Cartographic visualisation of Time

Cartographic visualisation of Time prof Menno-Jan Kraak <kraak@itc.nl> Barend Köbben <kobben@itc.nl> INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION

Contents Changing Cartography from making maps to Spatial data dissemination Time in Cartography Dynamic Visualization Variables Case: Overijssel Municipal changes Adapting to Time & Place Location Based Services Practical application Using MapViewSVG to put Place & Time on the Web ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 2

Changing Cartography: From making maps to Spatial data dissemination Barend Köbben <kobben@itc.nl> INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION

Overview Why use maps? Changing Cartography Why use the Web? WebCartography ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 4

Why use graphics? Graphics are international: uitgang, exit, Ausgang, sortie, uscita, salida, etc... = ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 5

Why use graphics? Graphics are holistic: a picture says more than a thousand words... First road left, then cross the railroad and continue until you cross the river, then the first right and right again on the crossroads... ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 6

Why use maps? rainfall 12, 13, 14 september dirksland de bilt apeldoorn ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 7

Why use maps? apeldoorn de bilt dirksland ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 8

Maps depict spatial data: Where? = location When? = time What? = attribute ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 9

The Cartographic Communication Process ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 10

Changing cartography conventio nal digital ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 11

CHANGING CARTOGRAPHY new kinds of maps Interactive maps Realism & false realism: Virtual worlds Depiction of movement & change: Animated maps Combining maps with other graphics, sound and moving images: Multimedia ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 12

The Cartographic Communication Process ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 13

DLM - DCM model from reality to maps ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 14

DLM - DCM model from reality to maps Digital Landscape Model (DLM): selection from real world stores geometry (points, lines, areas, raster) stores attributes (linked to geometry) Digital Cartographic Model (DCM) visualisation of DLM dependent on scale, purpose, output medium, reader skill, etc.. stores graphic attributes (linetype, colour, etc) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 15

DLM - DCM model: example of road network Reality: various roads with different widths, surface, status, etc. geographic modelling DLM: centre lines of roads stored as vectors with attributes such as road class, surface, amount of traffic, etc. visualisation DCM: traffic loads (for WWW) visualisation DCM: topographic map (offset printed) Map: lines with widths proportional to amount of traffic (at 72 dpi, WWW colours) Map: lines with linetypes & colours according to road class (at 1240 dpi, printing colours) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 16

CHANGING CARTOGRAPHY new (digital) data dissemination On CD ROM On the World Wide Web ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 17

Why use the Web? WWW information is virtually platformindependent unrivalled in its capacity to reach many users at minimal costs easy to update frequently the WWW allows for a dynamic and interactive dissemination of spatial data: New map types ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 18

Disadvantages Potential user group is limited (though growing fast) and skewed (computerliterate and connected people) Difficult to charge for use Fast-moving: Information is time-sensitive Interactivity is a must ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 19

WebCartography ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 20

Static maps view only Existing maps (scanned) mainly interesting for Historical maps Specially designed web-maps eg. cartography students at ITC ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 21

Traditional vs. interactive maps traditional map = view only map bitmaps (scanned images) interactive map (map as interface) clickable map: leads to other (web) information; map as menu; interactive map (user defined contents) maps on demand; user defines contents and/or symbolisation ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 22

Interactive maps ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 23

Static maps interactive interface Map is entrance to other (map) information: clickable maps HTML clickable maps (Netherlands in provinces) Flash maps of Overijssel (data, magnify) User can change map content & visualisation: from simple layers on/off map of Overijssel (Flash) to fully interactive Tuerlersee topographic map (SVG) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 24

Virtual worlds The world mapped as it is Perspective view (instead of orthogonal) Complete (not generalised) Realistic (not symbolised) Photo realism (or pseudo realism) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 25

Virtual Worlds ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 26

Multimedia definition The combination of various media parts into a coherent whole Media parts: maps, graphics, text, moving images, sound, text, etc... Coherent whole: The whole is more than the sum of the parts ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 27

WebCartography ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 28

Animated maps For showing dynamic phenomena As animated maps ( movies ) As dynamic real-time images (dynamic webpages) For moving through Virtual Worlds As animations (eg. animatedgif, Quicktime movies) With interactive contents (modelled worlds, eg. games, VRML) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 29

Dynamic web maps For showing dynamic phenomena As animated maps ( movies ) (eg. gondwana) As dynamic real-time images (ANWB) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 30

Dynamic web maps For moving through Virtual Worlds As a view-only animation (eg. animated GIF) With an interactive interface ( movie ) (eg. quicktime) With interactive contents (modelled) (eg. games, VRML) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 31

http://kartoweb.itc.nl/public_examples ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 32

Dynamic visualization variables Connie Blok, Barend Köbben {blok;kobben}@itc.nl INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION

Graphic variables Known already: Bertin s 7 graphic (visual) variables position for locational aspects of geospatial data form, orientation, colour, texture, value and size: for the thematic attributes Others have distinguished additional graphic variables for thematic attributes, e.g.: saturation (in addition to hue & value) crispness / resolution transparency ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

More variables to represent geospatial data Visual variables (can be perceived visually): Graphic variables used in the spatial dimensions of static and dynamic (animated maps) Dynamic visualization variables used in the temporal dimension of dynamic maps: display time Other variables (need other modes of perception) eg. sound, smell, touch? ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 35

Representation of change Based on graphic variables only: Single static map Multiple static maps (snap shots in time) Based on graphic + dynamic graphic + dynamic visualization variables: Animated (dynamic) map ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 36

Single static maps Dynamics can suggested by symbols that give an impression of movement or order, like: value, e.g. to show the successive stages of urban growth arrows, e.g. for the paths of wildfires, hurricanes flow lines, e.g. to show troop movements etc Dynamics can also be shown by change / temporal difference maps, e.g.: change in land use between 2 moments in time population growth in a given time period ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

Single static maps value arrows ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 38

Single static map:flowlines Napoleon s 1812 Russian campaign Minard s map, 1869 Kraak s space-time cube, 2003 ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 39

Single static map change map: deforested area in 95 forest in 92, deforested in 95 ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 40

Multiple static maps Spatial dynamics have to be mentally extracted by the user through map comparison, e.g.: land cover / use 1992 land cover / use 1995 Difficult if: information is complex more than a few maps have to be compared ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 41

Multiple static maps: 1992 and 1995 land cover/use maps ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 42

Multiple static maps: growth of Enschede ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 43

Animated (dynamic) map Quick succession of slightly different images -usually frames showing change in display time the temporal dimension: the time a viewer sees an animation frames interaction controls ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

Again representation variables in an animation Graphic variables represent characteristics of geodata in the spatial dimensions of the images their appearance may change in successive stages, but the temporal characteristics of the changes can only be viewed in display time Dynamic visualization variables can only be viewed in display time at least one graphic variable (position) is required to be able to see a dynamic variable, e.g. the frequency of a blinking point symbol; the order of locations hit by a hurricane ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 45

Questions that can be asked to an animation of geodata when? in what order? how long? how fast? how often? states (periods not affected by change) Those questions are difficult to answer with static maps! ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 46

Dynamic visualization variables DiBiase et al. (1992)& MacEachren (1995): 6 variables Blok (2005): 4 variables, the other 2 are effects Moment of display (display date) Order Duration Frequency Rate of change Synchronization ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 47

Relationships between the dynamic visualization variables (Blok, 2005) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 48

Moment of display (or display date) Position of a change / state in the representation in display time Moments of display that are marked by y a change enable the perception of other dynamic visualization variables T 1 T=1837 T n T=1838 T=1839 T=1840 T=1841 I II III IV V display date marked moment of display ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

Moment of display ITC building : in every frame there are changes; these are marked moments of display ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 50

Order Structured sequence of states / changes in the representation in display time T1=1600 T2=1700 T3=1800 T4=1900 T5=2000 order here, chronological order is applied, e.g.: 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000 February, March, April, ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

Duration Length in display time of a change/state in the representation 1 unit of time T=76-80 T=80-84 T=84-88 T=88-92 T=92-96 duration 3 units of time ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

Frequency Repetition or the number of identical states /changes in the representation per unit of display time every 10 minutes T= 10.05 T= 10.15 T= 10.25 T= 10.35 T= 10.45 high low frequency every 30 minutes ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

Rate of change variable or effect? The magnitude of change per unit of display time Effect, influenced: not only of animation design decisions, underlying data also of any interaction with (the dyn. vis. variables in) the animation T1=12.00 T1=15.00 T1=12.00 T1=15.00 rate of change slow ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben quick

Rate of change Population growth ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 55

Synchronisation (phase correspondence) Refers to the possibility to run several temporal animations simultaneously and manipulate ( tune( tune ) their starting points in display time to discover similarities in patterns T = 3 months T1 T2 T3 T4 rain vegetation (f) synchronization ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben

Synchronization (effect of tuning) Tuning is interacting with moment of display in two animations to synchronize the animations The tuning mode in animvis enables synchronization ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 57

Application of the variables The dynamic vis. variables can be used to represent: the temporal component of geodata: this results in temporal animations, in which e.g. moment, order, duration and frequency of changes /states in reality are mimicked. non-temporal aspects of geodata: this results in non-temporal animations, in which the dynamic variables are used for the sequential representation of: other data components (location/them. attributes) different graphic representations/views of the data ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 58

Example: temporal animation ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 59

Examples of non-temporal animation: fly-by ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 60

Examples of use of dyn. variables in non-temporal animations Suppose: variables are linked to attributes: Moment of display: a complex map builds-up gradually (thematic objects are gradually added) Order: data are represented in class order, e.g. from the lowest to the highest class Duration: extreme attributes values are displayed longer than normal values Frequency: can be used to let a symbol blink (e.g. to attract attention) ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 61

CASE: Overijssel population through time http://www.itc.nl/personal/kraak/overijssel/index.htm Menno-Jan Kraak kraak@itc.nl INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION

visualize overijssel's past interactive animation's on the www the problem the data options solutions conclusion ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 63

the problem to visualize the changes in municipal population in the province of overijssel during the last 200 years conditions identify municipality and number of inhabitants at any time (interactive and dynamic display) medium: the www ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 64

what is changing? municipal boundaries population numbers time municipal boundaries: population numbers: now and then time every year ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 65

data sources boundaries (old) maps publications population census publications geographic dictionaries archives - libraries www ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 66

from relevant publications ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 67

non-map publications ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 68

census ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 69

nature of the changes merge split annex changes are registered when: area involved is larger then 5km 2, area involved is smaller then 5km 2, but more than 500 inhabitants are involved cumulative effects ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 70

what has been collected? 1818 1914 1955 1996 sample years with changes ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 71

what has been collected? ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 72

enschede 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 1935 annexactie full annexation Lonnerker lonneker 1935 60000 40000 20000 0 small uitbreiding annexation tkv from Lonneker lonneker 1885 error 1978 1811 1822 1833 1844 1855 1866 1877 1888 1899 1910 1921 1932 1943 1954 1965 1979 ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 73

blokzijl 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 departure of fishermen population due to new polder annexation 1811 1819 1827 1835 1843 1851 1859 1867 1875 1883 1891 1899 1907 1915 1923 1931 1939 1947 1955 1963 ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 74

mapping options (single moment in time) proportional point symbol cartogram prism ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 75

mapping options (multiple moments in time) small multiples animation ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 76

smallest units a d b h c i f g e x z c 2. create lookup table which holds for each unit, per year, the municipality it belonged to 1971 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1. overlay of all municipal divisions between 1811 and 2001 resulting in set of smallest units 5 1 2 4 3 6 7 9 8 11 12 13 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 g g x x 8 i i x x 9 f f z z 10 11 12 13 ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 77 a b c d h h g g g e a b c d h h g g g e x x c x c x z z z z x x c x c x z z z z

resulting geographic units ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 78

ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 79 z z g g 1 2 z z e e 1 3 z z g g 1 1 z z g g 1 0 z z f f 9 x x i i 8 x x g g 7 x x h h 6 c c h h 5 x x d d 4 c c c c 3 x x b b 2 x x a a 1 1974 1973 1972 1971 11147 11102 - - z 4828 4874 - - x - - 1334 1344 i - - 8158 8096 h - - 5459 5504 g - - 1227 2722 f - - 1811 1788 e - - 401 398 d 20799 20499 12738 12600 c - - 2713 2750 b - - 920 934 a 1974 1973 1972 1971 11147 11102 5459 5504 12 11147 11102 1811 1788 13 11147 11102 5459 5504 11 11147 11102 5459 5504 10 11147 11102 1227 2722 9 4828 4874 1334 1344 8 4828 4874 5459 5504 7 4828 4874 8158 8096 6 20799 20499 8158 8096 5 4828 4874 401 398 4 20799 20499 12738 12600 3 4828 4874 2713 2750 2 4828 4874 920 934 1 1974 1973 1972 1971 attributes population data geometry smallest units create final table population per year per smallest unit preparing the data

resulting user interfaces prism map in 3d web environment - VRML Animation ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 80

considerations depending on nature of data sets the view can be chaotic need for options to emphasize changes in geo-units, attributes or time only or a selection of one of those ITC Department of GeoInformation Processing Barend Köbben 81