Provenance of Arenites

Provenance of Arenites

NATO ASI Series Advanced Science InstitutesSeries Aseries presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and techno/ogical knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. Theseries is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Altairs Division A Life Seiences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York c Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company and Physical Seiences Dordrecht. Boston and Lancaster D Behavioural and Social Seiences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers E Engineering and The Hague, Boston and Lancaster Materials Seiences F Computer and Systems Seiences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Seiences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York and Tokyo Series C: Mathematical and Physical Seiences Vol. 148

Provenance of Arenites edited by G.G.Zuffa Department of Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Castiglione Cosentino Stazione, Cosenza, ltaly Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Reading Provenance from Arenites Cetraro, Cosenza, ltaly June 3-11,1984 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Reading Provenance from Arenites (1984: Cosenza, ltaly) Provenance of arenites. (NATO ASI series. Series C-Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 148) "Proceeding of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Reading Provenance from Arenites, Cetraro, Cosenza, ltaly, June 3-11, 1984"-T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." lncludes indexes. 1. Arenites-Congresses. 2. Sedimentation and deposition-congresses. I. Zuffa, G. G. (Gian Gaspare), 1943- II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ScientificAffairsDivision. 111. Title. IV. Series. QE471.15.A68N37 1984 552'.5 84-29797 ISBN 978-90-481-8413-2 ISBN 978-94-017-2809-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2809-6 All Rights Reserved 1985 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland. in 1985 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PREFACE..... v~~ MAIN FACTORS CONTROLLING THE COMPOSITION OF ARENITES INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE AND RELIEF ON COMPOSITIONS OF SANDS RE LEASED AT SOURCE AREAS A. Basu........................... 1 INFLUE!JCE OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND BASIN GEOMETRY ON SAND COMPOSITION F. Ricci Lucchi....................................... 19 LOCAL MORPHOLOGIC CONTROLS AND EFFECTS OF BASEl GEOllETRY ON FLOW PROCESSES IN DEEP MARINE BASINS W. R. Normark.............................. 4 7 TURBIDITE SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELATIONS TO DEPOSITIONAL SE QUENCES E. Mutti............................................ 65 DIAGENETIC PROCESSES THAT AFFECT PROVENANCE DETERMINATIONS IN SANDSTONE E. F. McBride...................... 95 TYPES OF POROSITY IN SANDSTONES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN INTERPRETING PROVENANCE G. Shanmugam.................................. 115 PROVENANCE OF FELDSPATHIC SANDSTONES - THE EFFECr OF DIAGEN ESIS ON PROVENANCE INTERPRETATIONS: A REVIEW K. P. Helmold..................... 139

vi CONTENTS OPTICAL ANALYSES OF ARENITES: INFLUENCE OF METHODOLOGY ON COMPOSITIONAL RESULTS G. G. Zuffa....... 165 SPECIAL TOPICS CATHODOLUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY AS A TOOL FüR PROVENANCE STU DIES OF SANDSTONES A. Matter and K. Ramseyer............................... 191 ENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION OF QUARTZ GRAIN SURFACE TEXTURES D. Krins1ey and P. Trusty... 213 READING PROVENANCE FROM DETRITAL QUARTZ A. Basu 231 HEAVY MINERALS IN PROVENANCE STUDIES A. C. Morton 249 SIGNIFICANCE OF GREEN PARTICLES ( GLAUCONY, BERTHIERINE, CHLO RITE) IN ARENITES G. S. Odin........................................... 2 79 GLOBAL SYNTHESIS ON MODERN AND ANCIENT MARINE SANDS READING PROVENANCE FROM MODERN MARINE SANDS R. Va1loni.... 309 INTERPRETING PROVENANCE RELATIONS FROM DETRITAL HODES OF SANDSTONES W. R. Dickinsan......................................... 333 SUBJECT INDEX... 363 INDEX OF NAMES....... 393

PREFACE Gian Gaspare Zuffa Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Universitä della Calabria 87030 Castiglione Cosentino Stazione, Cosenza, ITALY The tradition has been to consider Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology as quite separate areas of research. It is however impossible to arrive at an optimal description of sedimentary rocks without integrating the two fields since sedimentary processes and compositional aspects are strongly intertwined. The study of arenites is of particular importance in obtaining paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions aimed at determining the geodynamics of the earth's crust. It also has important implications in exploration for and exploitation of hydrocarbons. At the NATO ASI Meeting on Reading Provenance from Arenites held in Calabria (Italy), June 3-ll, 1984, field sedimentologists and sedimentary petrologists were given opportunity to pool their resources in order to obtain better analyses of both source areas and depositional basins. The papers collected in this volume represent an edited version of the lectures given and provide a comprehensive picture of the present state of the art since they include such important topics as: l) the climate and relief of the source areas, 2) mechanical transport of sediments and depositional processes, 3) postdepositional processes, and 4) the methodology adopted for petrographic optical analyses. Particular attention has been paid to the limitations and errors introduced into paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions by incomplete and incorrect data. This volume also includes some special topics on analytical techniques and on how to deal with quartz, feldspar, green particles and heavy minerals in provenance studies. Finally an overall view is presented of the use of arenites in studying ancient and modern tectonic settings. The uniqueness of this book lies ~n the fact that it combines

viii PREFACE sedimentology and petrology of arenites, two fields which have hitherto been considered quite separate research areas. The editor is very grateful to NATO for enabling him to organize such an interesting and profitable meeting. Thanks for their financial support are also due to UNESCO, Italian National Research Council (CNR), University of Calabria, and to the following Oil Companies, AGIP, SNIA BPD, TOTAL Mineraria. Sponsorship was gratefully received from Italian Geological Society, Italian Society of Mineralogy and Petrology and from International Association of Sedimentologists. Ms. Shirley Hill deserve particular mention because of her constant support both in the preparatory stage and during the meeting itself. Last but not least I should like to thank Tarquin Teale and Albina Colella for their collaboration in preparation the field excursions, Ms. Denise Scott, Claudia Spalletta, Gian Gabriele Ori and Alessandra Failla for help with the editing and the members of the Earth Science Department of the University of Calabria, Maurizio Sonnino, Gianluca Ferrini, Franeo Gagliardi, Eugenio Gori and Emilio Tocci whose invaluable help I will never be able to repay. Castiglione Cosentino Stazione (Cosenza), October 1st, 1984.