Field Crop Diseases Handbook

Field Crop Diseases Handbook

FIELD CROP DISEASES HANDBOOK Second Edition Robert F. Nyvall, Ph.D. Professor, Plant Pathology and Superintendent, University of Minnesota North Central Experiment Station Grand Rapids, Minnesota

Copyright 1989 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Ori.gina1ly published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1989 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1989 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-20776 ISBN 978-1-4757-5223-6 AII rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any meansgraphic, electronic, or mechan:ical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher. 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NyvalI, Robert F. Field crop diseases handbook / Robert F. Nyvall. - 2nd ed. p. cm. "An AVI book." Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4757-5223-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-5221-2 (ebook) DOI 10.10071978-1-4757-5221-2 1. Field crops-diseases and pests-handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Plant diseases-handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Phytopathogenic microorganisms-control-handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Title. SB731.N94 1989 633'.0893-dc19 88-20776 CIP

To Martha, Nathan, and Sandra; and to my parents, Gertrude and Robert.

Contents Preface / xiii 1 DISEASES OF ALFALFA Bacterial Causes / 1 Fungal Causes / 4 Mycoplasmal Causes / 28 Caused by Nematodes / 29 Viral Causes / 30 1 2 DISEASES OF BARLEY Bacterial Causes / 37 Fungal Causes / 40 Mycoplasmal Causes / 68 Caused by Nematodes / 68 Viral Causes / 71 37 3 DISEASES OF BUCKWHEAT Fungal Causes / 87 87 4 DISEASES OF CORN Bacterial Causes / 91 Fungal Causes / 97 Mycoplasmal and Spiroplasmal Causes / 141 Caused by Nematodes / 142 Viral Causes / 146 91 5 DISEASES OF COTTON Bacterial Causes / 171 Fungal Causes / 173 Mycoplasmal Causes / 198 Caused by Nematodes / 199 Viral Causes / 201 171 vii

viii CONTENTS 6 DISEASES OF CRAMBE Fungal Causes / 211 Viral Causes / 213 211 7 DISEASES OF FIELD BEANS Bacterial Causes / 215 Fungal Causes / 220 Mycoplasmal Causes / 237 Caused by Nematodes / 238 Viral Causes / 239 215 8 DISEASES OF FLAX 251 Fungal Causes / 251 Mycoplasmal Causes / 261 Viral Causes / 261 Physiologic or Weather- Oriented Problems / 262 9 DISEASES OF MILLET 265 Bacterial Causes / 265 Fungal Causes / 266 Viral Causes / 277 Diseases of Unknown Etiology / 278 10 DISEASES OF OATS 281 Bacterial Causes / 281 Fungal Causes / 284 Mycoplasmal Causes / 300 Caused by Nematodes / 301 Viral Causes / 304 Physiological Disorders / 308 11 DISEASES OF PEANUT Bacterial Causes / 311 Fungal Causes / 312 Mycoplasmal Causes / 335 Caused by Nematodes / 335 Rickettsial Causes / 338 Viral Causes / 339 311

CONTENTS ix 12 DISEASES OF RAPESEED (CANOLA) AND MUSTARD 351 Bacterial Causes / 351 Fungal Causes / 352 Mycoplasmal Causes / 360 Viral Causes / 361 Disorders of Unknown Cause / 361 13 DISEASES OF RED CLOVER 365 Bacterial Causes / 365 Fungal Causes / 366 Mycoplasmal Causes / 379 Caused by Nematodes / 380 Viral Causes / 381 14 DISEASES OF RICE 385 Bacterial Causes / 385 Fungal Causes / 390 Mycoplasmal Causes / 407 Caused by Nematodes / 407 Viral Causes / 409 Disorders of Abiotic or Unknown Cause / 420 15 DISEASES OF RYE 427 Bacterial Causes / 427 Fungal Causes / 429 Mycoplasmal Causes / 444 Caused by Nematodes / 445 Viral Causes / 447 16 DISEASES OF SAFFLOWER 451 Bacterial Causes / 451 Fungal Causes / 452 Mycoplasmal Causes / 459 Viral Causes / 460 17 DISEASES OF SORGHUM 465 Bacterial Causes / 465 Fungal Causes / 468

x CONTENTS Mycoplasmal Causes / 491 Caused by Nematodes / 491 Viral Causes / 493 Disorders of Unknown Cause / 498 18 DISEASES OF SOYBEANS Bacterial Causes / 503 Fungal Causes / 508 Mycoplasmal Causes / 538 Caused by Nematodes / 539 Viral Causes / 543 Disorders of Unknown Cause / 551 503 19 DISEASES OF SUGARBEETS Bacterial Causes / 561 Fungal Causes / 564 Caused by Nematodes / 581 Rickettsial Causes / 584 Viral Causes / 585 561 20 DISEASES OF SUGARCANE Bacterial Causes / 597 Fungal Causes / 601 Caused by Nematodes / 629 Viral Causes / 631 597 21 DISEASES OF SUNFLOWERS Bacterial Causes / 639 Fungal Causes / 641 Mycoplasmal Causes / 654 Caused by Nematodes / 654 Viral Causes / 655 Nonparasitic Causes / 656 639 22 DISEASES OF TOBACCO Bacterial Causes / 661 Fungal Causes / 669 Mycoplasmal Causes / 687 Caused by Nematodes / 689 Viral Causes / 693 Disorders Caused by Higher Plants / 704 661

CONTENTS xi 23 DISEASES OF WHEAT Bacterial Causes / 709 Fungal Causes / 714 Mycoplasmal Causes / 749 Caused by Nematodes / 750 Caused by Viroids / 754 Viral Causes / 754 709 24 DISEASES OF WILD RICE Bacterial Causes / 777 Fungal Causes / 778 Miscellaneous Nematodes / 782 Viral Causes / 783 777 Glossary / 785 Index / 791

Preface The purpose of Field Crop Diseases Handbook is to provide basic information in one volume on the diseases of many of the world's important field crops. The second edition contains considerably more information than the first edition. The first edition contained information on over 800 different diseases; the second edition includes information on approximately 1,200 diseases of 25 different plants. Investigations of the causal organisms continually contribute new knowledge or modify existing facts. Information on many of the diseases included in the first edition has either been expanded or modified in light of new research. The purpose of the book, however, remains the same: to provide information on diseases of field crops in one volume to workers and students in all phases of agriculture. The organization of the book also remains basically the same. Diseases are grouped by causal organism and are then listed in each group alphabetically by common name. While some may criticize this method due to the variation in common names, it has proven to be a helpful way to categorize diseases, especially for nonplant pathologists. To facilitate finding a disease, other common names for the same disease are listed. The writing of such a book, of necessity, entails some frustration. Taxonomically, genera and species of some organisms have undergone numerous changes. However, some of these changes may not be universally accepted. Therefore, the use of a latin binomial for a causal organism may not be standard among different scientists working on the same organism. Terms and descriptions may vary among plant pathologists and other scientists. Although, in my judgment, I have attempted to select the most common latin binomials and terms, I ask the indulgence of those who may not agree with my choices. Most important, the value of a book such as this lies in its usefulness to its intended audience. If this book helps one student to identify the cause of a disease or one agricultural professional to understand how a disease happens, then its worth is vindicated. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following people: Mrs. Carolyn Frings for her help in the preparation of this manuscript, Erik Biever for his assistance in locating material and for the loan of the keys to the library, friends who have urged me on by asking "Is the book done yet?" and my mother for helping me to appreciate the value of plants. xiii