Slide 1 / 86 ngiosperms: The Flowering Plants rief Phylogeny of Plants Slide 2 / 86 Monocot icot This presentation will focus on angiosperms ngiosperm Gymnosperm Seeded Plants Non-Seeded plants Vascular plants Non-vascular plants quatic plants ngiosperms Slide 3 / 86 ngiosperms are the flowering seed plants. ngiosperms have dominated the land for over 100 million years and there are about 250,000 known species. Most of our foods come from a few hundred domesticated species of flowering plants. Roughly 70% of angiosperms are polyploid.
Examples of ngiosperms Flowering Plants eciduous Trees (Trees that loose their leaves in a yearly cycle) Slide 4 / 86 Some Grasses Monocots and icots Slide 5 / 86 The two main groups of angiosperms are the Monocots and the icots. The term monocot and dicot refer to the first leaves that appear on the embryo of the plant, the cotyledon. Monocot icot Slide 6 / 86
Examples of icots Slide 7 / 86 Fruit Trees Grape Vines Magnolia Tree Pumpkin Patch ifferentiating Monocots and icots Slide 8 / 86 Monocots and icots can be distinguished from each other by looking at a number of identifying traits. These traits include seed leaves, leaf veins, stems, flowers, and roots. otyledon Slide 9 / 86 s we already mentioned, the cotyledon is an embryonic seed leaf, which is the first part of the plant to appear after it emerges from its seed. Monocot has one cotyledon icot has two cotyledons
Monocot icot Slide 10 / 86 seed coat endosperm one cotyledon embryo seed coat endosperm two cotyledons embryo 1 dicot has one cotyledon. Slide 11 / 86 True False Leaf Veins Slide 12 / 86 Monocots have parallel leaf veins while dicots have branched leaf veins
Slide 13 / 86 Stem Vascular undles Slide 14 / 86 The vascular tissue which transports water and nutrients up the stem of the plant has different arrangements in monocots and dicots. Monocots have bundles in complex arrangements icots have vascular bundles in a ring 3 This is the stem of a dicot. Slide 15 / 86 True False
Flower Petal rrangements The floral petals on each plant differ in total number. Monocots have petals in multiples of three, while dicots have petals in multiples of four or five. Slide 16 / 86 Monocot Multiple of 3 icot Multiple of 4 or 5 4 Is this flower a monocot? Slide 17 / 86 Yes No 5 This flower is a monocot. Slide 18 / 86 True False
Roots Slide 19 / 86 Monocots have a fibrous root system, while dicots typically have one taproot. Slide 20 / 86 Slide 21 / 86
daptations Slide 22 / 86 The adaptations allow plants to function on terrestrial habitats without drying out. Plants need to absorb water and minerals from the soil, O 2 from the air, and light from the sun. The plant body Slide 23 / 86 Two main sections to the plant body: the roots and the shoots. shoots roots Functions of the Root System Slide 24 / 86 The 3 functions of the root system are to: (1) anchor the plant (2) absorb and transport minerals and water (3) store food
Slide 25 / 86 7 The main function of the root hair is to Slide 26 / 86 increase anchoring power of the plant increase surface area for absorption protect roots from freezing temperatures provide a passageway for nutrients Slide 27 / 86 Shoot System The shoot system consists of the stems, leaves, and reproductive structures
Parts of the stem Slide 28 / 86 Stems are composed of nodes, where leaves, flowers, and other stems attach. Space between the nodes is the internode. Leaves are composed of photosynthetic blades and short stalks that attach at the nodes. Leaf uds Slide 29 / 86 uds are undeveloped shoots which have the potential to grow into nodes, internodes, and leaves. Types of uds Slide 30 / 86 Terminal uds are found at the top of the plant and are responsible for the growth in height. xillary (or lateral) uds are found at each point of attachment for a leaf and the stem and are responsible for growth in width.
pical ominance Slide 31 / 86 pical ominance results from the release of the hormone uxin by the terminal bud which inhibits the growth from the lateral buds. To made a plant bushier, you remove the terminal bud, which then allows for growth from the lateral buds. This is because the bud is removed, which means the hormone suppressing the growth is also removed. This is also why pruning makes fruit trees produce more fruit. 8 Removing the terminal bud of a plant will cause: Slide 32 / 86 an increase in the root system an increase in the size of the leaves increased axillary bud growth a plant to lose the ability to flower Structural Modifications Slide 33 / 86 ased on their functions, many plants have modified structures. Typical structures modified are roots, stems, and leaves.
Modified Roots Slide 34 / 86 Many dicots have modified taproots. arrots, beets, turnips, and sweet potatoes are all roots modified for storage of carbohydrates. The plants use the stored starches for flower production. This is why root crops are harvested before they flower. Modified Stems Slide 35 / 86 stolon is a modified stem who's purpose is to provide a means for asexual reproduction. Rhizomes (like ginger) and tubers (like potatoes) are underground stems that store starch. Modified Leaves Slide 36 / 86 Spines offer protection Tendrils are modified for grasping
9 stem modified for nutrient storage is called a Slide 37 / 86 taproot runner tuber bulb Review: Unique features of plant cells Slide 38 / 86 many plant cells are photosynthetic and contain chloroplasts most plant cells have a large central vacuole that helps support the cell and keep it firm plant cells have a cell wall composed of cellulose that surrounds the plasma membrane Review - Identify the parts of plant cells Slide 39 / 86
10 Which structure is found in both plant and animal cells? Slide 40 / 86 chloroplasts mitochondria cell walls all three are unique to plant cells only Everything always goes back to reproduction Slide 41 / 86 "n oak tree is just an acorn's way of making more acorns" 11 Review: ngiosperms are plants. Slide 42 / 86 cone-bearing vascular flowering seedless
The Flower Slide 43 / 86 The flower is the reproductive shoot of an angiosperm. It is composed of modified leaves (petals, sepals, stamens, and carpels). The parts of a flower are both male and female. Structure of a Flower Slide 44 / 86 Sepals are green and protect the flower buds. Structure of a Flower Slide 45 / 86 Petals are large, colorful, showy, and used to attract pollinators.
Structure of a Flower Slide 46 / 86 Stamens are male structures with pollen-bearing anthers on the tip of a filament. The pollen grains deliver the sperm nuclei to the females. Structure of a Flower Slide 47 / 86 arpels are female structures composed of the stigma and ovary. Inside the ovary are the ovules which carry the developing egg and supporting cells. 12 The male organ of the flower is the: Slide 48 / 86 style stamen carpel sepal
13 In a typical flower, the parts that play the main role attracting animal-pollinators are the: Slide 49 / 86 petals fruits stigmas sepals 14 The outer surface of a rosebud, before it opens up into bloom, consists of the: Slide 50 / 86 petals stamen ovary sepals 15 In this picture of a lily, the arrow is pointing to the: Slide 51 / 86 stamen petal sepal stigma
16 Review: look at photo and determine what type of angiosperm this flower is. Slide 52 / 86 monocot dicot vegetative fertilized How did you determine that? Fertilization Slide 53 / 86 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization. ll seed plants alternate between a diploid sporophyte generation that produce spores by meiosis and haploid gametophyte generation that produces gametes by mitosis. The gametes unite by fertilization to form a diploid zygote which is the first cell of the next sporophyte generation. Slide 54 / 86
Male Gametophytes Slide 55 / 86 The male gametophyte is the two-celled pollen grain. It undergoes meiosis in the anther and develops into spores. Each spore then develops mitotically to produce two haploid cells, a tube cell, and a generative cell. The outer wall of the pollen grain is thick and resistant to damage. 17 Which flower part produces male gametophytes? Slide 56 / 86 carpels anthers sepals stigmas Female Gametophytes Slide 57 / 86 The female gametophyte develops inside the ovule. One central cell undergoes meiosis and develops into a spore.
Female Gametophytes Slide 58 / 86 The nucleus in the spore divides (through mitosis) and forms the embryo sac. This is the female gametophyte. The embryo sac contains a large cell with two haploid nuclei. The specialized ovary tissue at the base of the carpel also houses a haploid egg. 18 In the flowering plant, eggs are produced in the: Slide 59 / 86 stamens sepals ovules stigma Pollination Slide 60 / 86 Pollen is usually wind or animal dispersed.
Pollen Germination Slide 61 / 86 Pollination occurs when the pollen from one flower is delivered to the stigma of another flower. fter pollination, the grain germinates and a tube cell grows in the pollen tube downward toward the stigma and ovary. The generative cell divides (through mitosis) and forms two sperm. Once the tube reaches the ovule, it releases both sperm. TE Talks: "The hidden beauty of pollination", Louie Schwartzberg (07:40) ouble Fertilization Slide 62 / 86 Fertilization occurs in the ovule. One sperm fertilizes the egg forming a zygote (2n, diploid) which develops into the plant embryo. The other sperm fuses with the 2 central nuclei in the ovule and forms a triploid (3n) nucleus which develops into the endosperm tissue which nourishes the embryo in the seed. 19 In angiosperms, the process of ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg. Slide 63 / 86 cytogenesis meiosis mitosis double fertilization
REVIEW rag the names to label the Flower Slide 64 / 86 carpel stigma anther stamen filament sepal style ovary petal ovule Ovule develops into a seed Slide 65 / 86 Within the ovule, the diploid zygote divides, developing into the embryo. With the first division, one cell becomes the embryo, the other cell becomes a thread that forces the embryo into the endosperm. Near the end of maturation, the seed loses its water and develops a hardened seed coat. Seed ormancy Slide 66 / 86 Some seeds develop only to a point and then further development is suspended. The purpose of this is to allow time for dispersal. Seasonal conditions also play a role in seed dormancy, with the plant only continuing its maturation when conditions are right. n example of this is chemical dormancy, wherein a seed contains substances (often hormones) to keep the seed dormant for a period. Once these chemicals are washed away (for example by snow melt or spring rains ) the seed can germinate.
Monocot and icot Seed ifferences Remember that seeds of dicots have 2 cotyledons which absorb endosperm nutrients and take over the role of nourishment. Slide 67 / 86 The seed of a monocot is actually a fruit with one seed inside. orn seeds (the kernels) consist of a protective sheath, the embryonic root and shoot, and a large endosperm. dicot monocot Ovary develops into a fruit Slide 68 / 86 The ovary of a flower changes into a fruit with the release of hormones following fertilization. The fruit houses and protects the seed, as well as aiding with the dispersal. Pod Formation Slide 69 / 86 There are 3 steps to pod formation in a plant 1. pollination takes place 2. petals drop from the flower and ovaries start to grow 3. ovaries form the pod (or fruit)
Variations in Fruit Slide 70 / 86 Fruits are very varied in organization How many ovules, how many ovaries, how many carpels, how many flowers are involved and how the fruit is dispersed all account for the variations in fruits. Types of fruit Slide 71 / 86 peach is an example of a simple fruit. raspberry is an example of an aggregate fruit. pineapple is an example of a multiple fruit, one which develops from many united flowers. 20 Flowers bear seeds in protective areas called: Slide 72 / 86 cones ovaries germination chambers sepals
21 In the fully mature ovary, the vessel that houses the seed is the: Slide 73 / 86 ovule seed fruit cotyledon icot seed germination Slide 74 / 86 In dicots, the root emerges first, followed by young seeds which exit the seed in a hooked shape that protects the meristem. Once the shoot exits the soil, light stimulates the shoot to straighten and the first leaves develop and begin photosynthesis. The cotyledons remain in the soil and decompose. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d26hckeebe 22 Which of these structures is first to emerge from a germinating dicot seed? Slide 75 / 86 root hook shoot cotyledon root hair
Monocot seed germination Slide 76 / 86 In monocots, the root emerges first, followed by shoots that do not develop into a hook. The shoots are protected by the abrasive soil by a sheath that surrounds them until they break through the surface. The cotyledon remains in the soil and decomposes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifdgemgo 23 What eventually happens to the cotyledons of monocots and dicots? Slide 77 / 86 provide strength to the plant they form the leaves they remain in the soil and decompose they form the next ovule in the plant sexual Reproduction - cloning Slide 78 / 86 Vegetative propagation is the production of offspring from a single parent. The offspring are called clones and are genetically identical to the parent.
sexual Reproduction - fragmenting Slide 79 / 86 sexual reproduction often involves fragmentation into separate parts, each part developing into a new plant. garlic bulb is an underground stem that will fragment into cloves, each developing into a new plant. dvantage to fragmenting Slide 80 / 86 The advantage for this is each offspring is well suited to its immediate environment. Fragmented offspring are less fragile than seedlings. 24 Genetically identical organisms which result from asexual reproduction are called: Slide 81 / 86 clones seeds twins meristems
25 Which plant part commonly contributes to asexual reproduction? Slide 82 / 86 fruits shoots roots stems Modern griculture Slide 83 / 86 Many ornamental trees are propagated through asexual reproduction by leaf and stem cuttings Propagation can also be done genetically through engineered plants (called GMOs - Genetically Modified Organisms) The disadvantage to this is the crop plants which come from cloning have low levels of genetic diversity and they are easily devastated by disease. Slide 84 / 86
26 Which of the following shows the disadvantage to cloning as a propagation technique? Slide 85 / 86 its expensive its time consuming with slow results the plants can be easily wiped out by disease it requires a lot of farming space 27 Foreign genes can be inserted into a plant cell and then cultured to produce: Slide 86 / 86 seeds genetically modified plants clones of the original plant plants that never die