$bq>u ehammr nmíd ^y r

àh$au n{hbo $bq>u ehammr nmíd ^y r 1.1 àmñvm{dh$gmvmam {Oëh`mVrb $bq>u eha ho EH$ AmYw{ZH$ ^mavmà`m B{VhmgmV amoh$s`, gm m{oh$ d gm ñh ${VH$Ñï>`m hîdmmo eha åhuyz AmoiIbo OmVo. $bq>u ehamg $ma àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ amoh$s` gm m{oh$ d gm ñh ${VH$ B{Vhmg Amho. $bq>u ehamg àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ B{Vhmg Agbm Var $bq>u ho eha Iè`m AWm Zo B.g.1327 nmgyz ApñVÎdmV Ambo hmovo. B.g.1284 Ü`o $bq>u ho EH$ g ñwmz åhuyz ApñVÎdmV Ambo hmovo. `m $bq>u g ñwmzmmr ñwmnzm n{hbm {Z ~amo `mzo Ho$br. B.g.1284 Vo 1948 n` V `m $bq>u g ñwmzmv {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mV EHy$U n Mdrg amá`h$vo hmod$z Jobo. 17 ì`m evh$mv N>ÌnVr {edmor hmamom Zr {h Xdr ñdamá`mmr ñwmnzm Ho$br. Voìhm N>.{edmOr hmamom À`m ^mogbo KamÊ`mer $bq>u `owrb {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mMm ñzohmmm d ZmË`mMm g ~ Y hmovm. amr>`m À`m B{VhmgmV $bq>u `owrb ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mZo $ma mor>r H$m {Jar Ho$br Amho. gz 1818 gmbr noedmb Mm eodq> {~«{Q>em Zr Ho$bm. Voìhm hmamï³>mvrb gd amr>r g ñwmzo B J«Om Mr m S>{bH$ ~Zbr. VoìhmnmgyZ $bq>u eha d gmvmam eha `m À`mV OdiMo g ~ Y {Z m U Pmbo. $bq>u ehammm {dh$mg Iè`m AWm Zo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gwê$ Pmbm. `m ehamà`m {dh$mgmr>r lr_ V wymooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m À`m H$ma{H$XuV gz 1868 Ü`o $bq>u ZJan{afXoMr ñwmnzm Pmbr. Va lr_ V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m Zr $bq>u ehammm {dh$mgmg hmv^ma bmdbm. VoìhmnmgyZ $bq>u ehammm {dh$mg ZJan{afXo m $V hmod$ bmjbm. ehamvrb ñdàn>vm, {Xdm~Îmr, añvo, ~momanor> `m gdmªmr ì`dñwm ZJan{afXo m $V Ho$br OmD$ bmjbr. Voìhm 9

r mâ`m emoy à~ Ym Ü`o " $bq>u ZJan{afXoMm B[Vhmg' `m {df`m Ü`o ZJan{afXog ~ YrMr g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. 1.2 à~ YmMo erf H$ $bq>u ZJan[afXoMm B{Vhmg (1868 Vo 1948) 1.3 g emoyz {df`mmr {ZdS> AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV àemgz ì`dñwo Ü`o ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwmzm $ma hîd Amho. $bq>u ZJan[afXoÀ`m àemgzmmm AÚmnn` V `m nõvrzo H$moUrhr Aä`mg Ho$bobm Zmhr. $bq>u ZJan[afXoMo d {eï>` åhuoo ^mavmv ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Mm àma ^ Am{U {dh$mg JìhZ a OZab bm S > [anz `m À`m H$ma{H$XuV (B.g.1881 Vo 1884) Pmbm. mì Ë`mnydu $bq>u Ü`o VoWrb bmoh$m{^ wi g ñwm{zh$ lr V wymoor hmamo `m À`m àoauozo B.g.1868 Ü`o ñwmnz Pmbobr hr ZJa n[afx Amho. åhuyz {VÀ`m H$m`m Mm AmYma d gdm JrU Aä`mg ìhmdm, `m AZwf JmZo hm {df` {ZdS>bm Amho. ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm `m bmoh$emhr {ejumà`m àmw{ H$ emim mzë`m OmVmV. AmY{ZH$ H$mimV ^mavmgma»`m bmoh$emhr àymz amï³>mvrb ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Mo H$m` hîdnyu Amho. hmamï³> ho nwamojm r KQ>H$ amá` AgyZ Ë`mVrb ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm À`m H$m`m Mm B{Vhmg Aä`mgUo {ZpíMV ^mdr H$mimV Cn`wŠV R>aUma Amho. $bq>u ZJan[afX hr ^mavmv {~«Q>re gah$mazo ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm {df`h$ H$m`Xm H$ê$Z Ë`m Mr gah$ma m $V ñwmnzm d {dh$mg H$aÊ`mMr à{h«$`m gwê$ hmoê`mnydu $bq>u eham Ü`o bmoh$m{^ wi g ñwm{zh$ lr V wymooramdm Zr $bq>u ehammm gdm JrU {dh$mg hmoê`mh$arvm B.g.1868 Ü`o $bq>u ZJan[aîmXoMr ñwmnzm Ho$br. hr ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Amho. AÚmn `m ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwoà`m H$m`m Mm gmh$ë`mzo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm H$moUË`mhr Aä`mgH$mZo à`ëz Ho$bobm Zmhr. åhuyz `m g emoyz àh$ënmv J V $bq>u ZJan[afXoMm B.g.1868 Vo 1948 `m H$mimV 10

Ho$boë`m H$m_[JarMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm {df` {ZdS>bm Amho. 1.4 g emoyz {df`mmm H$mbI S> g emoyz {df`mmm H$mbI S> hm B.g.1868 Vo 1948 Agm Amho. H$maU `m H$mbI S>mV B.g.1868 Ü`o $bq>u ZJan[afXoMr ñwmnzm Pmbr. `m H$mbI S>mV $bq>uà`m ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mV XmoZ H$V ~Jma amoo hmod$z Jobo Vo åhuoo lr V wymooramámo d lr V mbmooramoo `m Zr Amnë`m H$ma{H$XuV AZoH$ hîdnyu gwymaum Ho$ë`m. $bq>u g ñwmz àjverb ~Zdbo Ë`m wio ZJan[afXoMm hr {dh$mg Pmbobm hmovm. 1.5 g emoyzmmr C{Ôï>o 1) $bq>u ZJan[afXoÀ`m ñwmnzo mjrb CÔoí`m Mo {díbofu H$aUo. 2) $bq>u ZJan[afXoMm ñwmnzonmgyz AmT>mdm KoUo. 3) $bq>u ZJan[afXoÀ`m {dh$mgmmm Aä`mg H$aUo. 4) $bq>u ZJan[afXoÀ`m àemgh$s` g amuomm Aä`mg H$aUo. 5) $bq>u ZJan{fXoZo ehamvrb bmoh$m À`m Amamo½`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m H$m mmm AmT>mdm KoUo. 6) $bq>u ZJan{fXoÀ`m CËnÝZ d IMm Mm AmT>mdm KoUo. 7) $bq>u ZJan{fXoZo ehamvrb Ho$boë`m e j{uh$ H$m`m Mm AmT>mdm KoUo. 8) $bq>u ZJan{afXo wio $bq>u ehammm {dh$mg H$gm Pmbm ho nmhuo. 9) lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m À`m H$ma{H$XuVrb $bq>u ZJan[afXoMm AmT>mdm KoUo. 11

10) $bq>u ZJan[afXog mý`dam Zr ^oq>r XoD$Z gwm{dboë`m gwymaum Mm AmT>mdm KoUo. 1.6 g emoyzmmr J {hvho$ 1) $bq>u ZJan[afXo wio $bq>u ehammm {dh$mg Pmbm. 2) $bq>u ZJanm[afXoMr àemgh$s` g amzm {dh$gzerb hmovr. 3) $bq>u ZJan[afXoZo ehammr ñdàn>vm H$ê$Z bmoh$m À`m Amamo½`mMr {deof H$miOr KoVbr Amho. 4) $bq>u ZJan[afXoZo CËnÝZ d IM `m Mm oi KmbyZ $bq>u ehammm {dh$mgmh$so> bj {Xbobo Amho. 5) $bq>u ZJan[afXoZo ñwmnzonmgyz {eju ì`dñwov `mojxmz {Xbo Amho. 6) $bq>u ehamà`m ZmJar H$ma^mamgmR>r ZJan[afXoMr ñwmnzm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 7) $bq>u ZJan[afXoMm {dh$mg lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m À`m H$ma{H$XuV mor>`m à mumda Pmbm. 1.7 g emoyz g ñ`m g emoyzmvrb n{hbr nm`ar åhuoo g emoyz H$emMo H$amd`mMo ho R>a{dUo d eãxmv m S>Uo hmò. $bq>u ehamà`m gdmªjru {dh$mgmv ZJan[afXoMm hîdmmm dmq>m Amho. ZJan[afXo wio ehamà`m {dh$mgmbm MmbZm { iyz {eñv~õnuo {dh$mg hmov Ambm Amho. $bq>u ehamvrb bmoh$m Mr AmOMr àjvr msy>z `oê`mg d Ë`mVrb mzdr KQ>H$mda n[aum KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r ZJan[afXoZo {d{dy CnH«$ am~{dbo hmovo. H$moUË`mhr ehammr gm m{oh$ d Am{W H$ pñwvr nydunojm àjvrerb ~ZV AgVo. `mmo H$maU Ë`m g momvrb 12

bmoh$m À`m gd M ~m~vrv Amem-AmH$m jmv gmvë`mzo hmoumam ~Xb hmò. Ë`mmdê$ZM ehamà`m {dh$mgmmr à{v^m R>a{dbr OmVo. gxamm g emoyzmmm {df` $bq>u ZJan[afXoMm B{Vhmg (1868 Vo 1948) hm Amho. hm {df` {ZdS>Ê`mMo H$maU åhuoo $bq>u eham Yrb g mommm gdmªjru {dh$mg hmoê`mg $bq>u ZJan[afXoMo mor>o `mojxmz Amho. åhuyz $bq>u ehamvrb `m ZJan[afXoÀ`m ñwmnzonmgyz Vo ^mavmg ñdmv Í` { imë`mz VaMm B{Vhmg g{dñva {Xbobm Amho. `m Ü`o ZJan[afXoZo ehammm {dh$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r am~{dbobo {d{dy CnH«$ mmr g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. $bq>u ehamg ZJan[afX hr EH$ daxmz R>abobr Amho. åhuyzm hm {df` {ZdS>bm Amho. 1.8 {gõm V H$ënZm 1) $bq>u ehamg Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmagm Amho. 2) ZJan[afXoÀ`m ñwmnzo wio $bq>u ehammm {dh$mg Pmbm. 3) $bq>u ZJan[afXoZo ehammr ñdàn>vm H$ê$Z bmoh$m À`m Amamo½`mMr {deof H$miOr KoVbr. 4) ZJan[afXoZo $bq>u ehamvrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ ñwim Mo OVZ Ho$bo. 5) ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm À`m mü` mvyz OZVog {eju { ivo. 1.9 g emoyzmmr ì`már d `m Xm g ~ {YV g emoyz {df`mmr ì`már 1868 Vo 1948 `m H$mimnwaVr `m {XV AgyZ $bq>u ZJan[afXoÀ`m ñwmnzonmgyz 80 dfm À`m H$mbI S>mMm Aä`mg H$aUma Amho. Voìhm `m ZJan[afXoMm B{Vhmg hm hmamï³>mer g ~ {YV Amho. `m ZJan[afXoÀmm {dh$mg $bq>uà`m ZmB H$-{Z ~mih$a `m amokamê`mzo H$obm. Voìhm `m KamÊ`mMm g ~ Y hm $bq>u gh g nyu hmamï³>^a hmovm. Ë`m wio `m 13

ZJn[afXog Á`m AZoH$ mý`dam Zr ^oq>r {Xboë`m AmhoV. Ë`m wio ZJan[afXo~m~V Ë`m Zr Á`m gwmzm gwm{dë`m AmhoV Ë`mMm g ~ Y hm hmamï³>mer `ovmo. Ë`m wio `m {df`mmr ì`már dmt>br Amho. $bq>u ZJan[afXoMm B{Vhmg nhmv AgVmZm Oar `m ZJan[afXoMm g ~ Y hmamï³>mer `Vo Agbm Var r `m emoyà~ YmVyZ Ho$di $bq>u ZJan[afX d `m ZJan[afXoZo ehamg ~Yr Ho$bobo H$m` `mmm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. VgoM `m ZJan[afXoMm B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ëz Ho$bobm Amho. 1.10 g emoyz V Ì àñvwv g emoyz {df`mmm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm g emoyzmà`m H$mhr V ÌmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `mgmr>r yi {df`mà`m g X^m Vrb gmyzm Mo àmw{ H$ gmyzo d Xwæ` gmyzo Ago {d^moz H$ê$Z {ZdS>boë`m gmyzm À`m AmYmao àñvwv {df`mmo {díbofu Ho$bo Amho. {ZdS>boë`m gmyzm À`m AmYmao KQ>Zm Mr gë`vm VnmgÊ`mV Ambr Amho. àñvwv gmyzm À`m AmYmao ViQ>rnm {Xboë`m AmhoV. g X^ `mxr, [ZdS$H Nm`m[MÍmo d `mo½` n[a{eï>o {Xbobr AmhoV. $bq>u ehamvrb OmUË`m bmoh$m er MMm H$ê$Z H$mhr KQ>Zm Mo {díbofu Ho$bo Amho. `mo½` Ë`m g emoyz V ÌmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. 1.11 g emoyz nõvr {Okmgm AWdm kmz g nmxz H$aUo hr mugmmr wb^yv àd Îmr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Vmo Amnë`m kmz {Ð`m Mm Cn`moJ H$arV AgVmo. ^modvmbà`m OrdZmMo AdbmoH$Z H$aVmo. Ë`mnmgyZ {d{dy àh$mammo AZwämd KoVmo. g emoyz åhuoo H$moUË`mhr kmzemiov Z{dZ VÎdo AWdm VÏ`o emoyê`mgmr>r Am{U OwZr VÏ`o d VÎdo narjumgmr>r V`ma Ho$bobm {M{H$ËgH$ d nõvera Aä`mg hmò. B{Vhmg ho EH$ gm m{oh$ emó Amho. Ë`m wio gm m{oh$ emómv àm{bv Agboë`m gd M g emoyz nõvr B{Vhmg g emoyzmgmr>r Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. AmnU H$moUVr nõvr dmnam`mr ho g emoyzmgmr>r {ZdS>boë`m {df`mda Adb ~yz AgVo. VgoM H$moUË`m 14

àh$mamr m{hvr Amnë`mbm Jmoim H$amd`mMr Amho. Ë`mdahr AmYm[aV AgVo. `m emoyà~ YmgmR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ nõvr, gd}jumë H$ nõvr, g X^ nõvrmm Cn`moJ Ho$bobm Amho. H$mJXnÌm À`m AmYmao àm{bv kmzm Ü`o ^a KmbyZ EImÚm àízmda Zdm àh$me Q>mH$Uo VgoM wb^yv g emoyzm Ü`o H$mhrVar ^a KmbUo hm Eo{Vhm{gH$ g emoyzmmm hovy AgVo. àñvwv g emoyzmgmr>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ g emoyz nõvrgmr>r àmw{ H$ d Xwæ` gmyzm Mm AmYma KoVbobm Amho. àñvwv g emoyzmà`m nmr>rer Agboë`m g Õm {VH$ g H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r du ZmË H$ {H $dm JwUmË H$ nõvr, g Õm {VH$ d {díbofumë H$ nõvrmmhr dmna Ho$bobm Amho. {d{dy g ñ`m Mo AÝd`mW gm JÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Ë`m {R>H$mUr Vi{Q>nm {Xboë`m AmhoV. d ÎmnÌo, emgh$s` Ahdmb, J Po{Q>`a, g ñwm Zm Mo dm{f H$ àemgh$s` Ahdmb BË`mXr gmyzm Mm dmna Ho$bobm Amho. 1.12 g X^ gm{hë`mmo nwz{d bmoh$z S>m.JmdSo> Eg.E.`m Zr gz 1996 Ü`o {edmor {dúmnrr> H$moëhmnya `owo $bq>u g ñwmzmm B{Vhmg `m {df`mda E.{ $b gmr>r emoyà~ Y gmxa Ho$bobm Amho. VgoM gz 2001 Ü`o $bq>u g ñwmzmm B{Vhmg `m {df`mda {edmor {dúmnrr> H$moëhmnya `owo nrem.s>r.gmr>r B{Vhmg {df`mvyz à~ Y gmxa Ho$bm Amho. `m Ü`o $bq>u g ñwmzmmr g{dñva AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. na Vw $bq>u ZJan[afXo{df`r WmoS>Š`mV m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. àm. KZdQ> E. Ama. `m Zr gz 1989 Ü`o mbmooramoo ZmB H$- {Z ~mih$a EH$ amoh$s` ZoV Îd-EH$ {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg hm emoyà~ Y {edmor {dúmnrr> H$moëhmnya `owo E.{ $b gmr>r gmxa Ho$bm Amho. `m Ü`o $bq>u g ñwmzm{df`r mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m À`m amoh$s` H$m`m {df`rmr m{hvr { ivo. Hw$.gaJa okmamur a oe `m Zr {Q>iH$ hmamï³> {dúmnrr> `owo E.{ $b. gmr>r $bq>u ehammm e j{uh$ B{Vhmg EH$ Ñ{ï>jon (B.g.1948-15

2000) hm emoyà~ Y gz 2009 Ü`o gmxa Ho$bm Amho. `m emoyà~ Ym Ü`o $bq>u ehamvrb e j{uh$ {dh$mgmmr m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. àm. dmk moso> `m Zr E.{ $b nxdrgmr>r {Q>iH$ hmamï³> {dúmnrr> nwuo `owo gz 2009 Ü`o $bq>u VmbwŠ`mVrb ghh$mar MidirMm B{Vhmg EH$ {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg (B.g. 1918-2000) hm emoyà~ Y gmxa Ho$bm Amho. `m Ü`o $bq>u VmbwŠ`mVrb ghh$mar MidirMr m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. àm.hw$.e So> O`lr XmXmgmho~ `m Zr {edmor {dúmnrr> H$moëhmnwa `owo gz 1987 Ü`o $bq>u VmbwŠ`mVrb njr` amoh$mau (B.g.1977 Vo 1985)hm emoyà~ Y gmxa Ho$bm Amho. `m emoyà~ Ym Ü`o $bq>u VmbwŠ`mVrb dojdoji`m njmmo amoh$mau `mg ~ Yr m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. yaaisavaaya EaI.kivatko baabaurava maa$ti yaamnai [ithasa ivayayaatuna flatna talau@yaatila mamidro eoithaisak AaZavaa ha SaaoQainaMbaQa itlk maharayt/ ivavapiz punao yaoqao fobaù 2009 maqyao saadr kolaolaa Aaho.`m gd SaaoQainaMbaMQaamaQyao ZJan[afXo{df`r g{dñva m{hvr H$moR>ohr Ambobr Zmhr. åhuyz r mâ`m emoyà~ Ym Ü`o $bq>u ZJan[afXo{df`r g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. S>m.{dZm`H$ OmYd `m Zr gz 2013 Ü`o {Q>iH$ hmamï³> {dúmnrr> `owo gmvmam amá`mvrb OhmJraXma- EH$ {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg (1818 Vo 1848), `m {df`mda nrem.s>r. nxdr { i{dbr Amho. `m {df`m Ü`o Ë`m Zr Oo gmvmam amá`mvrb ghm Ohm{JaXmam{df`r g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. Ë`m Ü`o $bq>uà`m lr V mbmooramoo {Z ~mih$a `m À`m H$ma{H$Xu{df`r g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho na Vw Ë`m Ü`o $bq>uà`m ZJan[afXo{df`r Hw$R>ohr C oi Zmhr. àm.jm`ìr MìhmU `m Zr gz 2008 amá`emó {df`mv E.{ $b.nxdrgmr>r gmvmam ZJanm{bHo$Mo {dîmr` àemgz-eh$ Ñ{ï>jon (2001-2006), `m {df`mda {edmor {dúmnrr> H$moëhmnya `owo emoyà ~Y gmxa Ho$bobm Amho. na Vw Ë`m Ü`o $ŠV gmvmam ZJanm{bHo${df`rMr m{hvr {Xbobr 16

Amho. r mâ`m à ~YmV $bq>u ZJan[afXoMr g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. S>m.gw{ Ìm Hw$bH$Uu `m Zr gz 1995 Ü`o B{Vhmg {dfgmvyz nrem.s>r.gmr>r {hñq³>r Am $ X gmvmam ñq>oq> (1818-1848), hm emoyà~ Y nwuo {dúmnrr>, nwuo `owo gmxa Ho$bm Amho. `m Ü`o gmvmam amá`m{df`r m{hvr XoV AgVmZm $bq>u g ñwmzmm B{Vhmg hr WmoS>Š`mV {Xbobm Amho. àm.kmzoída Amdmio `m Zr amá`emó {df`mvyz gz 2009 Ü`o gmvmam {Oëh`mVrb ZJanm{bHo$Mo amoh$mau (1992-2006), `m {df`mda E. { $b.gmr>r `.M.. wšv {dúmnrr> Zm{eH$ `owo emoy à~ Y gmxa Ho$bobm hmovm. `m Ü`o $bq>u ZJan[afXo{df`r gz 1992 Vo 2006 `m H$mimVrb amoh$maumda à^md Q>mH$bobm Amho. AemàH$mao $bq>u ehamda AmOn` V dojdoji`m A JmZo Aä`mg Pmbobm Amho. na Vw $bq>u ZJan[afXo{df`r g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Zmhr åhuyz r `m emoyà~ Ym Ü`o $bq>u ZJan[afXoÀ`m ñwmnzonmgyz Vo gz 1948 n` VMr gd H$m`m Mr d {dh$mgmmr m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. 1.13 g emoyzmmo hîd $bq>u ehamà`m {dh$mgmv ZJan[afXoMm hîdnyu dmq>m Amho. Ë`m wio ZJan[afXoMm àemgh$s`, e j{uh$, eha ñdàn>vm, nmurnwadr>m, gmd O{ZH$ em Mmb` d wvmè`m, {eju, ^mor S>B, em {n J g Q>a, Q>U mh}$q>, {d{dy `moozm B.Ûmao mzdmà`m g nyu {dh$mgmbm XV Pmbr Amho. $bq>u ehammm {dh$mg H$moUH$moUË`m CnH«$ mvyz Ho$bobm Amho. VgoM Ë`m Mo hmoumao $m`xo B. AemàH$mao g emoyz åhuoo EImÚm g ñ`omm emoy KoD$Z Ë`mda Cnm` gwm{duo d Ë`mÛmao ehammm {dh$mg gmyvm `ovmo. ho `m g emoyzmmo hîd Amho. 1.14 g X^ gmyzo àñvwv g emoyzmgmr>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar m{hvr g H$brV H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmw{ H$ d Xwæ` gmyzm Mm Cn`moJ H$aUma Amho. 17

A) Bombay Archives: 1) Historical Account : Poona and Satara 2) Gazetteer of India, Maharashtra State Gazetteers Satara District 1885. 3) Political and services Department, File No.2325/46, XXXVII, 3445/46, 89/C-3551 of 1948. B) Pune Archives : 1) Deccan Commissioner s Files Vol. Nos. : 273, 277, 417, 243, 427, 435 2) Alienation daftar /rumal No.17(14). C) Phaltan Tahshil Record Office: Rumal No. 3, 10, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 31, 43, 111, 205, 243, 256 1) Annual Administration Report of the Phaltan State 2) Phaltan State Gazeettee 3) Annual Report of the Administration of the Bombay presidency 4) $bq>u ZJan[afX dm{f H$ Ahdmb 5) $bq>u ZJan[afX S>`wQ>r {bñq> $mb b 6) $bq>u ZJan[afX A XmOnÌHo$ 7) $bq>u ZJan[afX emim aoh$m S > 8) $bq>u ZJan[afX OZab àmogos>tj ~wh$ 9) $bq>u ZJan[afX {ZdS>UyH$ [anmoq> 10) $bq>u ZJan[afX {eju S>i aoh$m S > 18

11) $bq>u ZJan[afX Am S>rQ> [anmoq> 12) $bq>u ZJan[afX XdmImZm aoh$m±s > 13) $bq>u ZJan[afX { Q>tJ d Vm V 14) $bq>u ZJan[afX dovz Zm X $mb b 15) emgh$s` J PoQ> Xwæ` gmyzo 1) {d{dy g X^ J«W 2) E.{ $b. d nrem.s>r à~ Y 3) {d{dy dv mznìo, gmám{hho$, m{gho$, Ì m{gh$ d ghm mhr A H$ d Jm ad A H 4) ZH$meo, grs>r d H $goq> 5) {dídh$moe d g ñh ${VH$moe I S> 6) ñ a{uh$m d {Z`VH$m{bHo$ 7) gd}ju 8) gmvmam {Oëhm J±Po{Q>`a 9) AmË M[aÌo d A{^Z XZ J«W 10) {d{dy H$m`m b` d g ñwmmo aoh$m S > 19

1.15 àh$au {Z`moOZ àh$au n{hbo- $bq>u ehammr nmíd ^y r `m àh$aumv g emoyz {df`mmo Zmd, g emoyz {df`mmr {ZdS>, g emoyz {df`mmm H$mbI S>, g emoyzmmr C{Ôï>o, g emoyzmmr J {hvho$, {g ÕmV H$ënZm, g X^ gm{hë`mmo nwz{d bmoh$z, g X^ gmyzo, g emoyz g ñ`m, g emoyz V Ì, g emoyzmmo hîd, g emoyz nõvr, g emoyz {df`mmr ì`már, g emoyz {df`mmr `m Xm, àh$au {Z`moOZ, $bq>u ehammr ^m Jmo{bH$ nmíd ^y r `m Ü`o ^m Jmo{bH$ ñwmz d {g m, hdm mz d nrh$nõvr, $bq>u g ñwmzmmr bmoh$g»`m, Am{W H$ nmíd ^y r, $bq>u ehamàmr gm m{oh$ nmíd ^y r, Ym{ H$ nmíd ^y r, $bq>u ehammr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd ^y r `m Ü`o àmmrz B{Vhmg, Ü``wJrZ $bq>u eha `m Ü`o $bq>umo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a d ^mogbo KamUo `m Mo ZmVog ~ Y, ~OmOr ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a, OmZamd ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a C $ OmZmoOr Xwgam( B.g.1777 Vo 1825), AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI S>mVrb $bq>u eha `m Ü`o lr V wymooramd C $ ~mnygmho~ d lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m Mo H$m` `m_ü`o lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a eovr{df`h$ H$m` {eju{df`h$ H$m` gm m{oh$ gwymaum, Am Úmo{JH$ {dh$mg amoh$s` joìmvrb H$m` B. Ho$bo Amho. ^mavr` ñdmv Ä` MidirVrb $bq>uà`m g ñwmzmmr pñwvr `m{df`r g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. àh$au Xwgao- $bq>u ZJan[afXoMr ñwmnzm, {dh$mg d àemgz `m àh$aumv ^mavmvrb ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwomm B{Vhmg, àmmrz H$mimVrb ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwm Mr pñwvr, Ü``wJrZ H$mimVrb ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwmmr pñwvr, ñwm{zh$ ñdamá` g ñwoà`m {dh$mgmmo Q>ßno-n{hbm Q>ßnm(1687-1881), Xwgam Q>ßnm(gZ 1882 Vo 1919), Q>ßnm {Vgam(1920 Vo 1939), Q>ßnm Mm Wm(1937 Vo 1947), nmmdm Q>ßnm(1950 Vo nwt>o), ZJanm[bHo$Mm [dh$mg, bm S > ò m a, bm S > [anz, gmvmam {Oëh`mVrb 20

ZJan[afXoMm nwd}{vhmg, $bq>u ZJan[afXoMr ñwmnzm ZJanm[afX àemgz, $bq>u ZJan[afXoMr {d{dy ImVr- gm mý` àemgz {d^mj, gmd O{ZH$ ~m YH$m ImVo, ~m YH$m {d^mjmzo Ho$bobr H$m o-jq>mao ~m YUr, gmd O{ZH$ g S>mg, gmd O{ZH$ wvmè`m, g mo {Xao d Y emim, mh}$q>( S>B )-^mornmbm mh}$q>, Q>U mh}$q>, mgo mh}$q>, $i $imdi mh}$q, >emim B mavr, nmurnwadr>m g{ Vr Amamo½` g{ Vr, OH$mV {d^mj,zjxr ImVo, {dúwv {d^mj, XáaImZm, H$a {d^mj, AÝZ {ZarjH$ {d^mj, d j {d^mj, AmJ à{v~ YH$ {d^mj, ZJanm{bH$m {ejêm ZJanm[afXoMr ñdàn$vm, gmwrmo AmOmamg ~ Yr d ~m YH$m_mg ~ Yr Cnm``moOZm S>i B.Mm g mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. àh$au {Vgao- $bq>u ZJan[afX gmd O{ZH$ Amamo½`, eha ñdàn>vm, CËnÝZ d IM `m àh$aumv gmd O{ZH$ Amamo½` {d^mj, OÝ d Ë`yÀ`m Zm Xr~m~V, gmwrmo amojm ~m~v Z½man[afXoZo KoVbobr XjVm, VgoM gmwrmo AmOma-H$m bam, Xodr, ßboJMr gmw, EÝâbwE PmMr gmw, H$m bam {Z` ÌU, BVa amoj, gmwrmo amoj Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m Cnm``moOZm, {eew{df`r Amamo½` àxe Z, gy{vh$mj hmmr ñwmnzm, Amamo½` gw{dym àgy{vj h, OÝ Am{U Ë`y, Am fymonmmè`mà`m gmò r, añvo gwymaum, CËnÝZ d IM B.Mm g mdoe Ho$bobm Amho àh$au Mm Wo- $bq>u ZJan[afXoMr e j{uh$ H$m {Jar æmm àh$aumv àmmrz H$mimVrb {eju nõvr, Ü``wJrZ H$mimVrb {ejunõvr, `m Ü`o amr>m H$mimVrb {ejunõvr, noeì`m Mo e j{uh$ H$m`, AmYw{ZH$ {ejunõvr, $bq>u g ñwmzmvrb {ejumà`m {dh$mgmvrb ZJan[afXoMo `mojxmz, àmw{ H$ {eju `m Ü`o $bq>u ZJan[afX emim, $bq>u ZJan[afX emim H«$.1, $bq>u ZJan[afX emim H«$.2, $bq>u ZJan[afX emim H«$.3, $bq>u ZJan[afX emim H«$.4, $bq>u ZJan[afX emim H«$.5, $bq>u ZJan[afX emim H«$.6 d emiomr ñwmnzm, 1818-19Mm 21

{ejummm H$m`Xm, wymoor hm`ñhy$b, $bq>u g ñwmzmvrb {ejummr àjvr B.{df`rMr g{dñva m{hvr {Xbobr Amho. àh$au nmmdo- lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m Mr H$ma{H$X d g H$mbrZ mý`dam Zr $bq>u ZJan[afXog {Xboë`m ^oq>r EH$ AmT>mdm `m àh$aumv lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m Mo $bq>z ZJan[afXo~m~VMo H$m`, mý`dam Zr $bq>u g ñwmzmg {Xboë`m ^oq>r `m Ü`o S>m.gd n r amymh $îuz d hfu Ym S>mo Ho$ed H$d}, S>m.a.nw.namO no, Z.{M.Ho$iH$a, H$ dra ^md$amd nmq>rb, ga OXyZmW gah$ma, bm S {dëgz d nëzr bos>r {dëgz, _hmë_m Jm Yr d S$m.~m~mgmho~ Am ~os$h$a B. mý`dam Zr $bq>u g ñwmzmg ^oq>r {Xboë`m AmhoV. `m mý`dam Zr $bq>uà`m lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m À`m H$m`m {df`r Jm admox²jma H$mT>bobo AmhoV. Ë`m{df`rMr m{hvr nmhuma AmhmoV. àh$au ghm- Cng hma æmm àh$aumv gd àh$aummm {ZîH$f H$mT>bobm Amho. 1.16 $bq>u ehammr ^m Jmo{bH$ nmíd ^y r- 1.16.1 ^m Jmo{bH$ ñwmz d {g m- $bq>u eha 17 0.55 Am{U 18.6 0 CÎma Ajm e d 74 0.26 nyd aoim e `m Ü`o {dñvmabobo Amho.gmVmam {Oëh`mÀ`m B emý` {Xeog 47 bmda Va nwuo ehamà`m Am¾ò og {Xeog 65 bmda ho eha Amho. $bq>u eha ho hms> n T>anya añë`mda dgbo Amho. $bq>u ehamà`m {g m CÎmaog Zram ZXr d nwuo pámëh`mmr gahô Va nyd}bm gmobmnya {Oëh`mMr gahô Va X{jUog e ^w hmxodmmm S>m Ja d gmvmè`mmr gahô, npím og gmvmam {Oëh`mMr gahô `ovo. 1 22

1.16.2 hdm mz d nrh$nõvr gm mý`v $bq>u ehammo hdm mz VrZ F$VwV {d^mjbo OmVo. ^m Jmo{bH$Ñï>`m $bq>umo hdm mz CîU d H$moaSo> AgyZ n«mh ${VH$ amzozwgma CÝhmim, nmdgmim, {hdmim Ago VrZ F$Vw AmhoV. {eia {e JUmnyaÀ`m S>m Ja am JmÀ`m gw mao 25 Vo 35 {H$. r. ê$ XrÀ`m Aê$ X nq>²q>`mv gdm V OmñV nmd$g ns>vmo. {S>g ~a {hzm gdm {YH$ W S>rMm AgVmo. 2 $bq>u VmbwŠ`mV eovrvyz D$g, Ðmjo, ^mornmbm Am{U H$mnyg hr ZJXr {nho$ H$mT>br OmVmV. miamzmmr O rz Am{U H$ r no Ý` mzm wio `m {d^mjmvrb w»` nrh$ ~moar Amho. Va a~r h Jm mv Jhÿ d Ádmar hr {nho$ KoVbr OmVmV. `m{edm` $bq>u ehamv Ðmjo d H$mngmMm mor>m ì`mnma MmbVmo. 3 1.16.3 $bq>u g ñwmzmmr bmoh$g»`m $bq>u g ñwmzmr bmoh$g»`m àm w»`mzo amr>r ^m{fh$ hmovr. Ë`mV eovh$ar mor>`m à mumv {XgVmV. Xa Xhm dfm Zr ImZogw mar H$aÊ`mMr nõv B J«OmZr gwê$ Ho$br. Vr g nyu ^mav^a d gd g ñwmzmv bmjy Ho$br, Ë`mg AZwgê$Z $bq>u g ñwmzmr Xa Xhm dfm Zr ImZogw mar Pmbobr Amho. Ë`mdê$Z {ó`m d nwê$f {H$Vr hmovo `mmr H$ënZm `ovo. VgoM bmoh$g»`m H$er dmt>v Jobr `mmrhr m{hvr { ivo Vr nwt>rb VŠË`mdê$Z XoVm `ob b. df nwê$f {ó`m EHy$U 1872 29,199 29,203 58,402 1881 27,929 28,031 55,960 1921 21,407 21,879 43,286 1931 29,492 29,269 58,761 4 gz 1991 À`m OZJUZoZwgma $bq>u ehammr bmoh$g»`m 44,367 AgyZ Vo Zram ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mVrb VmbwŠ`mMo {R>H$mU Amho. 5 23

1.17 Am{W H$ nmíd ^y r $bq>u g ñwmzmv eovr hm à wi ì`dgm` Amho. eovr~amo~a newnmbz, T>nmi `m g ñwmzmvrb OmoS>ì`dgm` Amho. $bq>u ho Ü``wJrZ H$mbI S>mV e Jm, Jwi, Ádmar, H$S>YmÝ` B.gmR>r ì`mnmar nor> åhuyz à{gõ hmovo. gz 1890-91 À`m $bq>u g ñwmzà`m àemgh$s` AhdmbmV $bq>u g ñwmzà`m ì`mnmamg ~ Yr nwt>rb m{hvr Ambobr Amho. $bq>u g ñwmzmv àm w»`mzo aoe r d gwvr H$mnS> hmv mjmda V`ma hmov Ago. YmoVaOmoS>r, CnaUr, bwjs>r d H$aS>r Vob, Jwi, Jhÿ, Ádmar, Xoer H$mnS>, H$m ~ir B. dñvy g ñwmzmvyz {Z`m V hmov AgV. Va Vb H$mnS> d gmë`mmo nxmw g ñwmzmv Am`mV Ho$bo OmV hmovo. 6 gmvmam d nwuo `owrb ì`mnmar VgoM JwOamV Yrb H$mhr madms>r ì`mnmar ì`mnmamgmr>r $bq>u Ü`o ñwmb H$ Pmbobo {XgVmV. Ü``wJrZH$mimV $bq>u ho ^a^amq>rmo ì`mnmar H $Ð hmovo. 7 gd gmymau g ñwmzr OZVm Xm[aÐ`mV hmovr H$maU eovr hr nmdgmda Adb ~yz hmovr. eovh$ar A{e{jV hmovm, åhuyz Xwgao CÚmoJ H$arV Ago. gz 1899-1900 À`m dm{f H$ AhdmbmV nwt>rb d Vm V {Xbobm Amho. Agricultural being chiefly dependent on rainfall which is mostly scanly and precarious in this port of the country it is certaining desirable that a portion of the people should engange in other trades and industries but having regard to the tendencies and capacities of the people the economics condition of the country and the present state of industrial arts and manufactures it does not seem that charge thought greatly desirable is possible for many years to come. 8 eovrmr hr n[apñwvr gwymaê`mgmr>r g ñwmz A{YnVrZr g ñwmzmv {dhrar d Vbmd H$mT>bobo AmhoV, VgoM {Zam COdm H$mbdm g ñwmzmvyz Joë`mZo eovh$è`m Mr Am{W H$ pñwvr Z Va gwymabobr {XgVo. 24

1.18 $bq>u ehammr gm m{oh$ nmíd ^y r $bq>u ehamvrb bmoh$m Mm emh$mhmar d m gmhmar ñdê$nmmm Amhma AgVmo. emh$mhmar OodUmV Ádmar, ~moar, Jhÿ B. {nh$m Mm d nmbo^má`m `m Mm g mdoe Amho. m gmhmar OodUmV Q>U, ÀN>r B.Mm g mdoe hmovmo. Va nmoemimà`m ~m~vrv $bq>u ehamvrb bmoh$ Kam~mhoa OmVmZm gxam, H$moQ>, nmjmoq>o, OmoSo>, a JrV gms>r, nmobho$, H$mnmimda Hw $Hy$, Agm pñäm`m Mm gd gmymau nmoemi Ago. b JmoQ>r, b Jm, MS>S>r, n Mm, YmoVa, nm`o m ho A JmV KmbÊ`mMo H$nSo> AgV. S>moŠ`mbm Q>monr, nmjmoq>o, w S>mñmo, ê$ mb, $mq>h$ B. AgV. 9 gmvmam {Oëh`mV ehar {d^mjmv {g Q>Mr EH$ Obr, ~hÿ Obr Kao AgyZ Á`m Kam^modVr moh$i`m OmJoMm A^md AgVmo. Aem Kam Ü`o ñd `nmh$ka, XodKa, ñzmzj h, e`zj h d A{VWrJ h Aem AZoH$ Imoë`m AmT>iVmV. Jar~ eovh$ar, eov Owa, mjmg OmVrVrb bm H$mÀ`m PmonS>`m {XgyZ `ovmv, `m PmonS>`m V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~ m~yà`m H$m Q>`m, {ZaJwS>`m {H $dm BVa H$mR>`mda {MIb WmnyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m AgVmV. ^Q>Š`m O mvrvrb bmoh$ mäm ~m ~yà`m H$m R>`m nmgyz {H $dm VmS>m ms>mà`m Pmdi`mnmgwZ {duboë`m PmonS>`m {H $dm H$mnS>mMo bhmz V ~y nmb `m Ü`o dmñvì` H$aVmV. 10 gmvmam {Oëh`mV H$nS>`mn«mUoM Xm{JÝ`mZmhr hîd Amho. noedo H$mimV g momvrb d[að> dj M Xm{JÊ`mMr hm g nwa{dv hmovm. {eamo^yfu, H$U ^yfu H $R>^yfU, hñv^yfu, H$bJrVwam,ho {eanom, {eamo^yfu, {^H$~mir, Mm H$S>m hr H$U ^yfu, H $R>r, Jmo $, hr H $R>^yfUo nwê$f dmnav. H $~aomm H$aJmoQ>m gd OU Amnmnë`m EonVrn«mUo aoe r, Mm Xr, gmoý`mmm dmnav Jar~ bmoh$ Mm Xr ìm ê$ß`mmo Xm{JÝmo dmnav. AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI S>mV nwê$fm Ü`o Xm{JZo dmnaê`mmr n«wm $mam H$ r Pmbr. lr V bmoh$ {^H$~mir, A JR>r, nmomr, Jmo $, H $R>m, dmnavmv. Jar~ bmoh$ Mm Xr, Vm ~o, {nvi d H$mMoMo Êmr dmnavmv. 25

noedo H$mimVrb {ó`m mim, hma, ~moy^yfuo, M X«hma, Mnbmhma, H $H$Uo, nmq>ë`m, {~bda, nwvi`m, mohz mi, Rw>erMr mi, JmoR> Ago Xm{JZo dmnav. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb {ó`m Ho$gmV wx, AJ«w$b, Ho$VH$s, Ho$dS>m,Jwbm~mMo w$b, dour, {~ Xr {domoa Ago Xm{JZo dmnavmv. Va H$mZmV {ddmhrv Mm H$S>`m d Hw$S>`m moë` mmm {H $dm {hè` mmm KmbVmV. {ddmhrv {ó`m Ji`mV JigyÌ KmbVmV. `m{edm` M X«hma, amurhma, Mnbmhma, OmoY irnmov, ~Hw$irhma, nmohohma, mohz mi, ~moa mi, nwvi`mmr mi d Ho$mëhmnwar gmo B. Xm{JZo g ma^mv KmbVmV. {hao d movr `m À`m ~m JS>`m lr V pñäm`m dmnavmv. VgoM ZmH$mV ZW, M H$s, w$br, waur dmnavmv. bhmz wbm Zm {~ Xë`m, ZJQ>`m, H$S>rVmoSo>, dmio, VmoaS>`m, Mmim, H$aJmoQ>o, H$S>`m B. gmoý`m Mm XrMo Xm{JZo KmbVmV. 11 g mo {Z{ Vr Ü`o gu g ma ^mmo hîdmmo ñwmz Amho. gmvmam {Oëh`mVrb bmoh$ ~mamhr {hzo {d{dy gu CËgd mor>`m CËgmhmZo gmoao H$aVmV. `mmo n«{v{~ ~ bmoh$gm{hë`m Ü`o gwõm nmhmd`mg { ivo. JwT>rnmS>dm, am Zd r, Jm ar JUnVr, Aj`V {V`m, ~ Xya, Zmair nm {U m, {Xdmir, Xgam, hmoir, H$ag H«$mV, ~H$ar B X, a OmZ, nmaer {XZ, moha, pi«g g B. gu CËgd gmoao H$aVmV. ho gd gu, CËgd CËgmhmZo d AmZ XmZo gmoao Ho$bo OmVmV. `m{edm` ZmVmi, omha, a OmZ B X, nmaer {XZ d ~m Õ nm {U m Ago BVa Y{ `m Mo gu hr CËgmhmV gmoao Ho$bo OmVmV. 12 1.19 Ym{ H$ nmíd ^y r $bq>u ehamv {d{dy OmVr Y m Mo bmoh$ dmñvì` H$aVmV. Ë`m À`m OrdZnÕVr Ü`o {d{dyvm AmT>iVo. `m AZwf JmZo {Oëh`mVrb {d{dy Y m Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoVm `ob b. gmvmam {Oëh`mVrb {d{dy Y{ ` bmoh$m n H$s {h Xy Y{ ` bmoh$m Mr g»`m gdm V OmñV Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ `ovo. {h Xy Üm m bm homamo dfm Mm B{Vhmg Agë`mZo AZoH$ Üm J«W {Z m U Pmbobo AmhoV `mdê$z {h Xy 26

Amho. 14 $bq>u ehameoomar Omo grvm mb Mm S>m Ja Amho. `m S>m JamVyZ ~muj Jm Y m Vrb Ym{ H$ {dümr [avr[admo AmMma, {dmma `mv {d{dümvm {XgyZ `ovo.varhr {h Xy VËdkmZmMm ÜmmJm EH$m {dmmamda Jwa $Q>bobm {XgVmo. $bq>u ehamv Bñbm Üm[ ` bmoh$m Mr g»`m {h Xy Üm{ ` bmoh $mà`m bmoh$g»`oz Va Amho. Hw$amU hm Bñbm W m Mm n{dì Üm J«W mzbm OmVmo. `m J«WmV h X n J~amZr na oídamodi OmÊ`mMm Xw Im nmgwz, nmnmnmgwz wšv hmoê`mmm Am{U AmXe OrdZ OJÊ`mMm mj Hw$amU J«WmV gm {JVbm Amho. eri Üm m Zo B ídamà`m EH$Voda ^a {Xbm Amho. {h Xy Üm m n«muom eri Üm m V AmË m, eara, nwzo Ý, moj `m Y m Mo VËdkmZ AmMaUmao bmoh$ gmvmam {Oëh`mV AmT>iVmV. $bq>u ehamv pi«ñvr Üm m Mo VËdkmZ AmË gmv H$aUmao bmoh$ AmT>iVmV. pi«ñvr Üm m Mr ~ R>H$ n«o, H$ê$Um, godm `m wë`m da AmÜmmabobr Amho. ^mavmn«muo hmamï>m³v d $bq>u ehamvhr nmaer Üm m Mo bmoh$ amhvmv. na Vw BVa Üm{ `m nojm Ë`m Mr g»`m H$ r Amho. 13 1.20 $bq>u ehammr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd ^y r $bq>u ehmamg àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimn` V amoh$s`, g m{oh$ d gm ñh ${VH$ B{Vhmg Amho. $bq>u g ñwmz ho ^mavmvrb EH$ àmmrz g ñwmz g Obo OmVo. àmmrz dml² `mv $bq>u ehammm C oi "ni`r>mz' Agm ZXrMm CJ Pmbobm Amho. `m ~muj Jm ZXrÀ`m Vramda $mëjwz F$ftMm Aml hmovm. Ë`mdê$Z $bq>u ho Zmd `m ehamg àmá Pmbo Pmbo Agmdo. 15 Voamì`m evh$mvrb hmzw^md dml² `mv `mmm $bor>mu Agm C oi Amho. Va H$mhr dml² `mv $bnvz Ambm C oi AmT>iVmo. 16 1.20.1 àmmrz B{Vhmg $bq>u ehamv H$mhr nwamvz {Xao AgyZ Vr $bq>uà`m àmmrzvomr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVmV. Ë`mV O~aoída, am oída, muho$ída, {ÌOQ>oída d 27

~momamnorovrb {dr²r>b {XamÀ`m ~moyg Añmbobo {ed {Xa, lram {Xa, {e JUmnya añë`mbjvmo Zagmo~mMo {Xa CË`m{X {Xam Mm g mdoe hmovm. $bq>u ehmamg hmzw^md n WmMr H$mer Ago åhuvmv. hmzw^md Y{ `m Mr R> {Xao `owo AgyZ n Om~ d XoemÀ`m BVa ^mjmvyz ^m{dh$ Xe ZmgmR>r `owo `ovmv. 17 X{jU hmamï³>mvrb gdm V OwZo d Eo{Vhm{gH$Ñï>`m AË` V hîdmmo g ñwmz hmovo. mu IQ>md d $bq>u `m ^mjmda dmh$mq>h$m Mr A{YgÎmm hmovr. àdagozà`m EH$m wbmà`m A{YH$mamImbr Agboë`m Hw$ÝVb XoemV gmvmam, H$moëhmnya d gmobmnya `m H $îum ZXrÀ`m CÎma Imoè`mVrb àxoem Mm A V^m d hmov Ago. `m Yrb H$mhr ^mjmda amï³>hw$q> Z nvr mzml²h$mzo (B.g.375-400) dmh$mq>h$m Mm nam^d H$ê$Z A{YgÎmm àñwm{nv Ho$br. mzml²h$mzo Amnë`m ZmdmZo mznya ZmdmMo ZJa ñwmnz Ho$bo d VoM Amnbo amoymzrmo {R>H$mU ~Z{dbo. 18 mznya åhuoo mu ZXrÀ`m VramdaMo mu ho Jmd hmò. amï³>hw$q>m Z Va hm ^mj `mxdm À`m A{YnË`mImbr OdiOdi 300-350 df} hmovm. `m H$mbmdYrV $bq>u ehammm {dh$mg {dh$mg Pmbm. ho `owrb {XamÀ`m ApñVÎdmdê$Z gm JVm `ovo. Á`m amodq>rbm em VVoMm d ñw `m Mm OmñV H$mbmdYr { ivmo. Ë`m amodq>r Ü`o ñwmnë`emó, H$bm, g JrV, gm{hë` BË`mXrMr ^a^amq> hmov AgVo..Jmo.nmZgo `m À`m `mxdh$mbrz hmamï³> `m nwñvh$mv $bq>u~m~v nwt>rb OHw$amMr Zm X Amho. hmzw^md Mm JXod amd$i OoWo amhv hmovo Ë`m $bq>u ZJamÀ`m nm irbm Mmar {Xem Zm Mma hmûmao hmovr. nm irà`m AmmV Xodmb`o, Jmonwao, Ydimao R> dj ao nwîh$iem B mvr hmoë`m. ZJa ajummr hr ì`dñwm Xhmì`m-AH$amì`m evh$mnydunmgyz nmmamv Agbr nm{hoo. darb du Zmdê$Z Aeo {XgVo H$s, $bq>u ehammr amzm $ma {Z`moOZ~Õ hmovr. Ë`mH$mir `m ZJamÀ`m n[agammm {dmma H$aVm gmymauv 7-8 Mm.{H$. r. Ü`o ho ZJa dgbo Agmdo. `owrb ~muj JoÀ`m Vramdarb {Xao, $bq>uà`m B emý`og Zagmo~mÀ`m i`mvrb ns>ps> Pmboë`m AdñWoVrb hmxod {Xa VgoM X{jUoH$So> Agbobo 28

Am~mgmho~ [Xa d CÎmaoH$So> br>u Yrb ZmJZmW hmxod {Xa `m gd {XamÀ`m ñwmzm dê$z VËH$mbrZ ZJamÀ`m {dh$mgmmr H$ënZm `ovo. ZJamÀ`m Ü`^mJr Agboë`m O~aoída {Xamdê$Z Ago AZw mz H$mT>Vm `ovo H$s, H$mhr H$mi `owo O Zm Mm à^md Agmdm. $bq>ubm lrmh«$nmur VWm Mm JXod amd$i `m gënwê$fmmm OÝ AmpídZ dú Zd r eho$ 1050(gZ 1225) Ü`o mvm OZH$mB gm d {nvm OZH$Zm`H$ `m H$èhmSo> ~«måhumà`m nmoq>r Pmbm. `mxdm À`m H$ma{H$XuVM {X rà`m gwbvmz h X VwKbH$mZo 1294 Ü`o X{jUoda ñdmar Ho$br. `m gz 1327 Ü`o $bq>umm ^mj Ë`mZo {O H$bm d Ë`mM~amo~a $bq>u Yrb {h Xy amá` Zï> Pmbo. 19 $bq>u d $bq>uà`m g^modvmbà`m ^mjmda B.g. nyd {Vgao evh$ Vo B.g.12 ì`m evh$mn` V m `, gmvdmhým, dmh$mq>h$, ~Xm rmo MmbwŠ`, amï³>hw$q>, H$ë`mUrMo MmbwŠ`, {ebmhma d Xod{JarMo `mxd `m Mo amá` hmovo. ho Ë`m ^mjmv {XgUmè`m H$mhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ Adeofmdê$Z d {ebmboimdê$z {XgVo. `mxdh$mbrz H$mhr ho ms>n Wr` Xodmb`o $bq>u d AmgnmgÀ`m ^mjmv {XgVmV. IwÔ $bq>u `owrb O~aoída {XamMo nm{hbo Va Ë`mMo ~m YH$m ho ms> n Wr` d `mxdh$mbrz Amho. ho bjmv `ovo. VgoM $bq>u ehamvrb H$mhr O Z {Xao àmmrz H$mimVrb {XgVmV. H$Xm{MV 11 ì`m evh$mv {ebmhmam Mo amá` H$moëhmnya, gmvmam H$èhmS> `m ^mjmda hmovo, Ë`mdoir H$mhr O Z Y{ ` $bq>ubm amhmv AgV d {ebmhmam À`m amoml`mzo Vr {Xao ~m Ybr AgmdrV. 20 1.20.2 Ü``wJrZ $bq>u eha Ü``wJrZ H$mimV $bq>u ho $bq>u g ñwmzà`m amoymzrmo {R>H$mU hmovo. amoñwmz Yrb na ma `m aonyv KamÊ`mVrb {Z ~amo hm nwê$f Amnbo Zer~ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r B.g.1270 À`m gw mamg X{jUoV Ambm. Ë`mZ Va Ë`mZo ~aom Ðì` g nmxz H$ê$Z EH$ Jmd dg{dbm Ë`mg {Z ~ih$ ho Zmd {Xbo. 21 `m JmdmÀ`m Zmdmdê$Z nwt>o `m KamÊ`mMo Zmd {Z ~mih$a ns>bo Agmdo. nwt>o {Z ~amomg 29

ÑæQ>m V hmod$z Ë`mg EH$ {Z ~ d jmimbr XodrMr ñd` ^y yvu gmns>br. Ë`m {R>H$mUr Ë`mZo Xodmb` ~m YyZ Ë`mV {VMr ñwmnzm Ho$br. {hg {Z ~oomb Zmd ns>bo d hr `m KamÊ`mMr Hw$bXodVm Pmbr. 22 {Z ~amo n{hbm `mzo OdiOdi AH$amdf} Ë`m ^mjmv H$m`Xm d gwì`dñwm ñwmnz H$ê$Z Amnbr Ohm{Ja {Z m U Ho$br. B.g.1284 Ü`o {Z ~amo `mzo $bq>u g ñwmzmmr ñwmnzm Ho$br. gz 1291 Ü`o {Z ~amo `mmm Ë`y Pmbm. 23 {Z ~amomà`m Ë`yZ Va Ë`mMm wbjm nmos>ib OJXodamd B.g.1291 Vo 1327 n` V gîmoda hmovm. Ë`mÀ`m H$mbmdYrV {X rmm gwbvmz h X VKbH$ (1325 Vo 1335) `m gw mamg hmamï³>mv `od$z Xod{Jar C $ Xm bvm~mx `owo ^mavmmr amoymzr Ho$br hmovr. nmos>ib hm 1327 Ü`o h X VwKbH$mÀ`m ZmoH$arV hoa Pmbm d Ë`mÀ`m mo{h ov gh^mjr Pmbm. Vmo h X VwKbH$mÀ`m mo{h oda Jobm AgVm `wõmvm mabm Jobm. Ë`mZ Va Ë`mMm wbjm {Z ~amo Xwgam (1327 Vo 1349) `mg h X VwKbH$ `mzo gaxmah$smr dóo {Xbr. $bq>umr Ohm{JarMr gzx H$ê$Z {Xbr. Ë`m~amo~a "ZmB H$' hm mzmmm na namjv {H$Vm~ ~hmb Ho$bm d " moamob' dmnaê`mmm h $ {Xbm. VgoM gmoý`mmm VmoS>m {Xbm. h`mdê$z Ë`mM amoxa~mamv mz am~v dmt>bm. `owyz nwt>o ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a Ago Ë`m KamÊ`mbm Zmd ns>bo. 24 Xwgè`m {Z ~amommm wbjm du J^ynmi B.g.1374 Ü`o ~ S>ImoamH$Sy>Z mabm Jobm. gz 1374 Vo 1390 n` V OhmJra ~ S>Imoam À`m Vmã`mV hmovr. ñmz 1390 Ü`o du J^ynmiMm wbjm du J^ynmiZo ~ S>Imoam er bt>mb H$ê$Z OhmJra nav KoVbr. Vmo 1394 Ü`o au nmdbm. gz 1394 Vo 1630 `m H$mbmdYrV ZD$ gîmmyre hmod$z Jobo. na Vw Ë`mMr g{dñva m{hvr { iv Zmhr. `m Ü`o dujmoor n{hbm(b.g.1394 Vo 1409), mbmoor n{hbm(b.g.1409 Vo 1420), ~mor n{hbm(b.g.1420 Vo 1445), ndmaamd ZmB H$ (B.g.1445 Vo 1470), ~mor Xwgam (B.g.1470 Vo 1512), wymoor n{hbm (B.g.1512 Vo 1527), 30

~moryaamd ZmB H$ (B.g.1527 Vo 1560), mbmoor Xwgam( B.g.1560 Vo 1570), dujmoor Xwgam C $ OJnmbamd(B.g.1570 Vo 1630) B. AmhoV. 25 `m Yrb mbmoor Xwgam (1560 Vo 1570) hm {domnyaà`m godov AgVmZm {domnyah$a d {do`zja `m Yrb B.g.1565 Ü`o gwà{gõ VmbrH$moQ>Mr bt>mb Pmbr. `m bt>mb V Am{XbemhrÀ`m ~moyzo bt>vmzm R>ma Pmbm. `m Pmboë`m bt>mb V am am`m `mmm nam^d Pmbm. `m Ü`o ~hm Zremhrg {do` { imbm åhuyz mbmoor Xwgè`mda Am{Xbehm Iwe hmovm. 26 1.20.2.1 $bq>umo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a d ^mogbo KamUo- {h Xdr ñdamá`mmr ñwmnzm N>.{edmOr amom Zr Ho$br Ë`mg $bq>uà`m ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mMmhr hmv^ma hmovm ho AmnUmg nwt>rb m{hvrdê$z ñnï> hmovo. OJnmiamd C $ dujmoor ZmB H$ Xwgao ( B.g.1570Vo1630) ho mbmoor ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a Z Va JmXrda Ambo. OJnmbamd ZmB H$ hm eya d YmS>gr AgyZ $m O~ X hmovm. B.g.1569 Ü`o drg dfm Mm AgVmZmM Vmo $bq>umm amá`h$ma^ma nmhÿ bmjbm. {h JUr ~oas>rmo ^mogbo Xagmb M Ì {hý`mv e ^w hmxodmmo `mìog {Z` mzo OmV AgV. añë`mv Ë`m Mm w $m $bq>u `owo {Z ~mih$a `m À`mH$So> Ago. EH$Xm ~m~mor ^mogbo d Ë`mMo XmoKo mor>o wbjo mbmoor d {dr>moor `m Zr amoojmamà`m {Z{ ÎmmZo OJnmbamdm Mr ^oq> KoVbr. OJnmbamd d mbmoor ho g mz d`mmo hmovo. ^mogbo ~ YyMr à{vð>m d {hå V nmhÿz Ë`m C^`Vm g OJnmiamdmZo Amnë`m nxar ~mameo hmozm Mr Agm r {Xbm. Ë`mnwdu mbmoor hm Xod{Jarg OmYdm Mo nxar bhmzgr ZmoH$ar H$aV hmovm. {Z ~mih$am Zr Ë`m C^m`Vm Zm ZmoH$ar {Xbr Ë`m wio Ë`m Mm F$UmZw~ Y dmt>bm d ^mogë`m Mo hîdm dmt>v Jobo. OJnmiamd AmOy~mOyg àxoe dmt>{dv hmovm. Ë`mH$m r Ë`mg mbmoor d {dr>moormm Mm Jbm Cn`moJ Pmbm. B.g.1590 Vo 98 À`m gw mamg OJnmiamdmMr $m O H$moëhmnyaH$S$rb H$mhr àm V {O H$sV AgVm Ë`mOda 31

Am{XbehmMr $m O MmbyZ Ambr. Ë`mdoir mor>r bt>mb Pmbr. `m bt>mb V mbmoor d {dr>moor `m Zr mor>m namh«$ Ho$bm. d OJnmiamdmg {do` { idyz {Xbm. `mvyzm ^mogbo KamÊ`mMr»`mVr {domnya Xa~mamV ngabr. nwt>o hm bm {H$H$ {ZOm emhrv hr ngabm nwt>o {ZOm emhrv Joë`mda Ë`m Mr VoWrb dvzo Oá hmovr Vr moh$ir H$ê$Z Ë`mg nav {Xbr d amoo hm {H$Vm~ {Xbm. Voìhm ^mogbo ~ Yy nav {ZOm emhrv XmIb Pmbo. `mà muo ^mogë`m Mm ^mjmox` Pmbobm nmhÿz OJnmiamdmZo Amnbr ~{hu C m~mb {hmm {ddmh mbmoor ^mogboer Ho$bm. hrm ehmoramom Mr AmB hmò. ^mogë`m Mo Hw$i Cƒ Amho. H$maU ^mogbo KamUo CX`nyaÀ`m KamÊ`mVyZ BH$So> Ambo hmovo, `mmr ImÌr {Z ~mih$am Mr hmovr. mì {Z ~mih$am er ZmVog ~ Y Amë`m wio ^mogë`mmm bm {H$H$ dmt>bm Am{U {Z ~mih$amgma»`m à{v{ð>v gaxmammo ghmæ` { imë`mzo ehmoramoo d N>ÌnVr {edmormo nwt>rb H$m gmono Pmbo. 27 OJnmbamd hm Ë`m H$mimV mvã~a amr>m gaxma hmovm.ë`mà`mm nwt>mh$mamzo biwor OmYd `mzo AAnbr wbjr {OOm~mB ehmoramom g {Xbr Agm C oi gmns>vmo. Jagpalrao Naik seems to have been a man of great influence. It was through his exerdious that the marriage of maloji s son Shahaji and Jijabai, Lukhdev Jadhavrao s daughter was brought about against the wishes of the girl s parents. 28 ÁmJnmbamd Z Va wymoor Xwgam hm $bq>uà`m g ñwmzm{ynvr B.g.1630 Ü`o Pmbm. Ë`mZo B.g.1644 n` V amá`h$ma^ma nm{hbm. Ë`mMm d ehmoramom Mm g ~ Y Mm Jbm hmovm. Ë`mÀ`mM H$ma{H$XuV B.g.1634 Ü`o XhrJmd d ^midur emim Mm CX` Pmbobm Amho. {domnyaà`m Am{XbehmMo d wymooramdmmo B.g.1631 Ü`o g ~ Y {~KS>bo hmovo. gz 1631 amoor wymooramdm Zm gmvmamà`m {H$ëë`mV H $X Ho$bo hmovo. wymoorzo H $XoV AgVmZm 32

Ë`mZo Amnbr YmH$Q>r nëzr d {VMr wbo ~OmOr d gb ~mb `mg Ë`m À`m Ordmg YmoH$m hmod$ Z`o åhuyz Amnë`mOdi gmvmam `owo ~mobmdyz KoVbo. wymoor hm gmvmam `owrb H $XoV Xhm df} hmovo. nwt>o ehmoramoo ^mogbo {domnyaà`m ZmoH$arV am{hë`mda Ambno doz IM H$ê$Z h X Am{XbemhmÀ`m hþhy$ mzo B.g.1638 Ü`o wymoormr H $XoVyZ gwq>h$m Ho$br Jobr. Ë`m wio ^mogbo d {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mMo g ~ Y AmUIr Odi Ambo. Ë`m wio wymoor ZmB H$ `m Zr Amnbr H$Ý`m gb ~mb {hmm {ddmh ehmoramoo ^mogbo `m Mo {Ma Ord {edmoramoo `m À`mer Ho$bm. hm {ddmh gmohim {domnya `owo nma ns>bm. `m {ddmhmv h X Am{Xbehm `mzo XmoÝhr Hw $Qw>~mMm gý mz Ho$bm. 29 wymoormo ghmæ` N>.{edmOr hmamom À`m ñdamá` ñwmnzoà`m CnH«$ mg { iv Agmdo Aímr e H$m {domnyaà`m Am{Xbehmg Ambr hmovr. VgoM wymoorà`m ZmV Ago hmovo {H$, $bq>umm H$ma^ma Amnë`m nímmv ~OmOrg { imdm `m Jmoï>rg Ë`mMo Á`oð> nwì H$~wb ZìhVo na Vw wymoorzo {domnya Xa~maMr nadmzjr { idbr Voìhm wymoormo Ë`m À`m XmoZ wbm Mo gm~mor d OJXodamd `m Mo dmh$so> Ambo. Vo {domnyamr XV KoD$Z wymoorda MmbyZ Ambo. Voìhm B.g.644 Ü`o {eadiodi ^moir `owo bt>mb Pmbr. Ë`mV wymoor EH$m ds>mà`m PmS>mImbr nwvê`mà`m hmvyz mabm Jobm Ë`mg ~mn marmm ds> Ago åhuvmv. 30 1.20.2.2 ~OmOr ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a B.g.1644 À`m bt>mb V ~OmOr ZmB H$ `mzo ~mnmà`m Ho$boë`m AnamYm~Ôb {domnyah$am Zr H $X Ho$bo. VoWo Joë`mZ Va ~OmOrg A{XbehmZo Ordo maê`mmr Amkm Ho$br. Voìhm ~mxehmmo gaxma mzo, KmQ>Jo, KmoanSo> d H$mimoOr {e Xo B. gaxmam Zr {dz Vr H$ê$Z Ordo maê`mmm hþhy$ aô Ho$bm. Ë`mZ Va nwto N>.{edmOr hmamom Zr Amnbr H$Ý`m ghw$~mb hr ~OmOrMm Wmoabm wbjm hmxor `mg {Xbr. hm {ddmh nwuo `owo Pmbm. `m {ddmh g ~ Ym wio N>.{edmOr hmamo d ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m À`m g ~ Ym Ü`o AmUIr ÑT>Vm {Z m U 33

Pmbr. 31 $bq>uà`m n bog aoh$m S > Ü`o Vr m{hvr nwt>rb à muo Amho. Jagpalrao was succeeded by his son Mudhoji II(1630-1644) whose daughter Saibai, was married to Shivaji the Great. In 1644 Mudhoji was killed by the king of Bijapur and his son Bajaji (1644-1674) was taken prisoner to Bijapur. Shivaji then gave his daughter Sakhubai in marriage to Bajaji s son Mahadaji. 32 ~OmOrMr wbm Zr N>.{edmOr amom Zm mor>`m à mumv ghh$mæm Ho$bo hmovo. B.g.1674 Ü`o ~OmOr ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `mà`m Ë`yZ Va Ë`mMm {Vgam wbjm dujmoor ZmB H$ {Vgam hm $bq>u g ñwmzmm gîmm{ye Pmbm. Ë`mZo B.g.1676 Vo 1693 amá`h$ma^ma Ho$bm. Ë`mZ Va Ë`mMm nwvê`m OmZmoOr hm JmXrda Ambm. OmZmoOrbm V`Mm gmdì ^md$ ~OmOr `mzo amá`ë`mj H$aÊ`mg ^mj nms>bo. na Vw Z Va gmvmè`mà`m N>ÌnVr emhÿ hmamom À`m Ü`ñVrZo nwýhm $bq>uà`m Ohm{Jarda ~g{dbo. OmZmoOr hm wymoormm wbjm AgyZ Ë`mZo B.g.1693 Vo 1748 n` V g ñwmzmm amá`h$ma^ma nm{hbm. hm OmZmoOr N>.amOmam, hmamur Vmam~mB d N>.emhÿ hmamom À`m g H$mbrZ hmod$z Jobm. OmZmoOrZ Va Ë`mMm wbjm wymoor {Vgam B.g.1748 Ü`o JmXrda Ambm. Ë`mZo B.g.1765 n` V amá`h$ma^ma Ho$bm. Ë`mbm wb~mi ZìhVo, åhuyz Ë`mZo mbmoorg XÎmH$ KoVbo. wymoormr nëzr gjwum~mb hr bds>rà`m KmQ>Jo KamÊ`mVrb hmovr. B.g.1765 Ü`o wymooramd {Vgao `m Mo {ZYZ Pmë`mda Ë`mMr amur gjwum~mb C $ AmB gmho~ `m Zr H$mhr H$mi amá`h$ma^ma Ho$bm. Ë`m Mm amá`h$ma^ma namonh$mar d Ë`m X`miy hmoë`m. noedm mydamd d amur gjwum~mb `m À`m g ~ YmV {dvwï>vm Amë`mZo noeì`m Zr gjwum~mbªmr Ohm{Ja Oá Ho$br. d $bq>uà`m JmXrda {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mVrb EH$ XwaMm ZmVodmB H$ gmò amor `mbm $bq>u najê`mmm à wi ~Zdbo. nwt>o B.g.1774 Ü`o gjwum~mb Zo mbmoor {Vgam `mg XÎmH$ KoVbo Ë`mdoir noedm gdmb mydamd 34

`mzo `m XÎmH$mg Owar {Xbr d mbmooramd {Vgao ho B.g.1774 Ü`o $bq>u g ñwmzm{ynvr Pmbo. mbmoor {Vgao `mzo $bq>umr JmXr { iê`m~ôb noeì`mh$so> { $ê$z AO Ho$bm. Voìhm noeì`mzo 1 bmi ê$n`o KoD$Z $bq>uà`m JmXrda Ë`mg ~gdbo. 33 mbmoor {Vgam hm Amnë`m $m Oo{Zer noeì`m À`m gd mo{h ov gh^mjr hmov Ago. Ë`mÀ`m mkmar $bq>umm H$ma^ma Ë`mMr nëzr gjwum~mb nmhv Ago. mbmoor {Vgam hm noeì`m À`m dvrzo H$Zm Q>H$mV mo{h oda AgVmZm Ë`mMo B.g.1777 Ü`o {ZYZ Pmbo. 34 1.20.2.3 OmZamd ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a C $ OmZmoOr Xwgam( B.g.1777 Vo 1825) B.g.1777 Ü`o {Vgam mbmoor au nmdë`mz Va Ë`mMm XÎmH$ nwì OmZamd hm B.g.1777 Ü`o JmXrda Ambm. Vmo AkmZ Agë`m wio amur gjwum~mb {hzo B.g.1791 n` V g ñwmzmm H$ma^ma nm{hbm. amur gjwum~mb B.g.1791 Ü`o au nmdbr. amur gjwum~mb hr Y erbnum d CËH $ï> amá`h$ma^ma `m JwUm~Ôb à{gõ hmovr. OmZamd ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a noeì`mà`m mo{h ov gh^mjr hmov Ago. B.g.1791 nmgyz Vmo ñdv ÌnUo amá`h$ma^ma nmhÿ bmjbm. Ë`mMm B.g.1825 Ü`o Ë`y Pmbm. 35 OmZmoOramd Xwgam `mà`m H$ma{H$XuV nmobr{q>h$b EO Q> `m Zr $bq>u ehamj AZoH$ doim ^oq>r {Xë`mMo AmT>iyZ `ovo. `mà`mm H$mimV amr>r gîmomm AñV Pmbm. Xwgam ~moramd `mg B J«OmZr H $X H$ê$Z H$mZnyaOdi ~«åhmdv `owo nmr>{dbo Am{U noeì`mmm wbyi E{b{ $ÝñQ>ZZo Vmã`mV KoVbm. Oo nydumo gaxma hmovo Ë`m À`mer ñdv Ì Vh H$ê$Z A^`XmZ {Xbo. VgoM $bq>uà`m ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$am er 22 E{àb 1820 amoor ñdv Ì Vh Ho$bm. 36 1.20.3 AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI S>mVrb $bq>umm eha ÁmmZamd ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a B.g.1825 Ü`o {Znw{ÌH$ au nmdë`mz Va gmvmaà`m N>ÌnVtZr $bq>u g ñwmz Oá Ho$bo. na Vw nwt>o ~OmOr Xwgam `mg 35

B.g. 1827 Ü`o 30,000 ê$n`o ZOamUm XoD$Z JmXr XoÊ`mV Ambr. Vr o 1828 Ü`o au nmdë`mz Va nwýhm gmvmaà`m hmamom Zr g ñwmz Oá Ho$bo. 37 Xaå`mZ $bq>umm H$ma^ma OmZamdmMr nëzr gmho~or~mb hrm nhmv hmovr. eodq>r B.g.1841 Ü`o gmho~or~mb {hbm XÎmH$ KoÊ`mMr nadmzjr 30,000 ê$næmo XoD$Z ZOamUm XoD$Z { imbr. {VZo OmZamdmÀ`m ^mdmmm ZmVy hmxor `mg XÎmH$ KoD$Z Ë`mMo Zmd wymomár R>odbo d Vmo AkmZ Agë`m wio gmho~or~mb Zo CÎm arvrzo amá`h$ma^ma Ho$bm. gmho~or~mb Zo A{Ve` IS>Va H$mimV $bq>u g ñwmzmm H$ma^ma CÎm àh$mao Ho$bm. Vr B.g.1853 Ü`o au nmdbr. Z Va {~«{Q>e gah$ma Ü`o g ñwmzmm H$ma^ma Mmb{dÊ`mV `od$z 10 o$~«wdmar 1860 amoor wymooramd `m Zm JmXrMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo. 38 $bq>u g ñwmz gmvmè`mà`m N>ÌnVrZr H$go Oá Ho$bo d nav Oár H$er CR>{dbr `mg g ~ Yr $bq>uà`m àemgh$s` AhdmbmV nwt>rb hîdmmr m{hvr { ivo. On the 1 st Januray 1825 on Janrao s death without an heir the Jahagir was attatched by the Raja of Satara but on the 3 rd September 1827, Bajaji was fee Rs.30,000. On the 17 th may 1828. On Bajaji s death the state was again attatdhed by the Raja of Satara on the 3 rd December 1841, on a payment of a nazarana of Rs.30,000, Janrao s widow Rani Sahebjibai alias Bayasaheb was allowed to adopt Mahadji, the grandson of Janrao s brother. After his adoption Mahadji was named Mudhoji. During his minority, Sahebji Bai acted as regent and ably administered the state till her death in 1853. After her death, the British Government administeres the state till the 10 th February 1860, when Mudhojirao IV alias Bapusaheb the adoptive father of the present Ruler was invested with rulling Powers. 39 36

wymooramd C $ ~mnygmho~m Zr B.g.1860 Vo 1916 `m H$mbmdYrV AZoH$ bmoh$mon`mojr H$m o Ho$br. B.g.1878 Ü`o Ë`m Mr w ~B À`m H$m`Xo S>imV g^mgx åhuyz Zo UyH$ Pmbr. Ë`m Zm 1911 Ü`o {~«{Q>e gah$mazo gr.eg.am`. hm ~hþ mzmmm {H$Vm~ {Xbm. wymoorzo 28 {S>g ~a 1899 amoor Zmam`Uamdm Zm XÎmH$ KoVbo d Ë`m Mo Zmd mbmoor R>odbo. Ë`m Zm 15 Zmoìh ~a 1917 amoor g ñwmzmmo gd A{YH$a {Xbo. lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a lr V mbmooramoo ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m Zr hmë m w$bo, amofu N>.emhÿ hmamo, H$ dra ^md$amd nmq>rb `m Mr {dmmagaur OmonmgyZ OZgm mý`m À`m H$ë`mUmMo H$m` Ho$bo. ñdmv Ì`nyd H$mimV $bq>u g ñwmzmo A{YnVr Am{U ñdmv Ì`moÎma H$mimV w ~B amá`mmo Ìr åhuyz Ë`m Zr hîdmmo H$m` Ho$bo. eovr{df`h$ H$m` Amnbm Xoe eovràymz, eovr hm AW ì`dñwomm H$Um Am{U gd gm mý` eovh$ar OZVm hm Am{W H$ àjvrmm H $Ð{~ Xw Amho. eovr Am{U eovh$ar `m Mr gwymaum Ho$b{ VaM Amnë`m XoemMr àjvr hmob b. hm Ñï>rH$moZ ñdrh$mê$z lr V mbmooramom Zr ñdmv Ì`nyd H$mimnmgyZ `m joìmv ~hþ mob H$m` Ho$bo. $bq>u g ñwmzmvrb eovr d eovh$è`m Mm H$m`mnmbQ> H$amdm, `m hovyzo Ë`m Zr à`ëz H$ê$Z Z[am COd H$mbdm $bq>u g ñwmzmv AmUbm. Ë`m wio g ñwmzmvrb 30 Jmdm Yrb eovr Amo{bVmImbr Ambr. Caboë`m àxoemvrb eovrbm nmur nwadr>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZr N>moQ>r N>moQ>r waê`mmr YaUo ~m Ybr. gm y{hh$ eovrmm à`moj am~{dbm. gwym[av OmVrMo ~r-{~`muo eovh$è`m Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo. O{ ZrMr g nmvir H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ eovr AdOmam À`m dmnamg àmoëgmhz {Xbo. ñdmv Í`moÎma H$mimV lr V mbmooramoo ho w ~B amá`mà`m {Ì S>imV nmq>~ Ymao Ìr hmovo. Ë`mdoir Ë`m Zr AZoH$ emgh$s` ` ÌUoÀ`m ghmæ`mzo àh$ën `moozm AmIë`m. d Ë`m H$m`m pýdv Ho$ë`m. 37

{eju{df`h$ H$m` gd gwymauomo yi {ejumv Amho. ho amoogmho~m Zr AmoiIbo hmovo. bmoh$ OmJ V d gwomu Pmë`m{edm` g mommr àjvr hmozma Zmhr. åhuyz lr V mbmooramoo ñdmv Ì`nyd H$mimV d Z VaÀ`m H$mimV {eju àgmamgmr>r gvv à`ëz H$arV amhrbo. Ë`m Zm {dûmzm{df`r namh$moq>rmm AmXa d AmnwbH$s hmovr. Amnë`m g ñwmzmvrb wbm wbrzm {ejummr gmò CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m Zr bhmz JmdmV B.4Wr n`ªv, mor>`m JmdmV B.7dr n` V emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Va $bq>u `owo wymoor hm`ñhy$b Ü`o B J«Or 7 dr n` V emim gwê$ Ho$br. g ñwmzmv gd wbtzm d Añn í`m À`m wbm Zm mo $V {eju {Xbo OmB. BVam ZmgwÛm AJXr Aën $s AmH$mabr OmB. ~mhoa JmdmhÿZ $bq>ubm {ejumbm `oumè`m {dúmï`mªà`m {ZdmgmMr d ^moozmmr gmò H$aÊ`mgmR>r "àvmn{g h eovh$ar ~mos>vj gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mM n[agamv AmO lram EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`q>rmo {d{dy e j{uh$ àh$ën pñwamdbo AmhoV. {X $bq>u EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`q>rmr ñwmnzm H$ê$Z {VÀ`m m $V ~mbdms>rnmgyz hm{dúmb`mn`ªv {ejummr gmò CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho. e j{uh$ joìmv H$m` H$aUmè`m $bq>u g ñwm Zm d ì`švtzm lr V mbmooramom Zr ~hþ mob ghh$m` Ho$bo. CXm. a`v {eju g ñwog gmvmam `owrb Amnbm ~ Jbm d VoWrb O rz XoUJr {Xbr. VoWoM N>.{edmOr H$m boo, YZ O`amd JmS>Jri H$m boo, AmPmX H$m boo Am{U `ed Vamd MìhmU BpÝñQ>Q>`wQ> Am $ gm`ýg kmzxmzmmo n{dì H$m` H$arV AmhoV. `m H$m boozm Am{W H$ gmh` Ho$bo. {h JUo ór {eju g ñwomo g ñwmnh$ h{f Ym S>mo Ho$ed H$d} `m Zm AS>MUrÀ`mdoir Am{W H$ gmh` Ho$bo. Am{U Ë`m Zm Vhh`mV $bq>u g ñwmzm m $V noýez gwê$ Ho$br.`m{edm` emaxm gxz d ^m S>maH$a BpÝñQ>Q>`wQ>bm Am{W H$ ghh$m` Ho$bo. 38

gm m{oh$ gwymaum nwamojm r {dmmam À`m lr V mbmooramom Zm VËH$mbrZ g momvrb Añn í`vm, OmVr`Vm, AkmZ, A YlÕm, ~mb{ddmh, ns>xm nõv, BË`mXr A{Zï> Jmoï>r d ê$t>r à{vjm r d H$mb~mh` dmq>ë`m. A{YH$mar àmárz Va Ë`m Zr darb Jmoï>rg ñdv nmgyz gwê$dmv H$ê$Z Xya Ho$ë`m Am{U gdmªzm àjvr H$aÊ`mMr g Yr {Xbr. Am Úmo{JH$ {dh$mg $bq>u gma»`m no Ý` N>m`oV AgUmè`m Am{Z A{dH$grV àxoemmr àjvr Am Úmo{JH$ gwymaum Ho$ë`m{edm` hmouma Zmhr, ho AmoiIyZ lr V mbmooramom Zr m. _ $Vbmb d m.amnq>o `m Zm d V CÚmoJnVrÀ`m ghh$m`m Zo {n nidms>r `owo gz 1933 Ü`o " $bq>u ewja dšg ' hm gmia H$maImZm C^mabm. ñdmv Ì`moÎma H$mimV $bq>u `owo lram ghh$mar gmia H$maImZm gwê$ Ho$bm. Ë`m wio `m n[agamvrb eovh$è`m Mr n[apñwvr gwymê$z Ë`m Mo gm m{oh$, gm ñh ${VH$, e j{uh$ d amoh$s` OrdZ àjvrà`m {XeoZo dmq>mmb H$ê$ bmjbo. amoh$s` joìmvrb H$m` amoh$s` OrdZmV lr V mbmooramom Zr gvv CXma VdmXr Am{U bmoh$emhrdmxr {dmma àumbrmm Adb ~ Ho$bm. Amnë`m g ñwmzmm H$ma^ma bmoh$ VmZwdVu Am{U {Z njnmvr MmbÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m Zr bmoh$à{v{zyrmo H$m`Xo S>i {Z`wŠV Ho$bo hmovo. mì bmoh${z`wšv à{v{zyr H$ma^mamV ag KoV ZgV. `mmr Ë`m Zm I V dmq>v hmovr. VËH$mbrZ àom n[a`xoà`m H$m` H$Ë`m Zm Ë`m Zr ghmh$mæm Ho$bo. mbmooramo À`m H$ma^mam{df`r VH $VrW bú Uemór Omoer `m Zr amoogmho~m Zr MmoI Am{U {Z i H$ma^ma Ho$bm Vo gm mý` mugmà`m {hvm~ôb gx d Xj AgV. Ago V ì`šv Ho$bo Amho. 39

ñdmv Í` àmárz Va X{jU g ñwmzmmm amá`g K {Z{ VrV amoogmho~m Mr ^y{ H$m hîdmmr hmovr. mì Ago g KamÁ` ì`dpñwv Mmb{dVm `ouma Zmhr. ho bjmv `ovmm Ë`m Zr {dbrzrh$aumà`m {dmmam Mo g W Z Ho$bo. $bq>u g ñwmz {e H$sÀ`m I{OÝ`mgh amoiwerzo 8 mm 1948 amoor ñdv Ì ^mavmv {dbrz Ho$bo. lr V mbmooramom Mr nwamojm r {dmmagaur Am{U àom{hvxj H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mMr nõv bjmv KoD$Z H$m±J«ogÀ`m Ìr S>imV Ë`m Mm XmoZ doim g mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 40 mbmoorzr 1917 Vo 1948 `m H$mbmdYrV bmoh$ë`muh$mar H$ma^ma Ho$bm. Ë`m À`mM H$ma{H$XuV g ñwmzmv bmoh$emhr amodq>rmm àma ^ Am{U {dh$mg Pmbm. 1 OmZodmar 1936 amomár Ë`m Zm {~«{Q>g gah$mah$sy>z amom hm d en anamjv {H$Vm~ { imbm. {h XwñWmZbm ñdmv Ä` { imë`mz Va gz 1948 Ü`o bmoh$ VmMm H$b nmhÿz Ë`m Zr Amnbo g ñwmz amoriwerzo 8 mm 1948 amoor 65 bmi ê$n`o I{OÝ`mgh w ~B àm VmV {dbrz Ho$bo. 41 1.20.3.1 ^mavr` ñdmv Ä` MidirVrb $bq>uà`m g ñwmzmmr pñwvr $bq>u g ñwmzà`m A{YnVrZo 22 E{àb 1820 amoor B ñq> B {S>`m H $nzrer EH$ H$ama H$ê$Z $bq>umo g ñwmz H$m` Mo R>odbo hmovo. gz 1857 À`m ~ S>m wio ^mavmvrb amoh$s` n[apñwvr ApñWa Pmbr hmovr. B ñq> B {S>`m H $nzrmr gîmm g nwï>mv `od$z ^mavmmr gîmm {~«{Q>e amomzo Amnë`m hmvmv KoVbr hmovr. `mmm n[aum g ñwm{zh$mda Pmbobm hmovm. 1860 Ü`o Aem `m amoh$s`, Am{W H$ ApñWaVoÀ`m H$mimV wymooramd $bq>umo gîmm{ye Pmbo. Ë`m Zr 1916 n` V g ñwmzmm H$ma^ma H$ê$Z $bq>umr gdm JrU àjvr H$ê$Z EH$ AmXe g ñwmz ~Zdbo hmovo. $bq>u g ñwmzà`m H$ma^mamVrb EH$ C oizr` KQ>Zm åhuoo VoWrb amom Zr g ñwmzmv 7 gßq>o~a 1929 amoor H$m` H$mar S>i d H$m`Xo S>imMr ñwmnzm Ho$br. H$m`oX S>imVrb H$mhr g^mgx bmoh${z`wšv hmovo. `mz Va gz 40

1931 Ü`o H$m`Xo S>imMr nwzk Q>Zm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mV bmoh${z`wšv g^mgxmmo eoh$s>m à mu 45 hmovo. mì gz 1930 Ü`o g nyu ^mav g{dz` H$m`Xo^ JmÀ`m MidirZo Xw Xw yz Jobm. Var $bq>u g ñwmz Ë`mnmgyZ AJXr A{bá am{hbo. gßq>o~a 1931 Ü`o b S>Z `owo ^a{dê`mv Amboë`m Xwgè`m Jmob oo n[afxog $bq>umm {XdmU CnpñWV hmovm. Amnbo ñdv Ì ñwmz H$m` R>odÊ`mgmR>r X{jUoVrb H$mhr g ñwm{zh$m Zr Oo Za X«S>i g K{Q>V Ho$bo hmovo Ë`mV $bq>uh$am Mmhr g mdoe hmovm. 42 1.21 g mamon $bq>u ehamg àmmrz H$mimnmgyZ amoh$s` gm m{oh$ d gm ñh ${VH$ B{Vhmg Agbm Var B.g.1284 Ü`o $bq>u eha ho EH$ g ñwmz åhuyz ApñVÎdmV Ambo hmovo. `m $bq>u g ñwmzmmr ñwmnzm n{hbm {Z ~amo `mzo Ho$br. B.g.1284 Vo 1948 n` V `m $bq>u g ñwmzmv {Z ~mih$a KamÊ`mV EHy$U n Mdrg amoo hmod$z Jobo. Ë`m Zr Amnmnë`m narzo `m g ñwmzmmm {dh$mg H$aÊ`mMm à`z Ho$bm Amho. $mbq>u g ñwmzmm àmmrz d Ü``wJrZ H$mimVrb Jm adembr Agm B{Vhmg KS>bm Amho. àmmrz H$mimnojm Ü``wJrZ H$mimV $bq>z ghamg {deof amoh$s` hîd àmá Pmbo H$maU VoWo ZdrZ amr>r g ñwmz B.g.1284 Ü`o CX`mg Ambo Vo 1948 n` V {Q>Hy$Z am{hbo. $bq>zà`m ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$azo {X rmm gwbvmz h X VwKbH$, ~hm Zr gîmmyre, {domnyamr Am{Xbemhr, N>.{edmOr hmamo d noedo `m À`m nxar BZm o BV~mao godm H$ê$Z Jm adembr B{Vhmg KS>{dbm. Ü``wJrZ H$mimV $bq>umo {Z ~mih$a ho EH$ à{vpîr>v gaxma hmovo. åhuyzm Ë`m À`m KamÊ`mMm d mvã~a mbmooramoo ^mogbo, N>.{edmOramOo ^mogbo `m À`m KamÊ`mer d dm{hh$ g ~ Y KSy>Z Ambobo {XgVmV. 17 d 18ì`m evh$mv amr>`m À`m B{VhmgmV ZmB H$ {Z ~mih$a `m Zr mobmmr ^ard H$m {Jar Ho$br. B.g.1818 Ü`o noedmb Mm A V Pmbm Am{U gd 41

amr>r g ñwmzo B J«Om Mo m S>{bH$ ~Zbr. emvmè`mbm N>.àVmn{g h hamom Mr N>ÌnVr åhuyz {~«{Q>em Zr nwzñwm nzm Ho$br d $bq>u ho EH$ gmvmam N>ÌnVtÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr m S>{bH$ g ñwmz Pmbo. B ñq> B {S>`m H $nzrer gz 1820 Ü`o Vh H$ê$Z $bq>u g ñwmzmmo ñwmz {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 19ì`m evh$mv B J«O d $bq>u g ñwmz `m Mo g ~ Y ÌrMo d gbmo»`mmo am{hbo. 18 ì`m evh$mà`m CÎmamYm V noedmb Mr gîmm Xwgè`m ~moramdmh$so> Jobr. gz 1818 Ü`o amr>r gîmomm Zme Pmbm. gz 1818 Z Va g nyu ^mavmv d hmamï³>mv B J«Or gîmm ÑT> wb Pmbr. hmamï³>mvrb Or AR>am g ñwmzo 1820 Ü`o Eg.E.gr.ñQ>oQ> åhuyz g ~moyê`mv Ambr. Ë`m Ü`o $bq>u g ñwmz EH$ g ñwmz ~Zbo. gz 1820 Z Va $bq>u g ñwmz B ñq> B {S>`m H $nzrmo m S>{bH$ g ñwmz gmvmam N>ÌnVtÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr Ambo. gmvmaà`m N>ÌnVrZo `mo½` dmag Zgë`mZo XmoZ doim $bq>umo g ñwmz Oá Ho$bo. eodq>r wymooramdmmm XÎmH$ Oya H$ê$Z gz 1860 Ü`o $bq>u g ñwmzmm ZdrZ H$mbI S> CX`mg Ambm. ^mavr` ñdmv Ä` MidirV $bq>u g ñwmzmzo AghH$ma Am XmobZ, d `pšvh$ gë`mj«h, Mbo Omd Am XmobZ d ^mavr` ñdmv Ä`bT>m 1947 Ü`o gh^mj KoVbm hmovm. AmO $bq>u eha ho gmvmam {Oëh`mVrb EH$ VmbwŠ`mMo {R>H$mU åhuyz à{gõ Amho. 42

g X^ 1) $bq>u g ñwmzmm àemgh$s` dm{f H$ Ahdmb,df 1935-36, n.1 2) nmr>h$ Aê$UM Ð(g nm.), gmvmam {Oëhm J Po{Q>`a, 1999, n.20 3) {H$Îmm, n.21 4) Imprial Gazette of India 1886, P.164 5) $bq>u eha OZJUZm Ahdmb, 1991, n.3 6) $bq>u g ñwmzmm dm{f H$ àemgh$s` Ahdmb, gz 1890-91, n.2 7) $bq>u g ñwmzmm dm{f H$ àemgh$s` Ahdmb, gz 1899-1900, n.2 8) A.R.of Phaltan State Year 1899-1900, P.2 9) nmr>h$ Aê$UM Ð(g nm.), CnamoŠV, 1999, n.244 10) {H$Îmm, n.243 11) {H$Îmm, n.245 12) {H$Îmm, n.250 13) {H$Îmm, n.245-247 14) nmdeo A.~., {dh$mg fr² m{gh$, $bq>u, 1936, n.34 15) Gawade S.M., History of Phaltan State, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 2001, P.12 16) nmr>h$ Aê$UM Ð(g nm.), CnamoŠV, n.813 17) nmdeo A.~., {dh$mg fr> m{gh$ $bq>u, 1936, n.34 18) { amer dm.{d., dmh$mq>h$ Z nvr Am{U Ë`m Mm H$mb, 1957, n.46 19) nmr>h$ Aê$UM Ð(g nm.), CnamoŠV, n.814 20) { amer dm.{d., {ebmhma KamU`Mm B{Vhmg d H$moard boi, n.3-5 21) ZmB H$-{Z ~mih$a {ZiH $R> nm Sw>a J, dmr>mah$a {Z ~mih$a `m Mo KamÊ`mMm B{Vhmg, 1928, n.2 22) {H$Îmm, n.22 43

23) {H$Îmm, n.22 24) Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency Vol.XIX ed. Of 1885 the Satara Gazetteer States at p.231 25) nmr>h$ Aê$UM Ð(g nm.), CnamoŠV, n.814 26) gaxogmb Jmo.g., amr>r [a`mgv-i S> 1, n.135 27) {H$Îmm, n.135 28) Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency Vol.XIX ed. Of 1885 the Satara Gazetteer States at p.231 29) nmagzrg S$r.~r., Eo{Vhm{gH$ M[aÌo d {Q>nUo, n.29 30) VmaHw $So> {g.a., j{ì` KamÊ`mMm B{Vhmg, nwuo, 1928, n.3 31) {H$Îmm, n.3 32) $bq>u g ñwmzmm dm{f H$ àemgh$s` Ahdmb, gz 1934-35, n.3 33) VmaHw $So> {g.a., CnamoŠV, n.5 34) Gawade S.M., History of Phaltan State, unpublished M. Phil. Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 1996, P.27 35) VmaHw $So> {g.a., CnamoŠV, n.5 36) Aitchionni Treaty and engenment 37) nq>dy Z {d.a., g ñwmzmvrb bmoh$ehrmm bt>m, nwuo, n.303 38) {H$Îmm, n.303 39) $bq>u g ñwmzmm dm{f H$ àemgh$s` Ahdmb, gz 1900-1901, n.17 40) Xoe wi {dídmgamd(g nm.), ñ a{uh$m, {edmor {dúmnrr> B{Vhmg àmü`mnh$ n[afxomo nmmdo A{YdoeZ, wymoor hm{dúmb` $bq>u, o$~«w.1997, n.30 Vo 33 41) ZmB H$-{Z ~mih$a {ZiH $R> nm Sw>a J, CnamoŠV, n.26 42) nq>dy Z {d.a., CnamoŠV, n.301-18 44