POLISH 14)1 Л R Rl SI ARC 11 POL. POLAR RISl POLSK 1 HADANIA POLARNI i : 17 M) 14X4 Bolesław JABŁOŃSKI Institte of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, -679 Warsaw, Poland Distribtion and nmbers of pengins in the region of King George Island (Soth Shetland Islands) in the breeding season 1980/19811) ABSTRACT: In the 1980/1981 breeding season nesting of 9762 pairs of Pygoscelis papa, 5956 pairs of P. adeliae, 0288 pairs of P. antarctica and 1 pair of Edyptes chrysolophs was observed in the region of King George Island. The greater part of P. antarctica rookeries was located in the hitherto nexplored cliffy coast in the northern part of the island. A hypothesis was set forth that the recent increase in pengin poplations was mainly de to the retreat of glaciers and conseqently the exposre of new places sitable for breeding sites. Key words: pengins, King George Island 1. Introdction A comprehensive set of all the hitherto data on the nesting of pengins on King George Island is presented in the stdy by Croxall and К irk wood (1979). These athors have collected data as well from the literatre as from the reports of varios geological expeditions. The nmber and distribtion of pengins on King George Island were also described by other athors (Krylov 1968; Araya and Arrieta 1971; Simonov 197; Krylov and Popov 1978; Jabłoński 1980; Presler 1980; Odening and Bannasch 1981a,), not inclded in the paper by Croxall and Kirkwood (1979). In the last 50 years an intensive increase in pengin poplations was observed in Antarctica (Sladen 1964; Conroy 1975; C. Miiller-Schwarze and D. Miiller-Schwarze 1975). Simltaneosly great flctations in the *) These stdies were carried ot within the M.R.I.29A Programme dring the Forth and Fifth Antarctic Expedition of the Polish Academy of Sciences to King George Island.
18 Bolesław Jabłoński nmber of pengins were observed in varios breeding seasons (Jabłoński 198). Presentation of the stdies on the distribtion and nmbers of pengin rookeries in a single breeding season over the vast area of King George Island may give valable information abot the real state of the poplations of these birds, so mch more that a systematic search for breeding sites was hitherto not carried ot in many regions of that area. 2. Terrain and methods The investigation terrain covered the whole area of King George Island and some smaller islands near-by (Fig. 1). The bondary line of the srvey in the Fildes Peninsla region from the Half Three Point rns exclsively along the shoreline of King George Island, itself, p to Flat Top Peninsla (i.e. exclding islets: Two Smmits I and Dart Weeks Stack I and farther north-east Sqare End I). Isles west of the Atherton Islands were inclded in observations (except J egged Isl.). Geographical names of places are given after Birkenmajer (1980a, 198). Plotting of the srveyed pengin rookeries was carried ot on the map made by Birkenmajer (1980b, c, 1981, 198). The censs of breeding sites of varios pengin species was started after stabilization of the nmber of the nesting birds in the region of Admiralty Bay, i.e. 25 Oct. 1980 in the case of Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron et Jacqinot), 1 Oct. 1980 P. papa (Forster) and 8 Nov. 1980 - P. antartica (Forster). The registration was terminated 1 March 1981. De to qantitative and spatial differentation of breeding grops and different topographical conditions arond those grops varios methods of qantitative estimation were sed: 1. Three times repeated stationary conts of small breeding grops nmbering p to abot 1 nests (prior to the beginning of the conts the nesting area was divided into smaller sections marked off by stakes or small heaps of stones). This method was sed mostly for conting P. papa, on accont of the elongated shape of their nesting sites located mainly on storm-ridges; 2. Photographs of the rocks (this method was sed for the registration of the breeding grops nmbering p to abot 5 nests; a sqare or a rectangle was traced arond the breeding colony on the photo, then it was sbdivided into smaller sqares or rectangles in which all the nests were marked ot in color to single them ot and make the cont easier);. Conts of nests along one-meter-wide strips of grond marked off by ropes (this method was generally sed for medim-size breeding grops, in the case when the lay of the land made taking pictres impossible); 4. Cont of the nests within the strips or photographing in the experimental
Distribtion, nmbers and breeding preferences 19
20 Bolesław Jabłoński plots marked ot with stakes (in this way grops nmbering more than 5 nests were conted). The total area of nesting colonies was determined on the basis of pictres taken from helicopter or sal measrements spplemented by photographs. A part of the nesting areas was determined on the basis of the detailed plans of the terrain made dring geological mapping ot. Experimental plots made p not less than 0" of the total srface area occpied by breeding colonies; 5. Conting or photographing yong birds in experimental plots and determination of the size of the total area occpied by breeding grops and the total nmber of yong birds within a grop (as in p. 4). The total nmber of yong birds from the investigated breeding grop was divided by the nmber of yong individals falling to one pair of adlt birds at the same time over a corresponding area of breeding grops in the control colony. Control (model) colonies were located in the region of Admiralty Bay. This method was sed in later stage of the investigations, especially as regards P. antartica, the yong of which were less active and remained near their nests. This method was the least accrate bt it was sed nonetheless since it enabled to condct investigations along nearly the whole coast of the Island and in varios stages of pengin reprodction. The dates of censses in control colonies in the Admiralty Bay region are given in Table I. The nmber of conts was as follows: at Stranger Pt., at Barton Penisla 4, at Fildes Peninsla, at Stigant Pt. -2, at North Foreland 2. In the remaining colonies pengins were conted only once. Single conts carried ot in varios phenological periods and sing varios methods are not flly accrate. However, censses carried ot in the given breeding season made possible to eliminate the qantitative estimation error for the whole island, reslting from the wide range of qantitative flctations in varios breeding seasons (Jabłoński 198). Dates of censses in pengin colonies in the region of Admiralty Bay, 1980/1981 season Localization Pygoscelis papa Pygoscelis adeliae Pygoscelis antarctica Patelnia Pt. Uchatka Pt. Demay Pt. Llano Pt. Nov., Dec., Jan.4, Feb., March 2 Oct.4, Nov.5, Dec.9, Jan., Feb., March 2 Oct.4, Nov.5, Dec.9, Pt. Thomas Oct.l, Nov.4, Dec. 14, Jan.5, Feb.7, March 2 Jan., Feb. 10 Chabrier Rock Shag Island Table I. Nov. 6, Dec. 2, Jan., Feb. Nov.5, Dec.9, March Nov.7, Dec.8, March 9 Dec. 2 Jan., Feb., Jan., Feb. 19,
Distribtion, nmbers and breeding preferences 21 Penney (1968), Tenaza (1971), Trivelpiece and Volkman (1979) expressed the opinion that isolated breeding sites of pengins (on headlands and islands) shold be defined by the name rookery". Sch breeding sites are composed of a series of "colonies" located at a small distance from one another. Oelke (1975) gave the reasons for his views that for isolated breeding sites of pengins international term colony" shold be sed and for particlar nesting sites within the colony" the term breeding grops". The practical problem of making distinction between these notions consists in the fact that in the breeding season topographical isolation of breeding sites cold be also observed on the same headland. For instance, breeding sites of P. papa in the region of the H. Arctowski Station were separated from one another by a crag called Orange Cliff, keeping apart breeding sites at the Ecology Glacier from those at Pengin Ridge. In the post- -breeding period both grops came together and jointly retrned to the mainland at the end of wintertime. At North Foreland three breeding sites were not separated by any topographical barrier, bt they were located at a distance of several hndred metres from one another. All these sites had an independent access to the sea-shore and conseqently P. antarctica nesting there formed isolated grops. A comparison of the breeding sites recorded at that headland in 1958/1959 and 1965/1966 (Croxall and Kirkwood 1979) with my own materials of 1980/1981 season enable to sggest that occpation of other breeding sites occrred as a reslt of an increase in pengin poplation. In contrast to the hitherto views and observations the following terminology is sed in this stdy: 1. breeding sites on isolated headlands and small islands distant at least 5 m from the nearest land or another island is defined by the term rookery"; 2. breeding sites within sch topographically isolated headlands and islands are defined as colony";. breeding sites p to 50 m apart within the colony are defined as "breeding grops". Ths, the nmbers of breeding pairs given in Table II refer to "rookeries" in the singled-ot (i.e. nmbered) topographical nits in King George Island.. Reslts P. papa nested in greatest nmbers on Ardley Isl. and Stranger Pt. and in the region of Llano Pt. and Lions Rmp (Table II). The breeding sites were located mainly on storm-ridges and weathered moraines and degraded lava flows. Only one colony, conting 11 nests, was fond in the northern part of the Island (False Rond Point No. 21, Fig. 1). P. adeliae nested in greatest nmbers at Strager Pt., Lions Rmp, in the region of Point Thomas (on Pengin Ridge), Llano Pt. and Three
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26 Bolesław Jabłoński Sisters Pt. (Table II). The most nmbers breeding grops were fond on the mildly inclined slopes of cliffs and raised rock-gravel terraces exposed to the North. All the colonies were located in the sothern part of King George Island (Fig. 1, Table II). P. antarctica the most nmeros colonies were fond in the northern part of the Island on the cliffy coast in the region of Pottinger Pt. and the near islands Oven I. and Kellick I. and also at Tartar Peninsla, False Rond Pt., North Foreland, Czesław Pt. and Melville Peninsla (Table II, Fig. 1). Edyptes chrysolophs (Brandt) the presence of one pair of this species with one yong in the end-phase of molting was observed at the edge of P. antarctica colony on Ridley Isl., 1 March 1981. 4. Discssion The sothern part of King George Island was poplated mostly by P. adeliae and northern part by P. antarctica (Table III). The differences in the location of breeding sites of three species of gens Pygoscelis on the Island are cased by qalitative differentation of the shoreline (Birkenmajer 1980b, 1980c, 1981, 198) and diverse preferences of the birds in selection of breeding sites. Observations of breeding sites in varios parts of the Island collected in the 1980/1981 season corroborate the postlate (Jabłoński 198) that different breeding reqirements of varios species of the gens Pygoscelis enable a more abndant poplating of the restricted ice-free areas of the land. Great changes in the northern coast line occrring dring the last 20 years (Birkenmajer 198) in effect of the retreat of the ice-cliff cased the exposre of new places sitable for breeding sites of P. antarctica and conseqently broght abot a considerable increase in the poplations of this species. Nmber of pengin breeding pairs dependent on the character of the coastline Regions Table III. Northern part of the Sothern part of the island rocky cliff coasts island coasts mostly Species (Cape Melville Fildes storm ridges and Total Peninsla) slopes of the hills covered with small rbble (Ardley Island Three Sisters Pt.) Pygoscelis papa 11 961 9762 Pygoscelis adeliae 5956 5956 Pygoscelis antarctica 28026 22125 0288 Edyptes chrysolophs 1 1
Distribtion, nmbers and breeding preferences 27 A comparison of the data on the actal nmber of pengin poplations in the colonies earlier mentioned in the literatre with the data collected by Croxall and Kir к wood (1979) indicates a long-lasting tendency toward increases in pengin poplations persisting throghot the last 70-80 years despite considerable differences between sbseqent breeding seasons (Jabłoński 198). Qantitative materials from for breeding seasons in the Admiralty Bay region (Trivelpiece and Volkman 1979 1977/1978 season; Jabłoński 198 1978/1979, 1979/1980, 1980/1981 seasons) show that the lowest nmber of pengins was recorded in the smmer 1980/1981. Higher nmber of pengins, as compared with previos breeding seasons was recorded only on the volcanic Pengin Island, where the thaw occrred earlier and on the Ardley Island, which was omitted by snow-storm with wind speed reaching over 60m/s, on 18 November. It may be sggested, therefore, that in the breeding seasons with milder meteorological conditions the total nmber of pnegins over the whole area of King George Island is mch higher than indicated by the recorded data (Jabłoński in prep.). The present stdies jstify verification of some of the data given by Croxall and Kirkwood (1979): Pengin colonies localized earlier in the NW part of Ardley Island, are in reality in the SE part of the island (mainly at Braillard Pt). Odening and Bannasch (1981a, b) in their stdies containing materials from Ardley Island sbmitted to verification the information given by Popov (1979) on P. papa nesting beyond that island, i.e. on Fildes Peninsla, and also on P. adeliae nesting on that peninsla as well. Basing on the knowledge of the character of the coastline in this region and the preferences in selection of nesting sites it may be srmised that this verification was pertinent to the matter in hand. At Henneqin Pt. breeding sites were not present, only small grops of P. antarctica were observed there dring the molting period. The information given by Croxall and Kirkwood (1979) on the nesting of P. adeliae at Chabrier Rock seems to be not very reliable since the configration of the land and character of the grond provide nesting facilities for P. antarctica exclsively. However, it is not nlikely that a small grop of P. adeliae cold have nested at that time on a scree of rbble near Cape Vareal, which is occpied at present by a small grop of P. antarctica. The breeding grop of P. antarctica on Pengin Island, marked ot on the 16.2 map as "b" in the stdy by Croxall and Kirkwood (1979), was not present in the 1978/1979 and 1980/1981 seasons; instead of this, breeding grops of Macronectes gigantes (Gmelin) were fond in that ot region; at Omen Rock in the 1980/1981 season merely Phalacrocorax atriceps King nested on the almost vertical cliffs. Other differences in the
28 Bolesław Jabłoński localization of the breeding grops in the hitherto known colonies were cased by the occpation of new breeding sites, in reslt of an increase in the poplations of pengins. My gratefl thanks are tde to Professor Dr. K. Birkenmajer for help in field observations and evalation of the environment of pengin breeding sites. I am gratefl also to W. Krzyński and E. Bieniaszewicz, helicopter pilots, for carrying ot their flights nder difficlt atmospheric conditions and to the members of the Geological Team (Prof. Dr. K. Birkenmajer, W. Danowski, Eng. M.. Dr. A. Gaździcki, Prof. Dr. R. Gradziński, Dr. S. Porębski, К. Rolnicki, Eng. M., and Dr. R. Wrona) for their help in srmonting all the difficlties in srveying operations. My thanks are de also to A. Maciążek, Eng. M., G. Marczak, Eng. M., Dr. W. Nrkiewicz and Dr. J. Różyński for their help in the field work and conts of pengins. I wish to express my thanks for the assistance given by members of other expeditions to King George Island from: Base Frey (Chile), Bellingshasen (USSR), Refgio Teniente, Ballve and Jbany (Argentina). I am mch obliged to Dr. R. Bannasch (GDR) for facilitating my stdies at Fildes Peninsla and for the informative data concerning that region. 5. Резюме Име в виду кличетвенную и пртрнтвенную дифференцицию тдельных вывдквых групп, ткже рзные улви кружющей реды, мы применли рзные метды кличетвеннг пределени: 1. тцинрный пдчет вывдквых групп д 1 гнезд, 2. фтгрфирвние кл.. пдчеты в пх ширинй в 1 м, 4. пдчеты в пх или фтгрфирвние н иледвемых учткх, 5. пределение чил вывдквых пр н нвнии рвнени чил млдых и эффективнти вывдкв иледвемг и кнтрльнг учткв. Чил пдчетв н кнтрльных учткх в рйне злив Адмирлти предтвлен в тблице I: н плутрве Бртн првдилиь четыре пдчеты. н Стренджер пйнт и плутрве Фильде три, н Стигнт пйнт и Севернм мые - дв, в нвных клних пдчеты првдилиь тльк дин рз. Рпределение вывдквых клний пингвинв н трве Кинг Джрдж в езн 1980 1981 дет н крте 1, видвй тв, чиленнть, ткже вывдквые рйны в тблице II. Южную чть трв нйблее чиленн битет P. adeliae, еверную P. antarctica (тблиц III). Эти рзницы вызвны рзличими в хрктере берегвй линии и рзнй преференцией вывдквых мет. Н нвнии изменений берегвй линии в течение пледних 20 лет был выдвинут гиптез, чт увеличение чил пингвинв призшл в пледтвии бнружени из-пд льд нвых мет дл гнездвни. 6. Streszczenie Ze względ na ilościowe i przestrzenne zróżnicowanie poszczególnych grp lęgowych oraz odmienne warnki terenowe zastosowano różne metody oceny ilościowej: 1. liczenie stacjonarne grp lęgowych do 1 gniazd; 2. fotografowanie ze skał;. liczenie w pasach o szerokości 1 m; 4. liczenie w pasach lb fotografowanie na powierzchniach próbnych; 5. ocena liczby par lęgowych na podstawie porównania liczby młodych i efektywności lęgów z powierzchni próbnej i powierzchni kontrolnej. Liczba liczeń na powierzchniach kontrolnych
Distribtion, nmbers and breeding preferences 29 w rejonie Zatoki Admiralicji ilstrje tabela I; na Barton Peninsla przeprowadzono cztery liczenia, na Stranger Pt. i Fildes Peninsla trzy, na Stigant Point i North Foreland dwa, a w pozostałych koloniach liczenie odbywało się tylko jeden raz. Rozmieszczenie kolonii lęgowych pingwinów na Wyspie Króla Jerzego w sezonie 1980/1981 przedstawia rys. 1, a skład gatnkowy, liczebność oraz środowisko lęgowe tabela II. Połdniowa część Wyspy zasiedlona była najliczniej przez P. adeliae a północna przez P. antarctica (tabela III). Odmienne zasiedlenie Wyspy spowodowane zostało różnicami w charakterze linii brzegowej i odmienną preferencją miejsc lęgowych. Na podstawie zmian linii brzegowej w ciąg ostatnich 20 lat wysnięto tezę, że wzrost ilościowy pingwinów spowodowany został na sktek odsłonięcia się z pod lod nowych miejsc lęgowych. 7. References 1. Araya В., Arrieta A. 1971 Las aves de Caleta Potter, Isla Rey Jorge, Antartica Chilena censo у distribcion Rev. Biol, mar., 14: 121-128. 2. Birkenmajer K. 1980 a New place names introdced to the area of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Soth Shetland Islands, Antarctic Std. Geol. Pol., 64: 67-81.. Birkenmajer K. 1980 b Tertiary volcanic-sedimentary sccession at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Soth Shetland Islands (Antarctic) Std. Geol. Pol.. 64: 7-65. 4. Birkenmajer K. 1980 Geology of Admiralty Bay, King George Island (Soth Shetland Islands) An otline Pol. Polar Res., 1(1): 29-54. 5. Birkenmajer K. 1981 Geological relations at Lions Rmp. King George Island (Soth Shetland Islands, Antarctic) Std. Geol. Pol., 72: 75-87. 6. Birkenmajer K. 1984 Frther new place-names for King George Island and Nelson Island, Soth Shetland Islands (West Antarctic), introdced in 1981 Std. Geol. Pol., 79: 16-177. 7. Conroy J. W. H. 1975 Recent increases in pengin poplations in Antarctic and the sb-antarctic (In: The biology of pengins, Ed. B. Stonehose) The Maccmillan Press Ltd.. London, 21-6. 8. Croxall J. P., Kirkwood E. D. 1979 The distribtion of pengins on the Antarctic Peninsla and Islands of the Scotia Sea Brit. Antarct. Srv.,: 1-186. 9. Gain L. 1914 Oiseax antarctiqes Dexieme Exp. Ant. Franęaise, 1908-10. Paris. 10. Jabłoński В. 1980 Distribtion and nmbers of birds and pinnipedes on Pengin Island (Soth Shetland Islands) in Janary 1979 Pol. Polar Res., 1 (1): 109-116. 11. Jabłoński В. 198 Distribtion, nmbers and breeding preferences of pengins in the region of the Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Soth Shetland Islands) in the season 1979/1980 Pol. Polar Res., 5: 1-60. 12. Krylov V. J. 1968 Morskie mlekopitajscie i pticy v rajonie Stancii Bellingsgazen Inf. Bill. Sov. Antarkt. Eksp., 71: 68-70. 1. Krylov V. J., Popov L. P. 1978 Nabldenija za ornitofanoj o. King-Dżordż Tr. Sov. Antarkt. Eksp., 69: 1-19. 14. Mller-Schwarze C., Miiller-Schwarze D. 1975 A srvey of twenty for rookeries of pygoscelid pengins in the Antarctic Peninsla region (In: The biology of pengins, Ed. B. Stonehose) The Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 09-20. 15. OdeningK., Bannasch R. 1981a Zoologische Unterschngen im Gebiet der sowjetischen Antarktisstation Bellingshasen" Geod. Geoph. Veroff., 1: -20. 16. Odening K., Bannasch R. 1981b Biologische Forschng in der Antarktis Wiss.. Fortschr., 1: 181-186. 17. Oelke H. 1975 Breeding behavior and sccess in colony of Adelie pengins, Pygoscelis adeliae at Cape Crozier, Antarctica (In: The biology of pengins, Ed. B. Stonehase) The Macmillan Press Ltd., London, 6-95.
0 Bolesław Jabłoński 18. Penney R. L. 1968 Territorial and social behavior in the Adelie pengin (In: Antarctic bird stdies. Ed. O. L. Astin) Amer. Geoph. Union, Washington, 12: 8-11. 19. Presler P. 1980 Phenological and physiographical observations carried ot dring the first wintering at the Arctowski Station in 1977 Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol., 27: 245-252. 20. Popov L. A. 1979 God v Antarktike Naka. Moskva. 21. SimonovJ. M. 197 Żivotnyj mir polostrova Fajlds Tr. Arkt. i Antarkt. Naćno- -Issled. Inst., 18: 18-192. 22. Sladen W.J. L. 1964 The distribtion of the Adelie and Chinstrap pengins (In: Biologie antarctiqe, Eds. R. Carrick, M. W. Holdgate, J. Prevost) Hermann, Paris, 59-65. 2. Tenaza R. 1971 Behavior and nesting sccess relative to nest location in Adelie pengins Pygoscelis adeliae Condor, 7: 81-92. 24. Trivelpiece W., Volkman N. 1979 Nest-site competition between Adelie and Chinstrap pengins: an ecological interpretation Ak, 96: 675-681. Paper received 18 Febrary 198