THE NEW FRENCH FLORAS Flore de la France méditerranéenne continentale & Flora Gallica J-M. Tison B. de Foucault Ph. Jauzein E. Véla H. Michaud D. Mercier
Flore de France méditerranéenne continentale Naturalia July 2014 Flora Gallica Biotope October 2014 (# 80% of the French flora)
Flore de France méditerranéenne continentale - c. 4800 species - Keys, descriptions and taxonomic notes - Detailed chorologies - Drawings by authors, for all species - Pictures in some difficult groups - A relatively old taxonomy (c. 2008-2010) because of edition delay Flora Gallica - c. 6000 species - Keys and taxonomic notes only - Gross chorologies - Drawings by a non-botanist, only for few species - No pictures - An update taxonomy
TREATED TAXA native sp./subsp./var. (incl. Archaeophytes) established or establishing sp./subsp/var. large-scale cultivated sp./subsp/var. independent hybrids (Flora Gallica) CITED TAXA LACKING TAXA casual sp./subsp./var. Why? noticeable hybrids errors not-escaping garden plants
The casual species and isolated forestry trees are developed in some floras. They are more numerous than native + established species in some groups. Their treatment has been considered irrelevant here because of their instability : the probability of finding them again is usually smaller than the probability of finding new ones. casual sp./subsp./var. Why?
VOCABULARY Special attention is paid to the precision of vocabulary. A glossary is included in the books. Example : division of leaves - feuille pennatilobée (pinnatilobed) = division < 50% - feuille pennatifide (pinnatifid) = division 50% - feuille pennatipartite (pinnatipartite) = division > 50% - feuille pennatiséquée (pinnatisect) = division 100% feuille composée (compound) = a short branch bearing several leaves (Fabaceae, Oxalidaceae) Example : alien status - espèce naturalisée (naturalized) = established - espèce occasionnelle (casual) = not-established - The French words adventice and subspontané are considered not significant.
NOMENCLATURE The usual nomenclatural reference is Euro+Med with 2 exceptions : - families not treated in E+M : cf. Tropicos - recent changes, for instance from Taxon (genera / species), APG (families)
NO COMMON REFERENCE By default = Euro+Med But the taxonomy is evolving very quickly and the Floras try to be as update as possible. New treatments are justified by citation of relevant publications or at least observations = taxonomic notes.
At least one mistake was committed in Flora Gallica following E+M : Valdes & Scholz 2009 : Bromus / Anisantha / Bromopsis / Ceratochloa The genus Bromus s.l. likely needs to be splitted but is currently unresolved.
NO COMMON REFERENCE
Hieracium (excl. Pilosella) by J.-M. Tison Following modern works, especially from Czech staffs, Zahn s treatment is considered taxonomically unavailable. Because of the almost strictly apomictic multiplication and the lack of phylogenetic data, the subspecific status is considered unavailable as in other apomictic genera. The agamospecies are grouped into informal groups by morphological affinities To determinate the species inside one group usually would need analytical drawings.
Pilosella by J.-M. Tison Following phylogenetic data, Pilosella is taken as a genus distinct from Hieracium. Its structure in most France is rather simple because a large majority of intermediate species appear as casual hybrids. Some Central European apomicts are present just in the Rhine valley.
Taraxacum by J.P. Matysiak, J.-M. Tison, Y. Ferrez, J. Kirschner & J. Štěpánek An apomictic genus more difficult than Hieracium but better known The treatments are as exhaustive as possible. Taraxacum officinale is a peculiar case of taxonomic cloud including a complex of sexual and unstable apomictic taxa impossible to unravel in France. One hundred of species are sunk in this mess.
Alchemilla by J.-M. Tison, Y. Ferrez & C. Dentant An almost strictly apomictic genus The treatments are as exhaustive as possible. At least in France, the groups of Alchemilla alpigena, A. coriacea, A. glabra and A. transiens appear taxonomically overestimated. Polyclonal species must be accepted (Sepp et al. 2000).
Gagea sect. Didymobulbos by J.-M. Tison An almost strictly apomictic group in France Several recent studies are available. The group is rather well-known in W. Mediterranean now. The treatments are exhaustive.
Rubus by D. Mercier (Flora Gallica) A mostly apomictic genus The treatment of the apomictic taxa is synthetic due to the insufficient knowledge : a large majority remain undescribed or not identified. A morphological approach is given. The units are called morphotypes = groups of close agamospecies. A complementary database is available on Internet (Tela Botanica, page Rubus).
Rosa sect. Caninae by D. Mercier (Flora Gallica) An hemi-apomictic group The concept of klepton is developed (see next presentation). The klepton theory leads to an innovative taxonomic approach : the species are defined only from the univalent chromosomes, excluding floral type. The aggregate of Rosa canina is currently not unravelable because the lack of modern knowledge.
Ranunculus subgen. Ranunculus by J.-M. Tison A partially apomictic group Most of the French taxa remain undescribed. Although a few taxa are unequivocally distinct (R. envalirensis, R. brunnescentoides ), most of the group exhibits a partial sexuality with numerous fertile hybrids blurring the species limits. Many regional taxonomic clouds are observed. The treatment is very synthetic (1 species) pending further studies.
Oenothera subsect. Oenothera by R. Jean, R. Deschâtres Ϯ & J.-M. Tison (Flora Gallica) A sexual group with linked chromosomes Two very different approaches exist : genetic sketch (USA), morphological sketch (Europe). Both treatments are given.
Critical orchids by J.-M. Tison & E. Véla Sexual groups with pre-zygotic isolation (pollinators, autogamy, area disjunction) The population-species concept is rejected. Intermediate treatments leading to morphologically homogeneous (but sometimes variable) morphospecies are given. Genetic data are taken in account if available (Dactylorhiza).
Z Thank you for your attention