Introduction to IMP: need and added value Christophe Le Visage Consultant Stratégies Mer et Littoral 1
Summary IMP : Why? The case for integration 1 What is IMP? 2 Content, process IMP: Added Value 3 2
IMP: why?? Growing awareness of maritime issues XX : Century of Space XXI : Century of Ocean... More and more people live close to the sea More and more activities extend to maritime zones Energy, minerals, farming, networks, leisure No globalisation without maritime activities Cheap and safe transport, internet Change is global, the Ocean is central New threats, new risks, new hopes 3
MARITIME ACTIVITIES Regulation and policy Short history of (I)MPs 1000 BC 0 1000 2000 Fisheries and aquaculture Maritime transport and ports Shipbuilding and repair Telecommunications, cables Intensity of activities Oil and gas Yachting, boating, recreation Maritime and coastal tourism, cruises Ocean energy Desalination, etc. Intensity of regulation ICZM UNCLOS IMP Integration 4
Ocean: growing need for policy Situation Response: regulation/policy Independent local and individual maritime activities No regulation or policy ( Freedom of the Sea ) Some cross-sectoral interactions Minimum regulation (operational) (nat/internat) Large scale strategies brought by economic sectors or organisations Globalization of maritime issues, including environmental impacts Need to ensure: - Sound management of marine resources - Environmental integration (ecosystem based management) - Exercise by coastal States of their rights and obligations - Optimal valorisation of commons Sectoral regulation by States International framework for regulation/policies (UNCLOS, IMO, FAO) POLICY a set of high level general interest objectives, shared by all stakeholders (willing or not...), implemented through a consistent set of actions by public stakeholders and regulations of privates activities. Are sectoral policies sufficient??? 5
Now, many policies, not coordinated Environment and risks Natural resources Defence and security International Research and innovation Country Planning Sectoral policies Cross-cutting policies Maritime transport and ports Oil and Gas Fisheries and aquaculture Shipbuilding Yachting and leisure Tourism and cruises Marine energy and networks Planning and infrastructures Telecoms (cables) Desalination, etc. NB: many sectoral maritime policies are just regulatory frameworks : policy mainly a regulatory response to private initiatives. No vision. 6
The case for integration Cost of non-integration Conflicts: for space, resources Risks Overexploitation of marine resources Environment not represented Growing cumulated pressures Tensions and disputes Misuse of financial and human resources Double countings Poor management Lack of visibility of marine/maritime issues Potential benefits from integration Better allocation/distribution Reduced risks Sustainable use of resources Good Environmental State Stronger and more effective regulatio Cooperation and synergies Pooling of resources Stronger influence at decision level 7
Integration of maritime policies : a general approach to growing concerns International Environment Research and Innovation Maritime Transport & ports Oil & Gas Telecommunications Fisheries & aquaculture Yachting Leisure Aggregates Shipbuilging Energy Infrastructures Tourism Cruises Desalination etc. Integrated Maritime Policy IMP: all existing maritime policies become components of the same inclusive policy 8
Various dimensions of maritime integration Inter-sectoral integration Integration of governance Better cooperation between maritime sectors Better cooperation between maritime stakeholders Better cooperation of all stakeholders (land and sea) for maritime and marine affairs Horizontal integration Avoid «edge effects» (cross-border, etc.) Vertical integration Make strategies and actions consistent at all levels Land-sea integration In coastal zones and across Sectoral integration Better cooperation within each sector Operational integration Make management instruments consistent and efficient (monitoring, knowledge sharing, enforcement, planning) 9
International dimension of integration Most of Ocean is beyond national jurisdictions Major resources Global regulation No physical borders at sea... (e.g. pollution, smuggling) Global International agreements (general or sectoral), management of ABJ Regional seas Subregional National Capital in some areas (e.g. semi-enclosed seas), level for common strategy and coordinated management (e.g. MED, BS) Can be a more efficient scale for management (e.g. Western National is the key level for integrated maritime policy - Above levels: coordination of national policies - Below levels (sub-national, local): mainly implementation of national policies Integration of maritime policies starts at national level 10
Multilevel integration Global : international regulat Regional : RSC, RFMO... Regional cooperation National: central level (international law) Sub-national: result-oriented strategies Local: Implementation, management ICZM 11
IMP a general trend All major maritime powers have defined their maritime policy, most of them are fully integrated policies 12
Environment and risks Spatial Planning International relations Research and Innovation Natural Resources Defence and security IMP Integrated Maritime Policy: reference framework Existing policies Cross-cutting policies Missing components Sectoral policies Maritime transport and ports Oil and gas Fisheries and aquaculture Shipbuilding and repair Yachting, boating, recreation Maritime and coastal tourism, cruises Marine renewable energy, networks Planning and infrastructures Telecommunications, cables Desalination, etc. 13
What is IMP? Consistent set of Sectoral policies Cross-cutting and transverse policies Supporting common high-level objectives National maritime vision Including international agreements, etc. Based on common principles Supported by a consistent set of instruments Implemented through a coherent legal framework E.g. governance, management and allocation of space and resources, benefit sharing «integrated» maritime surveillance, monitoring Maritime spatial planning Sectoral policies Cross-cutting policies E.g. environmental assessment : SEA, EIA ; MSP 14
Building IMP IMP cycle Nested strategies Vertically integrated governance Sectoral Cross-cutting Define objectives Build governance Define consistent strategies Design the common vision Implement Revise Evaluate Integrated instruments Knowledge, monitoring Spatial planning 15
Environme nt Double: policy, and integration Added value of IMP Without IMP With IMP Inacceptable cumulative impacts By construction, IMP allows control Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources of cumulative impacts Man-made risks for environment Reduction and better control of risks Improved and shared knowledge of environ Scattered visions from local to global Consistent environmental management Economy Social Ownership by a few economic sectors Empowerment of citizens and policy-make Citizens and policy-makers not empowered Better allocation of resources Unfair distribution of added value Less conflicts Growing conflicts, no solution Better distribution of added value Coordinated visions between sectors Economic cost of conflicts (space, resources) Pooling of resources, data shared Unsustainable sectors (unsustainable resources) Long term investment possible Uncertainties (law, context) bad for investment Innovation supported Ocean exploitation very capitalistic, no pooling Market solutions inefficient to solve conflicts 16
Potential benefits for maritime sectors Problems Competition for space Competition for resources (e.g. fish) More risks Cost of infrastructures and services (SAR, metoc, COM, monitoring networks...) Regulations not consistent Enforcement Growing environmental pressures What IMP can bring Strategic planning, operational planning, coordinated surveillance Strategic planning, ecosystemic management, quotas, coordinated Long term vision, secure investments Sharing of costs between sectors, between countries Between sectors : cross-sectoral dialogue Between countries: consistent regulations crossborders Pool equipment, information between administrations Limit cumulative impacts on ecosystems, improve application of polluter-payer principle (landbased pollutions) 17
Conclusion For a long time, the Ocean and its resources have been out of democratic control by citizens and policy makers. Public action was limited to minimum regulation of private initiatives This «Freedom of the Sea» is no longer sustainable: the whole Ocean is now open to industrial exploitation, and public intervention is needed to control its environmental impacts, and influence the distribution of benefits The response must be environmental, economic and social; it must encompass all scales from local to global, all sectors, all stakeholders, and both short and long-term IMP is the right systemic response to this complex problem IMP can be designed and implemented consistently at all governance levels, and instruments have been developed to ensure «vertical» integration through nested IMPs The national level is central for any IMP (States are the players in this game) In semi-enclosed seas (MED, BS), it is particularly important that national IMPs are developed in a coordinated way in a regional framework 18
THANK YOU Christophe Le Visage christophe.le.visage@strategies-marines.fr www.strategies-marines.fr 19