ô hme ` k RvwZ MvôxMZ, ag xq wksev fvlvmz msl vjny wksev Avw`evmx m cö`v qi jvk i q Q, mme ` k H ai bi msl vjny m cö`vqf~³ ev Avw`evmx wkï K mgv R Zvi wbr ^ ms wz aviy, wbr ^ a g i K_v e ³ Kiv I PPv Kiv, Zvi m cö`v qi Acivci m`m `i mv _ fvlv e envi Kivi AwaKvi _ K ewâz Kiv hv e bv Õ 1966 mv j RvwZmsN NvwlZ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights-Gi 27bs Aby Q ` ejv n q Q, Ò hme iv óª b ZvwË K, agx q ev fvlvwfwëk msl vjny evm K ib, mlv b Hme msl vjny Mvôx wji gvby liv e w³mz Ges MvôxMZfv e Zv `i wbr ^ ms wz, wb R `i ag Abymib Kiv I cöpv ii AwaKvi wbiskzkfv e fvm Ki e Õ G mg ivóªxq I Avš R vwzk Pzw³, mb` cöf wzi Av jv K GLb cö qvrb n Q, Avw`evmx `i gvz fvlv ivóªxqfv e cöpjb I PPv Kivi Î ˆZwi K i `qv Avw`evmx `i gvz fvlv cöpjb I PPv : msku I m vebv t hy M hy M fvlvmz ˆeixZv I RvwZMZ ˆeixZv gvbe BwZnv mi GK Awe Q` Ask A bk DbœZ I ^vaxb ` ki fvlvi msnvz i q Q hgb- KvbvWvq Bs irx I divmxi Ø Ø c~e BD iv ci wewfbœ fvlvfvlx `i g a AmwnòzZv I ˆeixZv we klfv e j Yxq fvlv ˆeixZvi cvkvcvwk RvwZMZ ˆeixZvI `Lv hvq hvi Kvi Y msl v i fvlvwfwëk Rb Mvôxi Pv c msl vjny Rb Mvôxiv wb R `i eo wecbœ g b Ki Q ez gv b iv óª Î wuc~y fvlv cwikíbv bxwz A bk mgq mydj e q Av b bv GKwU fvlv K AvB bi Rv i Ab fvlv wji Dci Pvwc q w` Z wm q bv Rnvj n Z n q Q eû ms wz K fvlvmz Ø Ø msnvz A bk mgq RwUj K i Zv j RvwZMZ Ø Ø msnvz K hvi eo cögvy nj Lv` 1952 mv ii evsjv fvlvi Av `vjb ^vaxb evsjv ` k h mkj fvlvi AwaKvi cöwzwôz n q Q Zv ejv hvq bv ^vaxb evsjv ` k h msweavb cöyqb Kiv nq mb msweav b Avw`evmx `i RvZxq Aw Z ^xk wz cvqwb msweav b 6bs Aby Q ` gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 19

wjwce Kiv n qwqj- Òevsjv ` ki bvmwikmy ev½vjx ewjqv cwiwpz nb eb Ó D³ Aby Q `i gva g Kej Avw`evmx `i RvwZMZ cwip qi AwaKviB ewâz nqwb, Avw`evmx RvwZmg~n K ev½vjx wn m e AvL vwqz Kiv n q Q hvi Kvi Y ejv hvq, evsjv ` ki Rb jmœ _ KB Avw`evmx `i RvwZMZ wekv ki Rb Zv `i fvlv cöpjb I PPv i Î GKwU ivóªxq msku ˆZwi n q Q ciezx Kv j Rbv ij wrqvi Avg j msweavb ms kvab K i evsjv ` ki bvmwik `i Ôev½vjxÕ-i cwie Z Ôevsjv `kxõ wn m e AvL vwqz Kiv n ji mb evsjv `kx RvZxqZvi ` wófw½ Amv cö`vwqk I ag wbi c wqj bv Ges G Z ev½vjx RvZxqZvev `i mg Dcv`vbB Dcw Z wqj Rbv ij wrqvi kvmbvg jb 1978 mv j 2q NvlYvcÎ 4bs Av `k-gi g~ j D j wlz ivóª cwipvjbvi g~jbxwzmg~n cwiez b Kiv nq wb gœv³fv e- Òme kw³gvb Avj v ni Dci c~y Av v I wek vm, RvZxqev`, MYZš I mgvrzš A_ vr A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk mywepvi- GB bxwzmg~n Ges Zrmn GB bxwzmg~n nb Z D ~Z GB fv M ewy Z Ab mkj bxwz ivóª cwipvjbvq g~jbxwz ewjqv cwimwyz nb e Ó D³ Av `k e j msweav bi (1K) bv g GKwU bzzb `dv ms hvrb K i Ôme kw³gvb Avj v ni Dci c~y Av v I wek vmb hvezxq ivóªxq Kvhv ejxi wfwëõ wn m e M nxz nq D³ Av `k e j ag wbi c Zv I agx q ^vaxbzv m ^wjz 12bs Aby Q` m ú~y iƒ c wejyß Kiv nq 1988 mv j msweav bi Aóg ms kvabx Z 2bs Aby Q ` (2K) bv g GKwU bzzb `dv ms hvrb Kiv nq Gfv e- ÔcÖRvZ š i ivóªag Bmjvg, Z e Ab vb ag I cörvz š kvwš Z cvjb Kiv hvb e Õ GB ms kvabxi d j Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxmg~ ni RvZxq cwiwpwz, fvlv-ms wz, ag, gšwjk AwaKvi cöf wz ûgwki gy L c o mvsweavwbkfv e Avw`evmx `i GB fvlvmz I RvwZMZ cwipq msk Ui Kvi Y g~jzt cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i wbr ^ fvlv cªpjb I PPv i Î cöwzeükzvi gy LvgywL n Z n Q evsjv ` ki RvZxq wk ve e vq GK ai bi Aš wb wnz Î wu j Yxq cvv µ g Avw`evmx `i wbr ^ fvlv I ms wzi Ggb Kvb BwZevPK Dcv`vb bb hv GKRb Avw`evmx wk v_x K AvMÖnx I we k lyx n Z klvq Avw`evmx wkï `i wk v AR bi c _ h evav jvi m ylxb n Z nq Zvi g a Ab Zg mgm v nj fvlvmz mgm v z ji wk KMY cvv`vb K ib evsjv fvlvq A_P GKRb Avw`evmx wkï z j c`vc Y K i Zvi gvz fvlv K m ^j K i GKRb evsjv fvlvfvlx wkïi Rb Bs irx fvlvwu hgb AcwiwPZ I `~ e va, GKRb Avw`evmx wkïi Rb evsjv fvlvi wvk Zgwb Avw`evmx wkïiv hlb bzzb fwz nq ZLb Zviv h fvlv-awfázv wb q Av m Zv Zv `i cwievi I mgv Ri cöpwjz fvlv, hv Zvi cvv eb qi fvlv ev cvv`vb gva g wn m e cöpwjz fvlv n Z m ú~y wfbœ hvi Kvi Y Avw`evmx wkïiv cv Vi welqe i mv _ Lvc LvIqv Z cv i bv Ges h Ávb I ` Zv AR b Kivi K_v Zv Ki Z cv i bv d j ciezx kªyx Z DËxY nevi ci Av iv ekx Amnvq n q c o ejv hvq, GKB cvv µ gi Aax b GKB mg q, GKB cvv`vb c wz Z Avw`evmx wkï `i evsjv fvlvfvlx wkï `i gz GKB hvm Zv ev ` Zv AR b Kiv m e bq Avw`evmx I evsjvfvlx wkï `i ` Zv I cv Vi wel q c~e AwfÁZv wfbœ I Amg Ges GB fvlvmz `~e jzvi Kvi Y Avw`evmx wkïiv A bk welq mgfv e AR b Ki Z m g bv n q ch vqµ g wcwq q co Z co Z GK mgq cöv_wgk ib S o c o evsjv ` ki cöv_wgk we` vjqmg~ n ïay cö_g kªyx _ K kzkiv Aš Z 30 Rb wkï zj Z vm Ki Q Avi gvz fvlv weewr Z wk v MÖnY Ki Z wm q Avw`evmx wkï `i Ae v Av iv ekx kvpbxq d j GKwU Rix c `Lv hvq Avw`evmx wk v_x `i g a cöv_wgk wk vi i S o covi nvi GjvKv f ` 60% _ K 70% n q _v K 3 ZvB cve Z PÆMÖv g cöv_wgk i Avw`evmx fvlv cöpj bi welqwu Ri ix n q `vwo q Q gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 20

wkš GLv b Av iv wkqz K_v _ K hvq ïaygvî cövwzôvwbkfv e Avw`evmx fvlvq wk v cöpjb Ki jb n e bv ev e Î hw` Avw`evmx `i GB fvlv cöpwjz bv _v K ev PPv Kivi my hvm ev AbyK~j cwiw wz bv _v K Zvn j G Î Av iv GK ai bi wec hq `Lv w` Z cv i hgbuv Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ Avw`evmx Rb Mvôx jvi Î `Lv hv Q Avw`evmx `i gvz fvlvq wk v MÖn Yi ci A bk ÎB GK cökvi Dfq msku `Lv M Q Avwd«Kvq, hlv b divmx, Bs irx ev czz MxR fvlv Jcwb ewkk kw³i DËivwaKvix wn m e mikvix PvKzwi, e emv-evwyr ev wewfbœ cöwzôv b AZ š cöfvekvjx Avw`evmx fvlvq wk v MÖnY K i Zviv µgk Kg Î _ K wew Qbœ n q c o cvkvcvwk wew Qbœ n q c o wkw Z mgvr _ KI Bs ir we Ølx Avwd«Kvi me Î `Lv hvq h, Bs irxb nj A_ bwzk mg w I DbœwZi c _ g~j PvweKvwV Ges Avwd«Kvi K vmi g jv Z wk vi gva g wn m e cq `mb fvlv hvi Kvi Y mgmö Avwd«Kv ZB gvz fvlv ebvg wøzxq fvlvñ KvbwU wk vi gva g n e Zv wb q wez K `Lv w` q Q BD b v International literacy institute-gi ey bv g Z hv bzzb mnmªv ã Avwd«Kvb `k jvi me P q i Z c~y P v jä Avwd«Kvi `k jv K BD b v gvz fvlv wk v cö`v bi Rb DØy K i wkš QvÎ-QvÎx I AwfeveKiv wek vm K i h, gvz fvlvi Zzjbvq Bs irx fvlvqb z j I Kg Î Zv `i K ewk myweav ` e Kbbv gvz fvlv Zv `i cövz wnk RxebhvÎvq e eüz nq bv wkš M elyvq Rvbv M Q z j QvÎ-QvÎxiv gvz fvlv ZB ewk wk v MÖnY Ki Z m g Ges gvz fvlvq wk v MÖn Yi d jb Zv `i K Bs irxmn Ab vb wel qi ` K i Zv j wek vq bi hy M Bs irx fvlvi AwacZ I cöfv ei Kvi Y Avw`evmx `i fvlv e envi I Dbœq bi bxwzgvjvi Rb h ivr bwzk mw` Qv `ikvi wqj Zv Abycw Z eiâ mgmö Avwd«Kv ZB Avw`evmx `i fvlvq wk v c wz cy ivcywi KvYVvmv n q co Q m ú `i mxgve Zv I fvlvi wewfbœzv GB mgm v K Av iv RwUj K i Zz j Q Avwd«Kvi 700 wgwjqb gvbyl K_v e j Aš Z 1000wU wfbœ wfbœ fvlvq bvb Rwiqv Z gvz fvlvq wk v c wz Pvjy _vkv m Ë I `Lv hvq, Bs irx GL bv cöfve we vi K i P j Q hvb nvk, BD b v wek e vsk-gi mv _ wg j Avwd«Kvi mikvi jv K DØy K i hv Q Avw`evmx `i fvlvq wk v c wzi DbœwZi Rb Zv `i wk v bxwzgvjv hb chv jvpbv K i Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ ` ki gvz fvlvq wk v c wz mdj Kivi wel q Peter Mwaura e jwq jb For these policies to work suceessfully African governments need to enlighten the public about the validity and usefullness of policies that promote education in indigenous languages. they must also demonstrate more serious commitment to promoting those policies themselves, and allocatting adequate resources. Otherwise, the promotion of african languages will remain merely rhetorical and English will continue to take the pride of place at the expense of local languages. 4 wkš Peter Mwaura Avwd«Kvi Avw`evmx `i gvz fvlv cöpj bi e cv i h gš e K i Qb, Zv ïay Avwd«Kvi Avw`evmx `i fvlvi Rb B cö hvr bq, cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i fvlv PPv i ÎI Zvi K_vwU cö hvr G Î mikvi KB AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e g~jzt gvz fvlv weewr Z Ges GK fvlv Kw `ªK wk v e e vi P q mgvš ivjfv e gvz fvlvmn wøfvwlk (bilingual intercultural education) wk v e e v wkï `i wk v cö`v bi Î AwaK Dc hvmx e j cögvwyz n q Q eªvwr ji AwaKvsk z j wbi¼zkfv e cöpwjz wqj RvZxq fvlv, czz MxR hvi Kvi Y U ibvfvlx wkïiv wk vi ïi ZB cðvrc` _ K hvq A b K czz MxR fvlv eys Z bv c i cö_g kªyx ZB A bk eqi e q K i 1998 mv ji b f ^ i GKRb c` wk v Awdmvi vbxq zj jv cwi`k b K i `L jb h, cª_g kªyxi 74% wkïb czz MxR fvlv co Z I wjl Z cv i bv wemz 6 gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 21

eq ii AwaKKvj a i 8wU U ibv MÖv gi z j 55% wkï cª qvrbxq fvlv AvqZ Ki Z cv iwb, hvi Øviv Zviv wøzxq kªyx Z DËxY n Z cvi e GB U ibvfvlx A j S o cov wkïi nvi wqj LyeB DuPz GB cwiw wz A bk vbxq gvbyl K DwØMœ K i Zv j GKwU Zi Y U ibv ` úwz Laucidio Sebastiao I Lindomar welqwu wb R `i nv Z Zz j wb jb Zviv GK`j wkï K cov Z ïi Ki jb wkïiv U ibv fvlvq co Z I wjl Z klvi cvkvcvwk z ji covïbvi Pvwj q Mj `Lv Mj h wkïiv Lye `ª Z U ibv fvlvq co Z I wjl Z wk L Q, czz MxR fvlvq wk v MÖn Yi cöwµqv K evavmª bv K ib wbr ^ gvz fvlvq wk v MÖn Yi d j h AvZ wek vm Zviv AR b K i Q mb AvZ wek vmb Zv `i K mn hvwmzv K i Q Lye `ª Z 2q fvlv wn m e czz MxR fvlv wkl Z 1999 mv ji deª qvix gv m NUbvwU m ú K Taunay Gi U ibv Aaÿ wlz A ji zj jvi e vcv i `vwqz kxj wk v mwpe AewnZ n j wzwb Nancy Butler K mlv b wøfvlvwfwëk GKwU wk v cökí cwipvjbvi cö ve `b Ges 22 deª qvix 1999 Grasso do sul-gi wzbwu MÖv gi z j GB wk v cö`vb ïi Kiv nq Taunay-Gi wk v mwpe 1999 mv j Ryb gv m GKB zj wj hlb cybtcwi`k b Ki j `Lv Mj c~ e h wkïiv wk v Mªn Yi mgm v wqj Zv `i 71% mn R co Z Ges wjl Z cvi Q U ibv fvlvq d j 19 k Gwcªj 1999 vbxq mikvi GKwU AvBb cvk K i h, wøfvwlk-avš tmvs wzk (Bilingual Inter-cultural) wk v U ibv A j wgdwbwmc vj zj jv Z eva Zvg~jK Kiv nq BD b vi A bk M elyvq `Lv M Q, gvz fvlvq wk v cö`vb Kiv n j wkïiv wk v MÖn Y AwaK fvj djvdj c q _v K wbdwrj v Û mv cöwzk GK M elyvq `Lv M Q, Avw`evmx gviix wkïiv gvz fvlvq hviv wk v MÖnb K i Q, Zviv ïaygvî Bs irx fvlvq wk v biqv wkï `i Zzjbvq GwM q _v K hy³iv óªi fvwr wbqvi George Mason University-i GKwU M elyv BDwbU KZ K 1985 mvj _ K 15wU iv R i 23wU cöv_wgk we` vj q cix vi djvdj chv jvpbv K i `Lv M Q h, wk v cöwzôv b cix v djvd ji mv _ gvz fvlv wk vi GKUv cöz ev mivmwi m úk i q Q mb QvÎiv me P q fvj irvë K i Q hviv wøfvwlk wk v MÖnY K iwqj IqvwksUb ww.wm.-i Center for Applied Linguistics-Gi KbmvjU v U Nadine Dutcher-Gi g Z, gvz fvlvq wk v MÖn Yi i q Q jvkr I fv evïxck g~j msl vjny QvÎiv GwU e env ii d j wb R `i Av iv ewk m vbxq eva K i gvz fvlvq wk v I eûfvwlk wk vi µgea gvb nv i MÖnY hvm Zv evo Q mviv wek Ry ob wøfvwlk wk v ev eûfvwlk wk vi mv _ mv _ gvz fvlvq wk vi cöwz AvMÖn m wó Kiv BD b vi NvlYvc Î GKwU bzzb bxwzgvjv m ev cwi fvlv K GLb MY Kiv n Q Rb Mvôxi cwiwpwzi GKwU Awe Q` Ask wn m e, hv mvs K wzk ˆewP Î i Dbœq b fvlvi Acwimxg i Z K ^xk wz w` q Q wkš GZ wkqz m Ë I wkqz cöwzeükzv i q M Q we klfv e ivr bwzk cöwzükzv GLv b D j L hvm BD b v Promotion of Quality Education-Gi wmwbqi cövmövg we klá Linda King-Gi g Z, Òfvlv welqk mkj wm vš B n Q ivr bwzkó Avevi QvÎ `i K gvz fvlvq wk v cö`v bi e vcv i wzwb e j Qb, ÒwKfv e Zv `i wk v `qv n e mb Kjv KŠkjMZ w`ki GLv b RwoZ g~j welqwu n jv zj e e vq Zv `i fvlvi cöwz g bv hvm I eazv `vb Kiv Zvi mv _ mv _ QvÎ-QvÎx `i K RvZxq Ges we `kx fvlvq cö ekvwakvi `vb KivÓ Avevi divmx jlk Louis Jean Calvet-Gi g Z, Òfvlv jvi hy n jv memgqb GKwU e nëi hy i AskÓ g~jz Avw`evmx `i Rxe b fvlv, ms wz I f~wg- GB wzbwu welq ci úi A½v½x I Awe Q` fv e msjmœ fvlv I ms wzi g a i q Q Mfxi AvZ xqzv Avw`evmx `i mvgwmök Rxeb e e v h nzz f~wgi gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 22

Dci wbf ikxj m nzz Avw`evmx `i f~wgi mv _ fvlv I ms wzi cökœi RwoZ cwðgv RvwZiv óªi aviyvqb mviv wek Ry o Avw`evmx `i fvlv ms wzi wekv ki c _ GK weivu Aš ivq n q `vwo q Q hvi RjR vš D`vniY n Z cv i cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx Rb Mvôxmg~n wbr ^ fvlv ms wz PPv i my hvm Abycw wzi Kvi Y GB Avw`evmx `i RvwZMZ wekvk mvwaz nqwb A_P Avw`evmx `i gvz fvlvq wk v c wz cöpjb K i wk v cöwzôv bi wfz i I evb i fvlv PPv i g Zv AbyK~j ev ezv m wó Kivi g Zv ivr bwzk wm vš M wnz n j cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmxivI RvZxq ms wzi h_v_ Askx`vwiZ AR b Ki Z cviz hvi Kvi Y gvz fvlvq wk v e e v cªyq bi Î ivr bwzk wm vš I mw` Qv e vcviwui A ^xkvi Kiv hvq bv hy³iv R i Summer Institute of Linguistics-Gi Avš R vwzk Kg m~pxi cöv³b cöavb Clinton Robinson Gi g Z Òfor a Multilingual approach to work, governments must see linguistic divetsity as a boon and not a problem to be delth with. The speakers of those languages must also support itó 5 G Î Avw`evmx `i gvz fvlv cöpj bi Î h_v_ cwifvlvi NvUwZI Kg cöwzeükzv bq Kbbv `xn w`b a i Ae nwjz I ewâz fvlv jv Z h_v_ e env ii Afv e AvaywbK mf Zvi Dc hvmx cwifvlv ˆZwi n Z cv iwb hvi Rb AvBbMZ, e emvwqk, KzU bwzk Ges cöhyw³mz A bk kãfvûvi m R bi cö Póv Avek K gvz fvlvq wk v cö`v bi c~ e G jvii cö qvrbxqzv i q Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi eg Avw`evmx Rb Mvwôi fvlv M elyv K i Z_ cviqv M Q, mb fvlvq gvî 350 _ K 700 kã i q Q Gi Ab Zg KviY n jv `xn w` bi Ae njvi Kvi Y Ges mvgvwrk MwZkxjZvi Afv e AvaywbK mf Zvi Dc hvwm cwifvlv h _ó cwigv Y Drcbœ n Z c iwb fvlv h nzz ms wzi evnb, m nzz fvlvi g Zz i mv _ mv _ Kvb Rb Mvôxi ms wzii h Acg Zz NU e GK_v Kvb g ZB A ^xkvi Kivi Dcvq bb hvi Kvi Y cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i fvlv-ms wz i vi Rb Zv `i gvz fvlvq wk v c wz cöpjb I ev e Rxe b GB fvlv jv K PP v Kivi gz AbyKzj cwiw wz m wó K i `evi Kvb wekí bb cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx PvKgv I Z½ v `i i q Q fvlvi wjwlz iƒcvkvi ÔPvKgv cövbgviõ GQvovI wjwlz cvûywjwc i q Q Zvn&wjK kv, kv OP dyjy Zviv, AvNi Zviv, ivavgb-abcỳ x cvjv, eš iwäkv cöf wz gvigv I PvK Rb Mvôxi i q Q fvlvi wjwlz iƒc ÔPv AvK&LªvÕ GQvov gvigv `i i q Q n wjwlz cvûywjwc Ôgbnvwi cvslysõ, KKvby cvslys, _vgªv cvslys, Dw`bv Kvc v-cöf wz wîcyiv Rb Mvôxi i q Q ÔKK&eiK& Avw`wk võ, gªv Rb Mvôx i q Q fvlvi wewfbœ wjwlz iƒc _yivb jvb- K vdwg, Zswg wzqv cövpn& cöf wz agx q Mvb, Mí I Ava vwz K Z Ë i MÖš vejx wlªóvb ag vej ^x Lywg `i i q Q wbr ^ fvlvq ivgvb e Y jlv evb ej I agx q m½xz gvqvbgv i wekc R vd½ KZ K cöyxz 28 c ôve vcx Lywg fvlvq jlv cöv_wgk wk vi Rb ÔLygx-Pv-AvgvwUD-Bqvn&-Õ bvgk cȳ K i q Q e j Rvbv hvq eg, jymvb I cvs Lvqv `i ey gvjv g~jzt GKB G `i Bawm Bu-Bulbu bvgk A i Áv bi eb i q Q cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i g a GKgvÎ wlqvs Rb MvôxiB fvlvi Kvb wjwlziƒc bb G Î ey bvz K fvlvz Ë i (Discriptive linguistics) mn hvwmzv bqv h Z cv i GB ey bvz K fvlvz Ë i M elyvq cö_ gb Kvb fvlvq e eüz aewb jv K wpwýz K i wkfv e aÿwb jv ci úi hy³ n q e eüz nq, mb ixwz jv Lyu R ei Kiv nq Gici ey bvz K fvlvz Ë i Øviv Avš R vwzk aÿwbmz ey gvjvi (International phonetic Alphabet-IPA) mvnv h fvlvq e eüz aÿwb jv K wjwce Kiv nq GB IPA ˆZwi K i Q fvlvzë we`iv hvi Øviv c w_exi h Kvb fvlv K wjwce Kiv m e cve Z PÆMÖv gi h mg Rb Mvôxi GL bv fvlvi Kvb wjwlz iƒc bb, Zv `i Î IPA-Gi gva g cökí bqv h Z cv i cve Z PÆMªv gi DcRvZxq mvs wzk BbwówUDU jv (iv½vgvwu/lvmovqwo/ ev `ievb) gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 23

cöwzwôz nevi ci Avw`evmx `i fvlv I ms wzmz Kvh µg wkqyuv MwZkxj n ji GB cöwzôvb jvi Kh µg Av iv ewk Rvi`vi Kivi cö qvrbxqzv i q Q wewkó jlk I gvigv fvlv-cöwk K K kcö gvigv fvlv I ey gvjv e env ii Rb K qkwu cö qvm Î wpwýz K iwq jb: 1) gvigv mvwnz, gvigv Abyev` mvwnz I m wókxj wkík g i Î, 2) MYwk v, MYms hvm, MY ^v, wbdr ey jwub m cöpv ii Î, 3) ag vbyôvb, mvgvwrk Abyôvb, ivóªxq ev RvZxq wbev Pb, mvsmvwbk Kvh µ gi Î, 4) gvigv mvgvwrk I cö_vmz AvBb K msi Y I Dbœqbg~jK Kvh µ g, 5) gvigv gvz fvlv wk v, PP v I wekv ki Kvh µ g, 6) e vbvi, mvbb evw, cîvjvc, evz v cöiy cöf wz Î, 7) AvÂwjK gvigv fvlv K RvZxq I Avš R vwzk fvlvi m ½ gîx- mzyeüb Movi Î, 8) gvigv mvgvwrk µxovbyôvb I mvs wzk Abyôv b, 9) mvgvwrk DØy Ki Y, Kzms vi `yixki Y, bxwz- bwzkzv eva I g~j eva m wó K g, 10) gvigv A i Ávb wfwëk Iqvj g vm, wjuj g vm, g vmvwrb cökvkbv I gvigv fvlvi M elyv K g, 11) gvigv mgvr I cwiev i A iávb cö qvm K g, 12) Aaybv Kw úduv i gvigv d U mshy³ niqvq H Kw úduvi K e envi, 13) gvigv wkï -wk v I gvigv fvlv wk vi Kvh µ g, cöf wz D j L h, gvigv fvlv I ey gvjv cö qv Mi Rb h Î jv wpwýz Kiv n q Q m jv ïaygvî gvigv fvlvi Rb cö hvr bq, cve Z PÆMÖ gi mkj Avw`evmxi Rb B G Î jv cö hvr kl K_v t Av jvpbvi ïi Z Avgiv GKwU M íi AeZvobv K iwqjvg M í Avw`evmx wkï ewjivg K Zvi wk K gvz fvlvi bvg wr Ám K iwq jb ewjivg mwvk DËi `evi cii Zv K kvw c Z n qwqj Ges Zvi wk Ki cö`vb Kiv wk v ü`q½g Ki Z bv c i zj _ K cvwj q eu PwQj wkš ewjiv gi gz Avi Kvb Avw`evmx wkï K hb Gfv e zj _ K cvwj q evup Z bv nq, Zvi Rb cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i fvlv mikvix c ô cvlkzvq cöpjb Kiv nvk Ges mb fvlv jv hv Z cwic~y fv e wekvk n Z cv i Zvi R b AbyK~j ev ezv Zwi Kiv nvk Ges GUvB nvk Avš R vwzk gvz fvlv w`em D`hvc bi g~j j I D Ïk mycvwik t 1) Avš R vwzk mb` jvi Av jv K Avw`evmx fvlv jv K ivóªxq ev mvsweavwbkfv e ^xk wz cö`v bi Rb mikvi K ivr bwzk wm vš MÖn Y cöfvwez Kiv G j RvZxq I Avš R vwzk ch v q cö qvrbxq jwe I K v úbb Rvi`vi Kiv 2) MY-cÖRvZš x evsjv `k mikv ii mg AvBb, NvlYv, `wjj cöf wz cve Z PÆMÖv gi Avw`evmx `i fvlvq cökvk Kiv gv qi fvlvq co Z PvB 24