Ge ttin g S yste m H e lp --- Th e m an C om m an d

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r o k i_f moëo hjulv Uhu žðÿ ƒ V 3 µ у su fsi tƒ 3 Ò ³ÓÔ º²j ÄÕŒ ¹ ± º²» ¼ Ö ÒØVÙÚ"Û7Ü ÝØVÙµÞcß&à«ÙÇáâVã±äÙåÞ+æVØOâç ÚèâÑé éoþ_ßà)ùèê Ö ë$û9âôéºì3áøoí_âôéoéoþcß&àïî+ûâðéoñèìóòìôôñøôõðéoþ_ß ö ÞÑß"ô Ú'âðé éïþñß&àñ ~ø ¼j xಳù ù Åy µâú ÖïûxÜ üðøvùµþïú"âðé ñ+ý Ø$ì7Ø ì3äèìâðûü ÞÔýÇâðß«ÙÇñØ)ÚÜ çü ÚyÞ_ñ)ñ)ý Ü ÚÞVìåÜ âñß Þcß&à"þ âñû ÚèâÑé é ÞcßàÔê Ö«ÿ üñþôüý Þ_Ý)ý Ø Ü ß«û -./0 / & 1 2&3 *&* 4 5, 7688 59 1 2 5 *&*$,.8 59 8: ; 59; 8 <, 98 = $Ï Ge ttin g S yste m H e lp --- Th e m an C om m an d Linux to a beginner m ay seem com plex and difficult as there are m any com m ands and files to rem em ber. Fortunately, m ost Linux distributions com e w ith a system help m anual w hich assists a user to use a sw itch in a com m and or edit a file. T o u se m an fro m th e C om m an d P ro m p t In the com m and prom pt, type: # m an [the com m and to lookup] T o get help from the desktop: 1. G o to F edora -> H elp 2. S elect the C ategories and T opics

rœo kpicf moëo hulv [hju! f"# hòulv $ upijhumf fsi% Getting Online Help --- Tutorials and HOWTOs Website docs.linux.com tldp.org -./0 / & 1 2&3 *&* 4 5, 7688 59 1 2 5 *&*$,.8 59 8: ; 59; 8 <, 98 = Ge ttin g O n lin e H e lp T he are m any w ebsites that offers tutorials and H O W T O s. H ow ever, the quality of these tutorials are num erous and uneven in quality. It is recom m ended that the user visit reputable and reliable w ebsites to obtain help. F urtherm ore, the follow ing w ebsites are quite encom passing covering a w ide range of topics. docs.linux.com D ocs.linux.com is a repository of how tos and tutorials. T his w ebsite usually contains handy tips and tricks on the usage of linux applications. tldp.org linuxdoc.org is the official place w here the Linux D ocum entation Project publishes the "H ow tos", "G uides", and "Man pages". T he docum entation is organized alphabetically and in categories.

rœo k iñf( modo" hòu v hòu! ) fsrïqlfšr Trouble Shooting the X server To kill an application: ALT-F4 To kill X: CTRL-ALT-BACKSPACE -./0 / & 1 2&3 *&* 4 5, 7688 59 1 2 5 *&*$,.8 59 8: ; 59; 8 <, 98 = '& T ro u ble S h o otin g th e X se rve r E ven as the Linux K ernel is know n to be very stable, there are m any applications that are used in Linux know n to be still under developm ent. A pplications that has not been released as stable m ay be use d in an X environm ent. T hese applications m ay contain bugs w hich com prom ises system stability. It is im portant that a user possesses som e X server troubleshooting skills to tac kle these situations. If for som e reason in the G U I environm ent, an application has stopped responding, the follow ing steps can be used to fix the problem : P ro ce d u re : 1. P ress A LT -F 4 to kill an application that has stopped responding. 2. If procedure one doe s not w ork, save all the w ork in other w indow s, and press C TR L-A LT -B AC K SP A C E. T his w ill kill the X server. If the system logs into the system using a graphical interface, then the system w ill end up in the login screen. If the system logs in from the text login interface, the system w ill end up at a com m and prom pt. T ype startx to restart the X server again. If for som e reason the X server fails to start or keeps going back to the

rœo kpicf moëo hulv [hju! npošu-,hh v. r hu@v ) fšrïqlf r Trouble Shooting the X server Configuring X: redhat-config-xfree86 To start the GUI, at command prompt type: startx -./0 / & 1 2&3 *&* 4 5, 7688 59 1 2 5 *&*$,.8 59 8: ; 59; 8 <, 98 = +* /10325476+8:9<;%672=8?> @BAC;ED3A3;GF P ro ce d u re : 1.A t a c omma nd prompt in F edora, type: # redhat-c onfig-xfree86. 2.R econfigure X w ith the m enu. 3. S et the configurations w ith the follow ing values: In S ettings T ab: R esolution: 1024x768 C olor D epth: Millions of C olors In H ardw are T ab: M onitor T ype: C om paq 140 V ideo C ard: Intel 845 If redhat-config-xfree86 fails to run, use the follow ing steps in a com m and prom pt to fix the problem : P ro ce d u re : 1.A t a c omma nd prompt in F edora, type: # X F ree86 -c onfigure 2.Bac kup the old file X F 86Config to X F 86Config.bak by typing: # mv /etc /X 11/X F 86Config /etc /X 11/X F 86Config.bak 3.Co py a newly c reated file X F 86 Config.new in the c urrent direc tory to / etc /X 11/X F 96Config. D o this by typing: # c p./x F 86Config.new /e tc /X 11/X F 86Config 4.Res tart the X s erv er by typing:

rœo kpicf moëo hulv [hju! Uhu IJ?, f K ö Lšf Linux Safe Mode Switching to runlevel 1, Linux's safe mode level. Ö At command prompt, type: telinit 1 Booting to safe mode from GRUB. -./0 / & 1 2&3 *&* 4 5, 7688 59 1 2 5 *&*$,.8 59 8: ; 59; 8 <, 98 = 'H L in u x S afe M o de T he Linux safe m ode is attained by passing an argum ent into the boot param eters. A user m ay w an t to enter this m ode to perform system m aintenance tasks or even for the recovery of the root passw ord. W hen in safe m ore, there is potential that m ore harm can be done to the system if the user is not careful. T o e n te r in to safe m o d e fro m GR U B P ro ce d u re : 1. R eboot the system and at the G R U B boot im age selection m enu, press e to add a param eter to the boot param eters. 2. U se the arrow key to select the line w ith kernel......... and press e again. 3. G o to the end of the line and add the w ord single. 4. P ress b to boot w ith the param eters. A fter entering the param eter, the boot process should boot as norm al and drop the user at a com m and prom pt w ithout logging in. W hen the required tasks is done in the safe m ode, type exit to continue w ith the rest of the boot process.

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