fvb wmwikp `ª m bi wbeü : x-wkÿvi AbyivM

wm`xc-gi wkÿv welqk ey jwub g-ryb 2015 Beªvnxg mvenvb Ôevwoi KvRÕ e Üi cöe³v Kv bv Muv q Kv bv N i K D i e bv wb i ÿ i DRvbPi Ksk bvivqy D P we` vjq : kze l i we` vcxv fvb wmwikp `ª m bi wbeü : x-wkÿvi AbyivM

wkÿv jvk wm`xc-gi wkÿv welqk ey jwub m úv`kxq g-ryb 2015 2q el 4_ msl v m úv`k gvnv ` Bqvwnqv wbe vnx m úv`k AvjgMxi Lvb cö Q `i Qwe PZbvq Zvgvi iƒ ci wefvm wkíx ^cb AvPvh Kviv bi cö_g evsjv Abyev`K fvb wmwikp `ª m bi GKwU AvZ Rxebxg~jK jlv, eªvþyewoqvq evãvivgcy ii kze l i ewk e qwm GKwU zj I Avgv `i wk v Î GKRb wpšívkxj e w³z Beªvnxg mvenvb K wb q Gev ii msl vwu mvrv bv n jv m cöwz cöqvz Beªvnxg mvenvb e wzμgx wpšív Ki Zb Avi gvby li Rb Kj vyki Kv R wb ew`z wq jb wzwb Ôwe` vjq- Kw `ªK wk v c wzõi cöez K G c wz Z z ji cov z jb wkwl q `Iqv m e wkï K Avi evwo wm q y ji cov ˆZwii fvebv Ki Z nq bv `wi`ª cwiev ii wkï `i Rb G h KZ eo GKUv KvR Zv myweav fvmx jvkr bi Kv Q evamg bq GB wpšívkxj Kg exi gvbylwu MZ eqi 29 b f ^i `ywbqvi gvqv Z vm K i P j M jb myweavewâz wkï `i Kj v Yi K_v g b i L we` vj qi wk v wb q Beªvnxg mvenvb mv ne bvbv cix v-wbix v K i Qb Avgiv Zuvi wpšívi g~j w`kwu Zz j aivi Póv K iwq hv Z fwel Z Zuvi wpšív I K g i bvbv w`k wb q Av iv Av jvpbv nq D jøl, Avgv `i wk v K `ª Avgiv hikg wkï `i K covb, Beªvnxg mvenvb Zv `i K_vB f e Qb Avgv `i ms vi m ½I Zuvi GKUv ü` Zvi m úk wqj PjwZ msl vi K qkwu jlvi ga w` q Avgiv Zuvi wzi cöwz Mfxi kª v Rvbvw Q mevb K C `i ï f Qv m Uvi di W fjc g U B bv fkb GÛ cö vkwu mm (wm`xc) evmv bs-17, ivw bs-13, wcwm KvjPvi nvdwrs mvmvbwu wj:, k Li UK, Av`vei, XvKv-1207, dvb: 9141891, 9141893 Email : cdipbd@yahoo.com, web: www.cdipbd.org

evj Kvj nb Z xwk v wel q Avgvi we kl Drmvn I AbyivM ^ ` k M n Ae vbkv j cö Z K cwiev ii ea~w` Mi `ytl `yie v I Zuvnv `i cöwz k vïox bb` cöf wzi AZ vpvi `k b Kwiqv Avgvi gb AwZkq e w_z nbqv Q GBiƒc wbcxob I wbh vz bi wfz i _vwkqv Zuvnv `i g bve wëmkj ù wë cvb ZwQj bv, Ávb-wccvmv wkqzb PwiZv_ nb ZwQj bv f`ª m vší cwiev ii Kb vmyi ea~iƒ c `vmxi b vq w`evivwî LvwUqv Mj`&N nb, cövq KvnviI nb Z Av`ihZœ jvf K ib bv, Kv R GKUz ÎæwU nb j MÄbv fvm K ib, Zuvnvw`M K bxi e mkj Kó mn Kwi Z nq, Zuvnv `i gyl dzwuqv K_v Kwnevi ^vaxbzvuzkz bvb G mkj `wlqv g b K k cvbzvg, fvwezvg jlvcov bv wkwl j, Av Z vbœwz bv nb j, Bnv `i Ae vi DbœwZ, ^vaxb wpšív, gvbwmk ù wë niqv Am e jlvcov wk vi Øvi Db y³ Kwi Z nb e, Bnv fvweqv Avwg Rb f~wg cuvp `vbv MÖv g evwjkv we` vjq vc bi mgy ` vmx nb cuvp `vbv wbevmx K Zwe` AvZ xq hyev ˆKjvmP `ª mb I emšíjvj mb G Kv h Avgvi we kl mnvq nb evwjkvwe` vjq vc b A bk evav-wenœ NwUqvwQj wkš Ck ik cvq D³ zj cöwzwôz nq, f`ª cwiev ii A bk wj evwjkv fwë nbqv wk v Avi K i cuvp `vbvi f~zc~eÿ mv K j cwðz mypwiî kªxhy³ we k k i M ½vcva vq cöwzw`b cöv Z hzœc~eÿ K QvÎxw`M K wk v `vb K ib c i MeY g U nb Z hrwkwâr mvnvh cviqv hvq A bk wj f`ª cwiev ii evwjkv D³ cvvkvjvq cö_g wk vjvf Kwiqv weevnv ší ^vgxi ev Ab AvZ x qi mvnv h wk vi DbœwZ Kwiqv Q, A bk QvÎx cövbgvix cix vq DËxY nbqv QvÎxq e wë cövß nbqv Q Pwj k erm ii AwaK Kvj nb Z cuvp `vbvi evwjkv we` vj qi Kvh Kwi Z Q KLb wkÿv jvk-02 x-wk vi AbyivM fvb wmwikp `ª mb ^ ` k we ` k h v b h Kvb gwnjv jlvcovi P P v Kwi Z Qb ïwbqvwq Zuvnvi m ½ Avgvi AvšÍwiK mnvbyf~wz nbqv Q, Avwg Zuvnvi Drmvne bv_ cwîkvq cökvk KwiqvwQ wkqrkvj nbj, Avwg cvwievwik-rxeb cȳ ÍKiPwqÎx Avgvi fvwm bq-ea~ K ( K.wR. ßi czœx K) D³ cȳ Í Ki we kl cöksmv Kwiqv cî wjwlqvwqjvg KLb vbxq KË c w` Mi Dc v I Ah Zœ GB cvvkvjvi Kvh wkqzkvj eü wqj, Avevi PóvhZœ Kwiqv cybivq KvR Pvjvb wmqv Q KwjKvZv nb Z Avwg QvÎxw` Mi Drmvn e bi Rb mgq mgq my `i my `i M íi eb, Qwei eb, bvbv cökvi Ljvi mvgmöx cvvvbqv _vwk Avwg gqgbwms n hlb wk KZv Kv h wbhy³ nb, ZLb Z_vq evwjkvwe` vjq wqj bv, Kvb cwiev i cvwievwik wk vi I evwjkvw` Mi wk vi Kvb e e v wqj bv Avwg g~ovcvovi f~g wakvix Ges ZÎZ K jk&uixi LvRvÂx Avgvi cigvz xq evey ivgp `ª e ` vcva vq gnvk qi mvnv h Zuvnvi gqgbwmsn Avev m cö_ g evwjkvwe` vjq vcb Kwi Zuvnvi `ybwu Kb v Ges Ab f`ª m vší cwiev ii A bk wj Kb v mb we` vj q cwo Z Avi K i Avwg Kvb cökvi A_ MÖnY bv Kwiqv cöz n cöv Z b~ bvwak wzb NÈvKvj eva nq `yb ermi ch ší QvÎxw`M K wk v `vb KwiqvwQjvg K j±i iyvì mv n ei czœx `yb evi D³ evwjkv we` vjq cwi`k b Kwi Z Av mb, Ges GKevi cvwi ZvwlK ^iƒc bvbv cökvi wmjvb Kivi I Ljvi mvgmöx cö`vb KwiqvwQ jb c i Avi Avgvi mb we` vj q wkÿv`v bi AeKvk nbqv D V bvb, Avgvi we`v qi m ½ m ½ D³ z ji Kvh eü nq eûkvj c i wvk mb v b e n`vkvi evwjkv we` vjq nq, MeY g U f~g wakvixw` Mi A_ mvnv h Zvnvi Kvh my `iiƒ c Pwj Z Q cyiælqvîw` Mi AbyKi Y g qiv wk v cvbqv mb we` vjq nb Z cö ewkkv cix v w`qv _v K gqgbwmsn wrjv z ji cwð Zi Kvh cwiz vmc~eÿ K KwjKvZvq 13bs wgr vcyi ªxU fvizvkª g w wz Kwi j ci fw³fvrb KkeP `ª mb Avgvi cök wz I iæwp eywsqv Avgv K Zuvnvi cöwzwôz wk wqîx-we` vj qi

wk KZvKv h wbhy³ K ib Avwg QvÎxw`M K ev½jv mvwnz I e vkiy covbzvg, Avgvi bv g wkqz ezb wb vwiz wqj, Dnv Avwg MÖnY KwiZvg bv, cöpvifvðv i Awc Z nbz K qk ermi G Kv h Avgv K e vc Z _vwk Z nbqvwqj c i `k `kvší i cöpv ii m ½ Avi wk KZv P j bv ewjqv Zvnv nb Z wbe Ë _vwk Z nq Avwg x jv Ki Áv bvbœwzweavwqbx evgv evwabx cwîkvi eûkvj wbqwgz cöeü jlk wqjvg c i AvgviB cö Ív e I D ` v M bvixw` Mi Rb cwipvwikv bvgœx gvwmkcwîkv cökvwkz nb Z _v K, Zvnvi m úv`kxq c` MÖnY bv Kwi ji eûkvj Avwg GKRb wbqwgz jlk wqjvg AvR 12 ermi hver gwnjv cwîkv Avgv KË K m úvw`z nb Z Q; gwnjvi m ½ Avgvi Nwbô m úk A bk gwnjvi a nxbzv, A ^vfvwek mf Zv I weexqvbvi weiæ `yt Li mwnz Avgv K KLb KLb mgv jvpbv Kwi Z nq, Zvnv Z Avwg Rvwb Ávbvwfgvwbbx be gwnjviv, we klzt Kvb Kvb DcvwaavwiYx gwnjv Zvnv cwoqv μz I wei³ nb; wkš gwnjv Zuvnv `i cig wn ZwlYx, G Y bv eyws j Avkv Kwi mg q eyws Z cvwi eb AwcP hlb Avwg gqgbwms n b vj kªyx Z cwo ZwQjvg, ev Aa qb cwiz vm KwiqvwQjvg; ZLb ^vgx- xi K _vck_b I cö kœvëi Q j xwk vi Avek KZv cöwzcv`bc~eÿ K ewbzvwe bv`-bvgk cȳ ÍK c ` ipbv Kwiqv cöpvi KwiqvwQjvg Dc i mb cȳ Í Ki D jøl nbqv Q mb mg q cvebv bmiwbevmx nwið `ª Zjvcv Îi czœx evgvmy `ix `ex gnvwe` vezx ewjqv e½ ` k AwZkq L vwzjvf KwiqvwQ jb, Zuvnvi iwpz GKLvbv cȳ ÍK cwoqv Avwg AvwZkq Avbw `Z nbqvwqjvg, cî hv M Zuvnvi m ½ Avgvi we kl cwipq nq, Avwg Zuvnvi ^n ÍwjwLZ `yb-wzblvbv cî cvbqvwqjvg, wzwb Avgv K wb Ri GKRb wn Zlx eüz ewjqv g b Kwi Zb evgvmy `ix `ex evwjkvwe` vj q wk wqîxi Kvh Kwi ZwQ jb Avwg A bk wj cȳ ÍK Drmvne bv_ Zuvnvi z ji QvÎxw`M K `vb Kwievi Rb Zuvnvi wbku cvvvbqvwqjvg ^ ` k we ` k h v b h Kvb gwnjv jlvcovi P P v Kwi Z Qb ïwbqvwq Zuvnvi m ½ Avgvi AvšÍwiK mnvbyf~wz nbqv Q, Avwg Zuvnvi Drmvne bv_ cwîkvq cökvk KwiqvwQ wkqrkvj nbj, Avwg cvwievwik-rxeb cȳ ÍKiPwqÎx Avgvi fvwm bq-ea~ K ( K.wR. ßi czœx K) D³ cȳ Í Ki we kl cöksmv Kwiqv cî wjwlqvwqjvg ZLb K. wr. ß Dwol v wwwfk bi Kwgkbi wq jb ea~gvzv Zuvnvi m ½ w wz Kwi ZwQ jb mb cî cvbqv wzwb wjwlqv Qb, ÒAvcbvi mœnc~y cîlvwb cvbqv AZ ší mš ó nbjvg Rvwb bv Avcbvi g b Av Q wkbv cövq 37 ermi MZ nbj Avwg ZLb gvî 12 erm ii wqjvg, ZLb Avwg Avgvi gvzzj K GKLvbv wpwv wjwlqvwqjvg, Avcwb mb wpwv `wlqv AZ ší mš ó nbqvwq jb, Ges gqgbwms ni weávcbx c Î Zvnv QvcvBqv w`qvwq jb AvcwbB meÿ cö_g Avgvi jlv KvM R cökvk KwiqvwQ jb GB eblvwb Avcbvi g b Avb ` cö`v b mg_ nbqv Q, Bnv Avgvi cig mšfvm ewj Z nb e Ó 27 k m Þ ^i, KUK Avwg mb cö_g eq m jlvcov K ib Ggb A bk gwnjv K bvbvfv e Drmvn `vb KwiqvwQ Zuvnviv Avgv K wn Zlx eüz ewjqv Av`i Kwiqv Qb I cîvw` wjwlqv Qb, ev `Lv-mv vr Kwiqv AvZ xqzve b Kwiqv Qb Zb a XvKv K jwr qu z ji Ab Zg wk K ci jvkmz ivggvwyk wms ni R ôv Kb v ci jvkmz CkvbP `ª P `i czœx kªxgzx DËgv my `ix GKRb Avwg Zuvnvi ipbvkw³i cwipq cvbqv Zuvnvi KZK wj cî I cöeü Zuvnvi Drmvne bv_ weávcbx cwîkvq gyw`ªz KwiqvwQjvg, μ g Zuvnv K KZK wj cȳ ÍK Dcnvi w`qvwqjvg cîvw` hv M Zuvnvi m ½ Avgvi NwbôZv e w nq wzwb Avgv K ^xq R ô åvzvi b vq kª v I m vb K ib Zuvnvi B Qvμ g Avwg XvKv bm i Zuvnvi wcîvj q hvbqv Zuvnvi m ½ mv vr KwiqvwQjvg Zuvnvi ^vgx I wczv ZLb Dcw Z wq jb cö_g mv vrkv ii w`b bvbvcökvi cvb fvr bi Av qvrb Kiv nbqvwqj DËgv my `ix ^n Í Lv` mvgmöx mkj enbc~eÿ K m y L Dcw Z nbqv Avgv K cöyvg K ib, Zrci GKw`b wb R iüb cwi ekb Kwiqv Avgv K fvrb Kivb ZLb nb Z ivggvwyk wmsn I Zuvnvi mšívbe M i m ½ Nwbô KzUzw ^Zv nq c~ eÿ GB cwiev ii mwnz Avgvi Kvbiƒc Avjvc-cwiPq wqj bv ZLb DËgvi mšívbvw` wkqzb nq bvb, c i Kb v mšívb nq Kb v DËgv KË K Avgv K gvgv m ^va b Dcw`ó nbqvwqj XvKv bm i Dcw Z nb j Avgv K ivggvwyk wmsn I DËgvi m ½ `Lv-mv vr Kwi Z nbz, DËgvI meÿ `v cîvw` wjwl Zb G Y Avi mb cökvi NwbôZv bvb KviAv bi cö_g evsjv Abyev`K fvb wmwikp `ª mb (Rb : 1835 - g Zz : 1910) 03-wkÿv jvk

DRvbPi Ksk bvivqy D P we` vjq G. K. drjyj evwi [2005 mv ji GwcÖj gv m DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi GK kz ermi c~wz Abyôvb D`hvcb Kiv nq G Dcj kzel c~wz D`hvcb KwgwU GKwU iwykv cökvk K i G Z we` vjqwu vc bi BwZnvm, wewfbœ mg q K wzz c~y djvd ji Lei, we` vj qi wk KgÐjx m ú K Zuv `i QvÎ `i wzpviy, wk v I fvj wk K niqvi Yvejx m ú K cöeü, KweZv, ig ipbv, cöv³b QvÎ hviv gyw³hy Suvwc q c owq jb Zv `i ZvwjKv BZ vw` welq vb c q Q 1907 mvj _ K 2011 mvj ch ší hviv G we` vjq _ K cvk K i ewi q Qb Zv `i mk ji bv gi GKwU ZvwjKvI mwbœ ewkz n q Q Av jvp cöeüwu iwykvwu Z cökvwkz wewfbœ ai bi jlv mgš^q K i ipbv Kiv nj hv `i cö Póvq Ges jlwb Z G iwykvwu cökvwkz n q Q Zuv `i K AvšÍwiK Awfb `b I K ZÁZv RvbvB ] Ebwesk kzvwãi kl w` K wk v hlb e nëi Rb Mvwô _ K wew Qbœ KejgvÎ knievmx ^ímsl K weëevb I myweav fvmx jv Ki g a mxgve wqj ZLb DRvbPi bv g GK cöz ší MÖv gi Rwg`vi cwiev ii we` vbyivmx `yb gnvbyfe e w³i D ` v M ÔDRvbPi Ksk bvivqy we` vjqõwu vwcz nq 1905 mv j H `yb gnvbyfe e w³ n jb ^Mx q evey fmevb P `ª ivq Ges ^Mx q evey ØviKvbv_ ivq Guiv `yrb wq jb LyoZzZ fvb Gu `i VvKzi`v ^Mx q Ksk bvivq Yi bv g D³ we` vjqwui bvgkiy Kiv nq zjwui msw ß BwZnvm m ú K wjl Z wm q cöv³b cöavb wk K Rbve gv: Avãyj AvDqvj I cöv³b QvÎ Rbve gv: AvdZveywÏb j Lb, Ò zj cöwzôvjmœ _ K Rwg`vi åvz Øq zjwu `Lvïbv I ZË veavb Kiv Zv `i Rxe bi eªz wnmv e MÖnY K ib wk vi gvb Dbœqb, wk K `i AwaKZi my hvm-myweav cö`vb, `wi`ª I gavex QvÎ `i e wë cö`vb I RvqMx ii e e vkiy BZ vw` zj msμvší welq wb qb Zuviv m`vme `v fve Zb z ji Rb jmœ _ KB evey ØviKvbv_ P `ª ivq z ji m μuvwii c` AjsK Z K i AvmwQ jb zj cöwzôvi gvî 22 eqi ci 1927 m b evey ØviKvbv_ P `ª wkÿv jvk-04

DRvbPi Ksk bvivqy D P we` vj qi cöwzôvzv ØviKvbv_ ivq Ges fmevb P `ª ivq ivq mšívbmg hz b cvwjz zjwu K i L AKv j ci jvkmgb K ib Zuvi g Zz i ci evey fmevb P `ª ivq z ji AvRxeb m μuvwii `vwqz cvjb K i 1948 mv j g Zz eiy K ib z ji h Kvb Avw_ K cö qvr b wzwb gy³ n Í `vb Ki Zb evey fmevb P `ª iv qi g Zz i ci Zuvi R ô cyî `x bk P `ª ivq AvRxeb z ji m μuvwii `vwqz cvjb K i 80-i `k Ki gvsvgvws mg q ci jvkmgb K ib Ó zjwui ^xk wz m ú K jlkøq wj Lb, Ò1905Bs mv j cöwzwôz n ji 1907Bs mv j Gi cix v_x iv KjKvZv wek we` vjq wbqwš Z cö ewkkv cix vq AskMÖn Yi cö_g AbygwZ cvq cö_g eqib YMZ Ges msl vmzfv e cö ewkkv cix vq D¾ j djvd ji wfwë Z we` vjqwu H 1907Bs mv jb KjKvZv wek we` vj qi vqx ^xk wz jvf K i wbtm ` n cig MŠi ei welq h, cö_g cö ewkkv cix vq AskMÖnYKvix cix v_x `i djvd ji wfwë Z cöwzôvi gvî `yb eqi ci GKwU zj vqx ^xk wzcövß z ji ZvwjKvfy³ nq Ó DRvbPi MÖvgwU ZrKvjxb wîcyiv, ciezx Z Kzwgjøv Ges ez gv b eªvþyevwoqv Rjvi evãvivgcyi Dc Rjvq Aew Z wzzvm b`xi DËi cv o Aew Z GK g bvig ˆbmwM K cwi e k G zj b`xi Icv ib nvgbv Dc Rjv evãvivgcyi I nvgbv Dc Rjvi GwU GKwU cövpxbzg zj ZLbKvi w` b wu bi Pvjv I wu bi `qv ji zj febwui mš `h h Kvb myig AÆvwjKv KI nvi gvbvz zjwu 6 GKi Rwgi Dci cöwzwôz z ji Kv QB i q Q evrvi, Rwg`vi evwo, Znwkj Awdm, b`x cvivcv ii LqvNvU, jâ NvU BZ vw` ZvQvov AvevwmK QvÎ `i Rb nv j, Ljvi gvv, gmwr`, cykzi msjmœ nwgv v ii AvevwmK feb, QvÎ-wk K `i Rb cvkv cvqlvbv, bjk c DRvbP ii gz GZ HwZn evnx z ji msl v G A j cövq bb ej jb P j we` vjqwui cöwzôv m ú K Gi cöv³b QvÎ, wewkó weávbx Ges el c~wz D`hvcb KwgwUi mfvcwz Rbve Gg. G. Rv ni wj L Qb, ÒeZ gvb mg q eû wk v cöwzôvb ` ki Avbv P-Kvbv P Qwo q _vk ji m mgq DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vjqwu Qvov Gi 15 gvbj e vmv a i wfzi Kvb v b D P we` vjq wqj bv; mviv evãvivgcyi _vbvi GwUB wqj GKgvÎ D P we` vjq evãvivgcyi Dc Rjv m`i n Z we` vjqwu AwZ wbkuezx D³ Ae vb I cwi e ki d j G we` vjqwu Avgv `i AÂjevmx I m mgqkvi c~e e ½i eû RbM Yi gv S RvwZ-ag wbwe k l wk vi Av jv weziy Ki Z _v K we kl K i G we` vj qi PZz úvk GjvKvi AwaKvsk jv Kiv Mwie I wbgœga g kªyxi wqj weavq bmy msl K Q j g q Qvov Ab `i c `~ ii we` vj q covïbv Kiv e qeûj, KóKi GgbwK mva vzxz wqj ZvB, DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vjq ax i ax i G AbMÖmi Rbc` K wk vi Av jv K Av jvwkz Kivi e vcv i Abb f~wgkv iv L Ó we` vjqwu cöwzwôz n q Q AvR _ K 100 erm iii ewk mg q Gi cö_g nwgv vi wq jb evey weayf~ly 05-wkÿv jvk

ivq wzwb cövq 5/6 ermi H c ` envj wq jb ciezx Z AvR ch ší ez gvb nwgv vimn cövq 10 Rb nwgv vi D³ we` vjqwu AZ ší mybv gi mv _ cwipvjbv K i Avm Qb m cöwz AbywôZ kzel c~wz Abyôv b ÔkZel c~wz D`hvcb KwgwUÕ cöwzôvzv Rwg`vi `yb fvb K we` vjqwu cöwzôvi gva g AÎ GjvKvq RvwZ-ag wbwe k l wk vi Av jv weziy Kivi gnvb Ae`v bi Rb μ cö`vb K i m vbbv `b Guiv n jb cöwzôvzv m`m : 1. ^Mx q fmevb P `ª ivq 2. ^Mx q ØviKvbv_ ivq hme wk Ki Ávb, gav, ` Zv I DuPz gv bi wk v c wzi d j DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi mybv gi wfz vwcz I iw Z n qwqj, Zuv `i ga _ K kxl vbxq cuvp Rb K m vbbvi cözxk wn m e μ cö`vb Kiv n q Q G wk Ke ` n jb: 1. ^Mx q g n `ª P `ª `vm, cöavb wk K, (Kg Kvj 1910-1938): mvd j i R vwz Qwo q wzwb mỳ xn 28 eqi cöavb wk K wq jb wzwb DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi mybv gi wfz- vcbkvix GK AmvaviY cöavb wk K wzwb wq jb ÁvbPP vi gnvb D Ï k AbycÖvwYZ I Ávbv jv K D vwmz, gavex, ` I Av`k evb wk K 2. ^Mx q `x bk P `ª mb ß, cöavb wk K (Kg Kvj 1938-1949): DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi mybv gi wfz- vcbkvix cöavb wk K ^Mx q g n `ª P `ª `v mi my hvm DËim~ix wq jb ^Mx q `x bk P `ª mb ß wzwbi wq jb e w³z m úbœ, e iy I Av`k cöavb wk K Ges Ávbv jv K D vwmz mywk K 3. ^Mx q Rqg½j mvnv, mnkvix cöavb wk K (Kg Kvj 1930 c~e - 1949): wzwb wq jb DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi cöv³b mn-cöavb wk K I Ávbv jv K D vwmz wk vi w`kvix 4. ^Mx q K òab mvnv, wmwbqi mnkvix wk K (Kg Kvj 1930-1961): ^Mx q K òab mvnv wq jb DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi GKKvjxb kxl vbxq gavex QvÎ Ges Kg Rxe b Áv bi w`kvix, wb ew`z-cövy e iy mywk K 5. giûg Ave`yj gwr`, cö_ g mn. wk K I ciezx Z cöavb wk K (cöavb wk K wnmv e Kg Kvj 1949-1962): giûg Ave`yj gwr` wq jb DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi GKKvjxb QvÎ Ges Kg Rxe bi ïiæ Z mn wk K Ges ciezx Z mybv gi wfz-aviykvix cöavb wk K iwykvq cökvwkz wewfbœ cöe Ü GB wk K `i Amvgvb Ae`v bi K_v Ges Zuv `i wk v c wz, e w³z I Yvejx wb q A bk QvÎB wzpviy K i Qb Zgb K qkrb cyi bv Qv Îi wkqz K_v Zuv `i fvlvqb GLv b ms c Dc vcb Kiv n jv Rbve Ave`yj evix wj L Qb, Òwk KgÐjxi g a h K qkr bi wz Avgvi g bi Mfx i `vm K U Q Zv `i bvg D jøl bv Ki j we e Ki `sk b fyme ZvB A b Ki g a AwZ Aí K qkrb m ú K GKUz eje we` vj qi K vk ïiæ niqvi wgwbu cuv PK c~ e wøzxq Iqvwb s-gi NÈv evrz; G mg q `xn `nx nwgv vi wmsncyiæl `x bk evey mviv we` vj q GKUv Unj w` Zb, m ½ m ½ Kj Kvjvnj eü K i QvÎiv `Šov `Šwo K i hvi hvi K v k wm U e m hz, weivr KiZ GKUv wcbczb wbtkãzv, Avi wk KMY K `Lv hz wvkgz wbr wbr Pqv i e m M Qb Zrci NÈv evrvgvî ïiæ n q hz K vk GB KwVb cyiælwui KvQvKvwQ gkvi my hvm Avgvi n qwqj, Zuv K ` LwQ AwZ mnvbyf~wzkxj, G hb mb jvkwub bb Ab GK `i`x e w³ AÂj Rvov bvgkiv we` vj qi As Ki wk K evey K òab mvnvi wk K I e w³ wnmv e Zzjbv wzwb wb RB 1924 mv j wzwb KjKvZv wek we` vj qi Aax b gwuªkz jkb cix vq cuvp cuvpwu juvi I vi gvk cvb MÖvRy qk bi ci wbr MÖv g Aew Z DRvbPi D P we` vj q wk KZv Avi K ib ZLbKvi mg q eû QvÎ zj _ K As K juvi gvk cz, GUv wk K K òab mvnvi K wzz AsK QvovI Bs iwr, evsjv I Ab vb wel q AMva Áv bi AwaKvix wq jb wzwb weivu ecy wb qi wzwb wq jb mȳ ^v i AwaKvix, μxovbyivmx, Ljvayjvq cvi`kx I z ji úvu m wk K cöwzw`b wekv j Zv K `Lv hz Ljvi gv V, μxovq Ask wb Z Ab vb Ávbx I Yx wk Ki g a bvg Ki Z nq cöqvz Rqg½j mvnv, giûg gneÿz Avjx wegj, hv K mevb DwKj mv ne e jb wpbz IKvjwZ cvk K ii g~j ev ai LvwZ i mvivrxeb wzwb wk KZv K i KvUvb, eûw`b gyýxm Äi ivgcvj D P we` vj q cöavb wk K wq jb Zvic i g b c o giûg Ave`yj Iqvnv ei bvg, c i whwb `yjvjcyi nvb z j cöavb wk K wnmv e hvm`vb K ib, Kvjvwgbvi RM`xk evey, Rbve Ave`yj gvbœvb ` wk K whwb ciezx Z D P cöwk Y (Gg.G. GWy Kkb) wb q mikvix nvb z ji cöavb wk K wnmv e Aemi MÖnY K ib AviI g b c o Aviex wkÿv jvk-06

GKwU we` vjq fvj niqvi Rb cö qvrb gvbm Z wk K, myô cwi ek, wk v-dckiy... - gv. mwdkzj Bmjvg fvicövß cöavb wkÿk DRvbPi Ksk bvivqy D P we` vjq (euv _ K) ØviKvbv_ iv qi `ŠwnÎ bvivqy P `ª ivq, cöavb wkÿk evey wbzvb P `ª mvnv I fvicövß cöavb wkÿk gv. mwdkzj Bmjvg DRvbPi Ksk bvivqy D P we` vj qi KZ c ÿi mv _ GK AvjvcPvwiZvq Rvbv hvq, ez gv b z j QvÎQvÎxi msl v 1187 Rb Avi gvu wk K 16 Rb G zj _ K gva wgk cix vq cv ki nvi kzfv Mi Kv Q LjvayjvqI zjwu ek fvj K qk eqi Av M Zviv dzuej cöwz hvwmzvq RvZxq ch v q L j Q Zuviv Av iv Rvbvb, wk K I wk v_ x `i g a GLv b AZ ší mšnv` c~y m úk wk KMY K vmc~e Rgv qz I Abvb mg q QvÎQvÎx `i K ˆbwZK wk v I Dc `k `b z j GKwU QvÎvevm i q Q, hlv b cix vi Av M _ K fvj QvÎ `i K G b ivlv nq I Zv `i covïbvi cöwz we kl g bv hvm `Iqv nq evey wbzvb P `ª mvnv 2009 mvj _ K GLvbKvi cöavb wk K bvivqy P `ª ivq `vzv m`m wn m e zj KwgwU Z Av Qb zj e e vcbv cwil `i mfvcwz KvRx Rvw``-Avj-ingvb G z jib cöv³b QvÎ fvicövß cöavb wk K gv. mwdkzj Bmjvg 1987 mv j cö_g GB z jb Zuvi wk KZv ckv ïiæ K ib hvm`v bi ci _ KB zjwu K fvj e m d jb I KL bv wk KZv Qvov Ab ckvi K_v fv ebwb 2004 mv j wzwb Dc Rjv ch v q kªô kªwy wk Ki cyi vi cvb GKwU we` vjq fvj niqvi Rb Kx-Kx cö qvrb Rvb Z PvB j Rbve gv. mwdkzj Bmjvg e jb, Gi Rb gvbm Z wk K, myô cwi ek, wk v-dckiy BZ vw` cö qvrb ez gv b gvbm Z wk Ki Afve m ú K bvivqy P `ª ivq e jb, Av Mi w` b miv QvÎivB wk KZv ckvq Avm Zv, wkš AvR Zv Av m bv fvicövß cöavb wk K Av iv Rvbvb, wzwb GB z ji wk K wn m e Me Abyfe K ib, KviY GB z ji `xn w` bi mybvg wzzvm b`xi cvo Nu l z ji GKwU mxgvbv- `qvj `wl q Zuviv Rvbvb, gyw³hy i kl w` K gyw³hv viv GLvb _ K cvkevwnbxi m ½ hy K i Q 07-wkÿv jvk

wk K, giûg gšjfx Kby wgtv mv ne; giûg gv vi Qv q` Avjx, ` wk K I úvu m MvBW, cöqvz Î gvnb mvnv, AZ ší big grv Ri gvbyl ` wk KgÐjx I myk Lj wk vi cwi e ki Kvi Y `~i`~ivší _ K QvÎ AvmZ GB we` vj q covi Rb z ji evww s q hviv _vkz Zv `i K QvovI eû QvÎ Pviw` Ki wbku MÖvg wji m úbœ M n evwo Z RvqwMi _vkz, mb evwoi `yb GKwU Q j K covz, w`k wb ` kbv w`z I wb Ri cov Pvwj q hz A b K AvZ xq evwo Z _vkz Ó Ô wzpviyõ bv g W. gvnv ` Bw`ªm wj L Qb, Ò zj _ K ei n qwq 52 eqi Av M GZw` b zj Rxe bi A bk K_vB fy j MwQ h mkj K_v GLbI AveQv AveQv g b Av Q ZvB iy Kivi Póv KiwQ ZLbKvi w` bi mkj wk Ki bvgi mwvkfv e g b co Q bv Z e Kvb Kvb wk Ki bvg I Kvh μg fvjb g b Av Q 1949 mv j Avwg hlb K vk m f b fwz nb ZLb evey `x bk P `ª mb ß wq jb z ji cöavb wk K Zv K z ji mkj QvÎ-wk K kª v Ki Zb, fqi c Zb eqm AvbygvwbK Pwjø ki N i, dm v, j ^v I we kl e w³ Z i AwaKvix wq jb wzwb K vm ïiæ n j eviv `v w` q P i w` Zb `L Zb K vk wupvimy wvkgz K vm wb Qb wkbv GKevi Avgv `i GK K vk wupvi Avgv `i K GKUv jlvi KvR w` q Pqv i e m wsgvw Q jb nw gv vi evey eviv `vq `uvwo q wkqz Y `L jb, Zvici `irvi cvjøvuv K m Rv i av v w` q `ªæZ P j M jb K vk wupvi kã ï b nkpwk q DV jb I wr Ám Ki jb, K `irvuv K av v w`j Avgiv ejwqjvg, nw gv vi evey QvÎ `i mvg b ek GKUv weeªzki Ae vq co jb wzwb Avgv `i wcöq wk K `x bk P `ª mb ß K Avgiv Lye ewk w`b cvbwb Avgvi z j Avwg fwz niqvi eqi ` ok cib wzwb mnkvix Aa vck wnmv e eªvþyevwoqv K j R hvm`vb K ib Gi wkqzw`b ci K j Ri Kv R Uª b Kzwgjøv hviqvi c _ mv cö`vwqk `v½vq wzwb wbnz nb Zvi AKvj g Zz Z Avgv `i z j QvÎ-wk K `i gv S kv Ki Qvqv b g Av m gvbyl bvwk m wói kªô Rxe gvbyl K Avjøvn& Ávb, eyw, we ek I mœn-ggzv w` q ˆZqvi K i Qb A_P GB gvbylb wnzvwnz Ávb nviv q cïi P qi wnsmª n q D V hlb ^v _ AvNvZ jv M GKRb wbiciva gvbyl K Avi GKRb webv Kvi Y Lyb Ki Z cv i GUv fve ZI Kó nq evey `x bk m bi ci K vk wupvi `i g a hv K mepvb Z ewk fvj jvmwqj wzwb evey K òab mvnv ï bwq wzwb bvwk wwmöx cix vq KwjKvZv wek we` vjq _ K Z Zxq vb AwaKvi K iwq jb wzwb e wuk Avg ji wk K ZLbKvi w` b B Qv Ki j wzwb mikv ii eo Avgjv wnmv e PvKwi wb Z cvi Zb wkš Zv bv K i wzwb wbr MÖv gi z j wk KZv ïiæ K ib Ges GKRb mdj wk K wnmv e wb R K cöwzwôz K ib K òab evey Avgv `i K v k AsK Kiv Zb GZ my `i I mvejxj fvlvq wzwb ej Zb, K v ki QvÎiv Zv gš gy»i gz ïbz Kv_v w` q mgq P j h Zv UiI czvg bv me wel q wzwb cvi`kx I cvwû Z i AwaKvix wq jb Ab Kvb wk K K v k Abycw Z _vk j Hme K v ki wzwb Avm Zb BsivwR, f~ Mvj, weávb I BwZnv mi K vki wzwb wb Zb K jr-wek we` vjq wg j ` k we ` k A bk wk Ki Kv QB c owq wkš Zuvi gz Ggb wb ew`z cövy I `i`x wk K GKRbI ` LwQ e j g b c o bv K v k e m KvD K wsgy Z `L j wzwb fxly c h Zb K v k Xy KB wzwb cö_g Avgv `i K Rvbvjv eü `L j Lyj Z ej Zb K v k `wi K i XyK Z `L ji wzwb Lye ivm Ki Zb Avgv `i K v ki GK mncvvx K GKevi `wi Z K v k XyK Z ` L wr Ám Ki jb, `wi Kb? H QvÎ ejj, m vi Avwg A bk `~i _ K Avwm m vi i M ej jb, You may come from Delhi but you must come on time. K vk k l m vi Avgv `i K evwoi KvR w` Zb I G wj evwo _ K Avb Z ej Zb ciw`b wr Ám Ki Zb AsK jv K i G bwq wkbv KD Kvb GKwU AsK bv cvi j h h c i Q Zv K W K wb q ev W AsKwU K i `Lv Z ej Zb G cöm ½ GKwU NUbvi K_v bv ej jb bq Avgiv ZLb K vk U bi QvÎ evwoi Kv Ri GKwU AsK K v ki KD Ki Z cvwi bvb ï b m vi LyeB Kó c jb I wbr K Acivax g b Ki jb Kvb K_v bv e j m vi Mv j nvz w` q wkqz Y Pzc K i e m _vk jb, Zvici wkqz bv e jb K vk Q o P j M jb ciw`b K v k G mb mevb K MvjvMvwj Ki Z jvm jb I ej jb, Zv `i K GZw`b wk wklvjvg? K vk ï KD GB AsKUv cviwj bv, Zviv g vwuªk cix v cvk Kiwe Kgb K i? grvi e vcvi, g vwuªkz jkb cix vq Avgv `i K vk _ K As K Avgiv `krb juvi gvk c qwqjvg, hw`i Ab Kvb wel q KD Kvb juvi gvk cvb bvb Avgiv hlb QvÎ wqjvg ZLbKvi mg q wk KM Yi cöwz Avgv `i AMva kª v-fw³ wqj wk KMYI mœn, ggzv wkÿv jvk-08

I GKvšÍ wbôvi mv _ QvÎ `i mywkw Z I mybvmwik wnmv e M o Zvjvi Póv Ki Zb Ó wbku AZx Z GB we` vjq _ K cvk Kiv QvÎ W. gvnv ` drjyj Kwig Zuvi Ô wzi cvzv _ KÕ cöe Ü D jøl K ib, ÒeªvþYevwoqv Rjvi evãvivgcyi Dc Rjvq wzzvm b`xi cv o mb we` vjqwu Avgvi Rxe b cö_g wk vi Av jv Qwo q w` qwqj GK_v f e AvRI Me eva Kwi Avwg Avgvi Q j ejvi cy ivfvm Ry o wqj GB zj Avgvi wczv gv: er j Kvw`i wemz 39 eqi hver H z j wk KZv Ki Qb Zb a cövq MZ 30 eqi hver cöavb wk K c ` AwawôZ mb m~ Î zj msjmœ cöavb wk Ki evmfe bb QvU ejv _ K eo nb Avwg Avgvi AvRI g b c o mb cykzi cv oi evwowui K_v GLb _ K GKkZ eqi c~ e GB GjvKvq Ab Kvb zj wqj bv KjKvZv wek we` vj q gav vb `Lj KiZ GB z ji wk v_x iv Avwg z j cövqb me K v k gav v b bq, μxov Ges mvs wzk Kg Kv Ð Zviv wb R `i K wz Z i ^v i i L hv Q me P q eo K_v, G zj Zvi wk v_x `i h w`k wb ` kbv w` q hv Q Zv Zv `i fwel r Rxeb MV bi Rb Ag~j m ú`iƒ c we ewpz n Z cv i wk v_x `i Rxe b we` vj qi wk v, Ávb-mvabv, KZ e civqyzv, wbqg-wbôv, mgqvbyewz Zv Ges m e vcwi wk v I wk Ki cöwz kª v eva k bt k bt e w jvf KiæK GB Kvgbv Kwi wemz GK kzvãx a i Avgv `i GB wcöq we` vcxvwu GKRb Av`k I Kg V bvmwik M o Zvjvq wb qvwrz _ K cök Zc gvbyl Movi Av`k KviLvbv wn m eb KvR K i hv Q Avgv `i mgv R Zvi Ae`vb eo K i `Lv bvi Póv bv K i web qi mv _ ejv h Z cv i h Avgv `i mgv R Zvi Ae`vb gv UB z`ª bq GB gnzx wk v cöwzôv bib GK mgq Avwg QvÎ Ñ GK_v fve Z Avgvi Me nq Avgvi wk v ciezx Kg Rxeb ej Z M j G z jib wk v I AwfÁZvq cyó ZvB G z ji 1905 mv j cöwzwôz n ji 1907 mv j Gi cix v_x iv KjKvZv wek we` vjq wbqwš Z cö ewkkv cix vq AskMÖn Yi cö_g AbygwZ cvq cö_g eqib YMZ Ges msl vmzfv e cö ewkkv cix vq D¾ j djvd ji wfwë Z we` vjqwu H 1907 mv jb KjKvZv wek we` vj qi vqx ^xk wz jvf K i wbtm ` n cig MŠi ei welq h, cö_g cö ewkkv cix vq AskMÖnYKvix cix v_x `i djvd ji wfwë Z cöwzôvi gvî `yb eqi ci GKwU zj vqx ^xk wzcövß z ji ZvwjKvfy³ nq cö_g wqjvg 1982 mv j GB zj _ KB Avwg Gm.Gm.wm- Z 3wU wel q juvimn cö_g wefv M DËxY nb Ges mikvwi e wë cvb G ch v q z ji ez gvb Ae v wb q wkqz bv ej jb bq gvî K qkwu wu bi Ni w` q h z ji hvîv ïiæ n qwqj m z ji AvR GKwU `vzjv febmn me gvu cuvpwu wewìs GQvov i q Q Ljvayjvi Rb Ljvi gvv, covïbvi Rb cvvvmvi Ges AvaywbK weávbvmvi zjwu Z lô n Z `kg kªyx ch ší eûgylx mn-wk v Kvh μg Pvjy Av Q cöwzôvjmœ 1905 mv ji 2 deªæqvwi _ K AvR Aewa we` vjqwu AÎ GjvKvi wk vi GK gnxiƒn wn m e Ae vb Ki Q... DRvbPi K. Gb. nvb z ji wk v_x iv ïay jlvcov K_v wjl Z c i Avwg hgb K ZÁ Zgwb Avbw `Z KviY zjrxe bi K_v wjl Z e m Avwg Avgvi mb cq bi gayi w`b jv ZB wd i hvw Q mb wz, mb ^cœ, K Zv eüzi gyl, K Zv wcöq wk Ki mvwbœa Ñ G K G K me K_vB g b co Q Avi ZZB Avwg Av emvcøyz nw Q, Avgv K wb q hv Q cy iv bv m w`b jv Z hlb Zviæ Y, mrxezvq I ^ cœ AvwgI we fvi wqjvg AvR eyws m w`b jv wd i cvevi Kvb Dcvq bvb DRvbPi K. Gb. nvb z ji HwZn `xn w` bi, Zvi myl vwzi eû cyi bv AvMvgxw` bi GB HwZn I mybvg A zyœ _vk e G AvkvB cvly Kwi z ji GKRb cöv³b Qv Îi Kv Q Zvi z ji mybvg me mgqb Avb `i I MŠi ei Ó 09-wkÿv jvk

G we` vjq _ K A bk QvÎ cix vq K ZKvh n q Zuv `i Kg Rxe b K wzz c~y fv e mycöwzwôz n q Qb kzel D`hvcb KwgwU cö_g ch v q Giƒc `krb cöv³b QvÎ K m vbbvi cözxk wn m e μ cö`vb K i Qb Guiv n jb: 1. Rbve Lwjjyi ingvb: 1939 mv ji g vwuªk cix vq K ZKvh DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi cöv³b QvÎ `i g a cö_g EPSFS. PvKwii kl ch v q evsjv `k mikv ii cwikíbv Kwgk bi d i wwwfk bi wpd wnmv e AemicÖvß 2. giûg Gg. G. AvDqvj: 1940 mv j g vwuªk cix vq K ZKvh DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi cöv³b QvÎ `i cö_g Ges cvwk Ívb m Uªvj mywcwiqi mvwf m cöwz hvwmzv cix vi gva g cö_g e v Pi PSP. ciezx Z evsjv `k mikvwi Kg Kwgk bi m`m wnmv e AemicÖvß Ae vq B šíkvj K ib 3. giûg gvnv ` nv mb: 1947 mv ji g vwuªk cix vq K ZKvh DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi cöv³b QvÎ `i g a 1950 `k Ki KvQvKvwQ mv j EPCS cöwz hvwmzv cix vq cö_g vb jvf K ib ciezx Z evsjv `k mikv ii hym mwpe wnmv e Kg iz Ae vq B šíkvj K ib 4. giûg W. Zv niæj Bmjvg: 1950 mv j DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vjq n Z g vwuªk cix vq 16Zg vb jvf K ib Kg Rxe b XvKv wek we` vj qi A_ bxwz wefv M wmwbqi Aa vck wnmv e Kg iz Ae vq B šíkvj K ib 5. Rbve Gg. G. Rv ni: 1950 mv j g vwuªk cix vq K ZKvh DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi cöv³b QvÎ `i g a wzwb n jb AvšÍR vwzkfv e ^xk Z GKwU wgbv ij (Rv nivbu)-gi Avwe Z v `w Y-c~e Gwkqv A ji f~weávbx `i g a Ggb wk we k gymjgvb `i g a GKK e w³z hvi bv g wgbv i ji bvgkiy n q Q evsjv `k f~zvwë K Rwic Awa`ß ii gnvcwipvj Ki c` n Z AemicÖvß 6. BwÄ. Ave`yj AvDqvj: 1953 mv j g vwuªk cix vq K ZKvh we.gmwm. BwÄwbqvi, wmwfj (1961), Gg Gm (Av gwikv) 1967, cwi ek cö KŠkjx DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi cöv³b QvÎ `i g a wzwbb GKgvÎ RvwZms Ni Ab Zg A½msMVb BDwb md (UNICEF)-Gi D P ch v qi ckvmz Kg KZ v wq jb mỳ xn 25 eqi UNICEF _ K Dedicated Service Award cövß `i g a wzwb GKRb ez gv b wzwb AemicÖvß 7. W. gv: Bw`ªm: 1953 mv j g vwuªk cix vq K ZKvh DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vj qi cöv³b QvÎ `i g a wzwb evsjv `k K wl wek we` vjq, gqgbwmsn-gi wmwbqi Aa vck-gi c` n Z AemicÖvß Z_vq Kg iz Ae vq GK mg q cöv-wfwm wq jb 8. W. ivlvj P `ª bv_: 1956 mv j DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vjq n Z g vwuªk cix vq 3q vb jvf K ib Kg Rxe b KjKvZv Kj vyx wek we` vj qi DcvPvh wnmv e Kg iz 9. W. Gg. b~iæj Bmjvg: 1956 mv j DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vjq n Z g vwuªk cix vq 16Zg vb jvf K ib Ges Kg Rxe b KvbvWv KbKwW qv wek we` vj q A_ bxwz wefv Mi Aa vck wnmv e Kg iz 10. mäxe Kzgvi mvnv: 1958 mv j DRvbPi K. Gb. D P we` vjq n Z g vwuªk cix vq 9g vb jvf K ib fvi Zi Kvb GK cöl vz wek we` vj q D P c ` AwawôZ Av Qb Gev i wkqz cwimsl vb w` q jlvwu kl Kwi we` vjqwu _ K cö_g e v Pi wk v_ xiv cix v w` qwqj 1907 mv j ZLb ejv n Zv cö ewkkv ev G Uªvm cix v KjKvZv wek we` vj qi Aax b GwU Pvjy wqj 1948 mvj ch ší 1948 _ K 1960 mvj ch ší G cix vi bvg wqj g vwuªkz jkb 1960 mv j Pvjy nq D P gva wgk I gva wgk (nvbqvi m KÛvwi I zj m KÛvwi mvwu wd KU) cix v GwU Pvjy _v K 2001 mvj ch ší Gici _ K ïiæ K i A` vewa Pvjy Av Q MÖwWs c wz DRvbPi Ksk bvivqy we` vjq _ K 1907 _ K 2006 mvj ch ší `xn 98 erm i gvu 3,749 Rb cix v `q Zvi g a cvk K i 2,346 Rb; cv ki nvi kzkiv 63 Rb 1907 _ K 1951 GB 44 erm i Pvievi kzkiv 100 Rb DËxY nq we` vj qi BZnv m 1919-1925 GB 7 ermi wqj ^Y hym GB 7 erm i gvu 296 Rb cix v `q, cvk K i gvu 226 Rb; cv ki nvi wqj 76% cvk Kiv QvÎQvÎx `i g a 152 Rb (67%) cvq cö_g wefvm, 60 Rb (30%) cvq wøzxq wefvm Ges gvî 6 Rb (2.6%) cvq Z Zxq wefvm Avgiv G z ji DË ivëi köxe w Ges mvdj Kvgbv Kwi [G. K. drjyj evwi, evw (evsjv `k cjøx Dbœqb GKv Wwg-Kzwgjøv)-Gi cöv³b cwipvjk wzwb I wm`xc-gi wbe vnx cwipvjk gvnv ` Bqvwnqvi wczv giûg G. K. Gg. b~iƒj û`v G z jib QvÎ wq jb Zuv `i wczv b~iƒj û`v G zj _ K 1921 mv j As K juvi gvk mn cö_g wefv M KjKvZv wek we` vj qi Aaxb G Uªvm cix vq DËxY n qwq jb ] wkÿv jvk-10

d UvwdPvi evãvivgcyi Rwg`vi evwo Av jvkwpî: AvjgMxi Lvb evwoi GKvsk Rwg`vi evwoi cöavb duk (wfzi _ K) evwn ii GKvsk Rwg`vi evwoi gw `i 11-wkÿv jvk

fvbx MÖv g Bù yi gvivi Kj ˆZwi Kzwgjøvi `exøv i fvbx MÖvg Bù yi gvivi Kj ˆZwii Rb wel vz cövq 3 nvrvi fvuvi Aaÿ wlz G MÖv gi cövq 60 kzvsk gvbyl GB Kj ˆZwii m ½ RwoZ fvbx ga cvovi gvu 400 cwiev ii cövq cö Z K evwoi jvkrb GwU ˆZwi K i 30/35 eqi a i GLv b `wo w` q wkkvi Kj ˆZwi nz GLb `ywzb eqi a i Zv ii Rvwji Kj ˆZwi nq, hv GLvbKvi jvkrb g b K ib Zv `ib D veb cwiev ii mevb wg j G KvR K i Q j g qiv z ji c o, Avevi Bù y ii Kj evbv bvi KvRI K i G GjvKvi gvby li GUvB cöavb ckv, Gici Ab vb fv`ª gvm _ K Gi gšmyg ïiæ nq Bù y ii Kj ˆZwi Z wravb Zvi, Œz, cyiv bv Uvqv ii wfz ii Zvi BZ vw` jv M eo, QvU I gvsvwi GB wzb ik gi Kj Av Q GKRb 1 w` b 300wU Kj evbv Z cv i Z e Avbylw½K Kv Ri Rb Av iv 6 Rb jvk I cövq 10wU cwievi hy³ _v K Gi Rb 40 KwR Zvi jv M Avi LiP nq 6 nvrvi UvKv hv wewμ nq 8 nvrvi UvKvq A_ vr ˆ`wbK 2 nvrvi UvKv jvf _v K MÖv gi AvRMi g ^v ii evwo Z mßv n 4 nvrvi Kj ˆZwi nq MÖv gi 50 eqi eq Avey BDmy di 1 Q j I 3 g q Q jwu Mvwo Pvjvq GK g qi we q n q Q I QvU g qwu z j c o MZ eqi 25 gvp Zvi evwo Z Zvi m ½ K_v nq wzwb mßv n 2400 Kj ˆZwi K ib G Z me LiP ev ` Zvi gv m 15 nvrvi UvKv Avq nq wzb-pvi eqi Av M wzwb gvwu KvUv I Ab vb KvR Ki Zb cö_ g 35 nvrvi UvKv avi K i 10 nvrvi UvKvi Zv ii bu wk b wzwb e emvq bv gb 2007 mv j wm`xc _ K 20 nvrvi UvKv FY wb qwq jb MZ eqi 70 nvrvi UvKv FY wb qwq jb Kj ˆZwii Avq w` q wzwb 5 jvl UvKvi `bv kva K i Qb Zvi g Z, 40 nvrvi UvKvi gz cuywr wb q KD G e emv Ki Z cv i Bù y ii Kj ˆZwi _ K Zuvi Avq I mvd j wzwb Mwe Z fvbx MÖv gi A_ bxwzi PvwjKvkw³ GB Bù y ii Kj ˆZwi wkÿv jvk-12

igbv cv K ^v iÿv Avkivd Avn g` Nyg f O Mj, cv k kvqv Avgvi xi-i AÜKv i nvz o mj dvbwu LyuRjvg Avgvi Kv Q `y Uv dvb MZKvj cøb _ K b g Mvwo Z IVvi Av MB Avgvi k vwjkv wjwc GKwU dvb nv Z w` qwqj, Avi Av e` Ii Mvwo Z IVvi ci Av ikwu dvb w` qwqj GKwU dvb Zy j `Ljvg fvi mv o wzbuv MZKvj we K j XvKvq G mwq Zvi gv b IqvwksU b GLb `ycyi AvovBUv ^vfvwek Ae vq GLb Zv Avgv `i Nygv bvi K_v bq wkš GLv b ivz e j Avev iv Nygv Z Póv K i wedj njvg mkvj cuvpuv bv evr ZB G Ki ci GK AvRvb kvbv Mj Avgiv evb i nuvu Z h Z PvB ï b Av e` ej jv GKUy A cÿv Ki j bvgvr kl K i mi hv e Avgv `i mv _ B vub Mv W b ivw _ K ei n q vd KvqvU vi-gi fzi w` q cyivzb Gwjd v U ivw cvi n q Avgiv hgybv ivóªxq AwZw_kvjvi mvg b Gjvg GwU cyivzb MYfeb bv gi cwiwpz GwU wg Uy ivw Ges nqvi iv Wi Kv Y Aew Z febwui cövq D ëvw` K igbv cv K XvKvi MU Avgiv hlb mlv b cušqvjvg, m~h DV Z ZL bv A bk `wi A_P cv K i fzi ^v m PZb e w³i KgwZ bb Avgiv nqvi ivw eivei wkš cv K i fz i nuvu Z _vkjvg fz i GKwU Lvjv RvqMvq cövq Rb wzwi kk jvk wb R `i gv S h _ó `~iz i L Mvj n q `uvov bv gv S `uvwo q GKRb mevi D Ï k wkqy ej Q Avi mevb mg ^ i wprkvi K i Zvi cöwzaÿwb K i P j Q GKUz kvbvi Póv Kiv Z eys Z cvijvg Iiv wb R `i ^v wvk i L Rxeb DbœZ Kivi cöwzáv Ki Q Zvici ïiæ n jv e vqvg Kivi gz K i wewfbœ A½ mâvjb Avgiv nuvu Z nuvu ZB GB ` k `LwQjvg e j Avgv `i MwZ gv S gv SB kø_ n q cowqj Lye ZvovZvwo nuvu Z _vkv jvk, Avgv `i gz evkv hviv bq, Zviv wei³ n q ZvwK q nb nb K i GwM q hvw Qj Gfv e Pj Z _vkv jvkr bi gv S wqj Avcv`g ÍK Pv`i w` q Rov bv e _ K ïiæ K i ïaygvî MwÄ c i _vkv Aí eq hyek, ïay PvL Lvjv wkš Kv jv evilvq Ave Z gwnjv _ K ïiæ K i Sjg j kvwo ev D¾ j i Oi mv jvqvi KvwgR civ hyezx, KD m v Ûj cv q, KD AZ vaywbk `Šov bvi RyZv cv q Pwjøk eqi Av M fv i Nyg _ K D V cv K e vqvg Kiv ev `Šov bv jv Ki msl v wqj LyeB Kg Avi hviv wqj Zv `i cövq mevb wqj k³-mg_ mb Zyjbvq AvR Ki ` k wu ` L Avgvi Lye fvj jvm jv GB f e h evsjv ` ki gvbyl GLb Av Mi P q A bk ewk ^v m PZb n q Q Aek ïay AvR Ki ` k ` L evsjv ` ki RbmsL vi kzkiv KZRb m PZb n q Q Zv ejv hv e bv Avgiv nuvu Z nuvu Z Av ikwu RvqMvq `Ljvg, KRb e w³ wbr wbr gz e vqvg K i P j Q KD w` Q eyk Wb, KD Szj Q jvnvi wkk a i, KD jvnvi wkk a i Sz j Sz j GK cªvší _ K Av ik cªv ší hv Q evsv Mj cvk KZ cÿ GB vbwu K e vqv gi Rb B Dchy³ K i mvwr q Q Av iv wkqz `~i GwM q M j Mv Qi bx P wkš Lvjv GK RvqMvq Av iv GK`j jvk K `Lv Mj Zviv mg ezfv e D P ^ i n m P j Q nv-nv-nv-wn-wn-wn kã K i Av e` ej jv, Giv ïay G `i dzmdz mi e vqvgb Ki Q bv, D P ^ i kã K i Giv wb R K cökvk Kivi g bi I kix ii cöwzeükzv `~i Ki Q Gfv e wkqz`~i cicib G KK `j jvk K `Lv Mj wbr wbr gz kix ii ev g bi e vqvg K i P j Q nvuu Z nvuu Z KvKivBj gmwr `i cqbuvq P j Gjvg GLv b cv K XvKvi GKwU MBU Av Q MB Ui wvk gy LB GKwU Uwej I Pqvi cvzv Uwej _ K ÔGLv b i³pvc I eøvw mymvi gvcv nqõ jlv GKwU cv vi Syj Q Uwe ji Ici GKwU w_ vc, K qkwu wmwiä, Ges ^v m PZbZv m ú K jlv K qkwu QvU QvU cyw ÍKv cövztågy Ki Z G m A bk eûg~î ivmx ev ü`- ivmx mvgvb KwU UvKvi e` j wb Ri ^v wu cixÿv Kwi q wb Z fy jb bv mev cö`vbkvixii Av qi GKwU c_ nq Avgiv Gevi igbv jkwui avi Nu l nvu Z jvmjvg cv q Pjvi GB c_wu GL bv A cÿvk Z wbr b igbv eug~ ji Kv Q cvwbi av i GKUv ewâ Z Avgiv em j Av e` GKvB Ii cövz wnk `ŠowU mvi Z Mj Avgv `i _ K wkqyuv `~ i, cvwbi wvk Ic i GKwU ew` Z GK jvk e m Av Q w i ` wó Z cvwbi w` K ZvwK q g b nq m gww Ukb ev Zcm vq gmœ GB Zcm v Zvi KZÿY P j Zv `Lvi B Qvq Avwg evievi Zvi w` K ZvKvw Qjvg, wkš Avgiv Zvi cq b e j m Avgv K `L Z cvw Qj bv Avgv `i Av ik cv k 13-wkÿv jvk

cvwbi av i g b n jv Av ik e w³ wqc wb q e m Av Q B Zvg a m~h D V M Q, gvby li c`fv i cv K i evzvm ay jvq f i M Q nvvr Avgvi nv Zi dvb e R DV jv, Avgvi QvU Q j bvwmd dvb K i Q Av gwikv _ K, wr Ám Ki Q Avgiv me wvkvvk AvwQ wkbv Ii MjvwU ï b cövywu Avgvi Rywo q Mj! cövq GKB mg q w`bvi nv Zi dvbwui e R DV jv, Avgv `i ešgv dvb K i Q b_ K v ivjvbbv _ K Avgv `i LvuR wb Z cvwb _ K gyl Nywi q cv K i w` K ZvKv ZB wel vz igbv eug~jwu Pv L co jv MvQwU eumvq n q _vk j GwU K eug~j ejv hyw³hy³ wkš Avgvi cwiwpz K wl wek we` vj qi GK cöv³b wkÿ Ki g Z GwU eu MvQ bq, GwU ckyi MvQ hv `L Z eumv Qi gz wkš wfbœ! `y UvB Wygyi RvZxq MvQ Zvui g Z ckyi MvQ eu _ K A bk DuPy, K òp~ovi gz nq Ges Gi cvzv e Ui cvzv _ K A bk cvzjv Ges A bk mypv jv nq GKB fv e ckyi Mv Q SyjšÍ wkko eu _ K A bk Kg Ges e Ui SyjšÍ wkko mvaviyz gvwui wb P cövw_z nq GB me we epbvq igbvi ÔeUe ÿõwu Avm j GKwU ckyi MvQ! igbvi GLv b c njv ˆekv Li h AbyôvbwU Z cö_g G mwqjvg Zv m ez 1972 m b, Avwg ZLb Abvm Z Zxq e l i QvÎ m ½ wqj gvmỳ wmwïkx bv g Avgvi GK iex `ª-m½xZ wkíx eüy I mncvvx eqi we kk Av M m K výv i gviv hvq m eqi GLv b A bk jvk mgvmg wqj wkš wf oi ga w` q Abvqv m nuvuv h Zv QvqvbU Av qvwrz mb Abyôv b Avgiv cövq mvg bi w` KB e mwqjvg Vjv Vwj bv K ib AvRKvj Uwjwfk b hv `wl Zv Z g b nq c njv ˆekv L GB eug~ ji Kv Q Zv bqb, XvKvi Kvb iv Ív ZB cv ivlvi Rv _v K bv AvR Ki ci G Zv wel vz GB eug~ ji av ikv Q Avmvi my hvm bvi Avm Z cv i x K ZvB ejjvg, P jv Zywg eug~ j em j Avwg GKwU Qwe Zy j ivl ev Avi jvkrb K `wl q ej Z cvi ev mbwr`v LvZyb, dvnwg`v LvZyb I i Rvqvbv PŠayix eb vi gz ZywgI Rxe b igbvi eug~ j e mwq j, nvk bv Zv ˆekv Li GK gvm Av M! divi mgq cv K jvkmgvmg Ges mv _ evzv m ay jvevwj e ob P j Q, mevb nb nb K i nvuu Qb GKB w` K ev Dj Uv w` K Pj Z _vkv jvkr bi Kykj evk wewbgq _ K evsv Mj, mkv ji GB wipyqvjwu ïay ^v i Rb B bq, eüy `i ev cwiwpz `i mv _ `Lv niqvii GK fvj e e v! KD G m Qb cwiev ii Q jey ov mevb K wb q, KD A bk eüyevüe cwi ewóz n q hgybv AwZw_ feb MB Ui Kv Q Avm Z evu w` K GKwU QvDwb, Zv K wn i A bk jv emvi ewâ Zv Z A bk gwnjvi wfo eo e vbv i jlv Av Q Kvb gwnjv mwgwzi Mv bi Rjmv G `i mv _ A bk nvi gvwbqvg, Zejv I Ab vb kã hš I `Lv Mj cövz wnk ev mvßvwnk Av qvr bi GB ` k wui Avgvi Kv Q bzyb n ji mgq bb e j G `i Kg KvÐ `Lvi B Qv Ac~Y i LB ewi q Avm Z n jv MBU w` q ewi qb Av ik ai bi wf o cojvg iv Ívi `yb cv k bvbv ai bi dj I mewr mvwr q e m Q LyPiv we μzviv d ji g a Av Q ej, m d`v, Kjv I AvZvdj G `i gv SB Av Q wkqỳ ~i cici K qkwu i³pvc I eøvw mymvi gvcvi Uwej GKwU `vkv b DuPy K i KwP Wve mvrv bv Av e` Zvi mvg b `uvwo q `y Uv Wve K U w` Z ej jv cøvw Ki «-wu e eüz wkbv Av e` Zv hvpvb Ki j ZLbB Avgiv Wve _ K cvwb Ljvg ïay AvgivB bb A bk jvkb cv K i fz i e vqvg, `Šo ev nvuuv kl K i evb i G m Wv ei cvwb Z Z òv guvb dj I mewri A vqx `vkvb hlv b kl n q Q, mlvb _ K ïiæ n q Q mvwi eu a `uvov bv `vwg `vwg Mvwo WªvBfviiv Zv `i weëkvjx gvwjk K cv K nviqv L Z ev `Šov Z bvwg q w` q GLv b A cÿv Ki Q jlk Av gwikv-cöevmx evsjv ` ki cövyimvqb weávbx wzwb XvKv wek we` vj qi wkÿk wq jb, ez gv b Av gwikvi GKwU weávb cöwzôv b M elyvi KvR Ki Qb wkÿv jvk-14

Beªvnxg mvenvb (31 gvp 1954-29 b f ^i 2014) Beªvnxg mvenvb bzzb wkÿv c wzi cöez K AvBqye nv mb Beªvnxg mvenv bi evwo dbx Rjvi `vmbf~ubqv Dc Rjvi RMZcyi MÖv g Rb 1954 mv ji 31 gvp g Zz eiy K ib 2014 mv ji 29 b f ^i GKgvÎ Kb v mšív bi RbK Beªvnxg PvKwi Ki Zb evsjv `k wkï GKv Wgx Z GKv Wgxi cöwzôvjmœ _ K wzwb Gi mv _ hy³ wq jb AwZμg K i Qb cövq wzbwu `kk GB cöwzôv b wkï `i mvs wzk gv bvbœq bi Rb cöwzwôz wkï GKv Wgx Z KejgvÎ mgv Ri weëevb I D PweË cwiev ii Q j g qiv GKv Wgx cwipvwjz Kg m~wp Z m ú ³ nevi my hvm cvq XvKvq K `ªxq Awdm Qvov ` ki 63wU Rjvq wkï GKv Wgxi kvlv we Í Z mkj v bi wpî GKB ikg A_ vr mgv Ri abevb cwiev ii wkïivb Kej GKv Wgxi hvezxq my hvm-myweav fvm K i cövwšík cwiev ii wkïiv mvs wzk Kg KvÐ `~ i _vkzk, jlvcovi av i-kv QI cušq Z cv i bv Gi KviY Avgv `i Kv iv ARvbv bq `vwi`ª Ges `vwi`ª RwbZ Am QjZv wbz w` bi Abœ RvUv bv hv `i mvg _ Kz jvq bv wkÿv Zv `i wbku wejvwmzv Qvov Avi wkqz bq! ZvB Awfeve Ki B Qv _vk ji, Zv `i Q j g q `i z j cvvv Z cv ib bv jlvcovi e q enb Kiv h nzz Zv `i c ÿ m e bq, ZvB DcvR bi Kv R Zv `i Awb Qvm Ë I wb qvwrz Kiv nq 15-wkÿv jvk

wkïi Rb wkÿv`vb c wz Avb ``vqk Ges Dc fvm niqv evãbxq Awffve Ki wb ` k wkï z j hvq eb qi evsv emj`vev K i wkÿv c wz wkïi Rb Avb ``vqk bq e j wbwe Pv i z j cov k l evwo d i GBfv e Pj Z _vkvi ci GKmgq wkï-wkÿv_ x cov kvbvq Drmvn nvwi q d j djz K vm duvwk `qv ïiæ nq, nq WªcAvDU Beªvnxg mvenvb PvKwi ji Q j g q `i D QjZv ` Lb Avi Zzjbv K ib Zvi AZx Zi MÖvgxY Rxe b `Lv K óm ó eo niqv MÖvgxY Q j g q `i mv _ Awffve Ki `vwi`ª Q j g q `i cq b U b a i ivl Q `vwi `ª i KlvNv Z Avcv`g ÍK RR wiz GB mkj wkïi g a Acvi m vebvi w`mší Aeiæ my hvmuv Zv `i mvg b g j ai Z cvi j wb Riv Zv e UB, m ½ m ½ mgvri DcK Z n e `ki AMÖMwZi KvZv i kvwgj n Z _vk e μgk mgv Ri GB Awgj e e vq Beªnxg mvenvb e w_z nb ` ki cöwzwu bvmwi Ki Rb wkÿv my hvm bq AwaKvi GB AwaKvi cöwzôvi Rb wzwb μgvš^ q wb R K cö Z Ki Z _v Kb cöpwjz e e vq Kxfv e `wi`ª wkï `i Rb wkÿvi my hvm m wó Kiv hvq mrb wzwb fvebvi w`mší cömvwiz Ki Z Ki Z GKmgq G wel q M elyv ïiæ K ib GiB Av jv K GK ch v q Ôwe` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv e e võ wk ivbvgvw¼z GK g Wj M o Zv jb hvi mvik_v n jv - wkï `i z ji mgqmxgvi g a B jlvcovi cvv m úbœ n e M n jlvcovi `ikvi bb weavq Zviv Aemi mg q AwffveK K Zv `i Kv RK g cö qvrbxq mvnvh Ki Z cvi e mgv Ri AbMÖmiZvi `ywu gšwjk KviY n jv - 1. `vwi`ª Ges 2. wkÿv I mvÿizvi wbgœnvi GB `y Uv Dcv`vbB e Z GKm~ Î Muv_v gnvb gyw³hy i ga w` q Avgiv Beªvnxg mvenvb gw Kv Z Zvi wkÿv c wz wb q Av jvpbv Ki Qb GKwU ^vaxb `k I ^vaxb RvwZ cöwzôv K iwq wkš ivóªxq Pwi Îi g a Kj vy Dcv`vb Avgiv GLbI ms hvrb Ki Z cvwiwb djz Avgv `i ivóªwui PwiÎ Kj vy iv óª cwiyz nevi my hvm cvqwb G Kvi Y ` ki cö Z K bvmwi Ki Rb wkÿv Acwinvh - GUvI wbwðz Kiv hvqwb G mkj we epbvq Beªvnxg mvenv bi we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿve e v `vwi`ª -cxwoz wkï `i jlvcovq GKUv hymvšíkvix wkÿv ms vi e j AwfwnZ Kivi AeKvk i q Q Beªvnx gi h wkÿv c wz Zv `wi`ª cwiev ii mšívb `i cv V Drmvnx I g bv hvmx K i Zzj Z mÿg GB g W ji wkÿv`vb c wz K v mi ˆ`N Ges cwi ek-evüe wkÿv BZ vw` mewgwj q Awfbe ai bi D veb, wkÿv ÿ Î GK ms vi mva bi m vebveûj we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv`vb c wz Avgv `i mgv R cöpwjz wkÿv`vb c wz wkï-evüe bq bq ev ÍegyLxI hw` Av jvpbvi LvwZ i Pjgvb wkÿvμg Avgiv h_vh_ e j a ii wbb, Zvn ji GUv Ab ^xkvh, h cvv`vb c wz wkïi gvbm AbymiY K i Zv cö qvm Kiv nq bv wkïi DbœZ gvbm MV bi mnvqk bq ejvevûj, wkïi Rb wkÿv`vb c wz Avb ``vqk Ges Dc fvm niqv evãbxq Awffve Ki wb ` k wkï z j hvq eb qi evsv emj`vev K i wkÿv c wz wkïi Rb Avb ``vqk bq e j wbwe Pv i z j cov k l evwo d i GBfv e Pj Z _vkvi ci GKmgq wkï-wkÿv_ x cov kvbvq Drmvn nvwi q d j djz K vm duvwk `qv ïiæ nq, nq WªcAvDU Ab w` K, ` k `vwi `ª i gvîv mxgvnxb niqvq AwaKvsk cwiev ii wkï `i wczvgvzvi m ½ K g wb qvwrz n Z nq K vm jvi ˆ`N ( js_ Ad K vm wcwiqw) GgbB h mkvj-wekvj K vm P j Gici AwffveK K DcvR bi Kv R mnvqzv Kivi Avi my hvm _v K bv Gi d j `wi`ª AwffveKI GKmgq mšív bi jlvcovq wbiærmvwnz n q c ob cöpwjz GB ev ÍeZvi Av jv K Beªvnxg mvenvb Zvi wbr wkÿv jvk-16

w`jøx Z A kvkv d jvm Yi m ½ Beªvnxg mvenvb KvjKvZvq m U j i Uv z ji Aa ÿi m ½ Beªvnxg mvenvb D vwez wkÿv`vb c wz web Í K i Qb wzwb Zvi c wzi wk ivbvg w` q Qb we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wz GB c wzi mvik_v Zz j ai j mvenv bi D veb m ú K aviyv cviqv hv e Zvi c wzi g~jmz jÿ n jv - z jb cov kvbvi ce wu mgvß n e K vm-ciez x mg q wkÿv_ x cö qvr b AwffveK K A_ bwzk ev M nk g mnvqzv Ki Z cvi e evwo wd i Zv `i Avi jlvcovi cö qvrb _vk e bv M nwkÿk ev Kv bv mnvqzvkvixi `ikvii n e bv cöpwjz K v mi ˆ`N A a K b g Avm e A_ vr GKwU K vm-ˆ` N `ywu welq cov bv hv e Gfv e GK eq i wzbwu K v mi cov n q hv e eq ii h Kv bv mgq z j fwz niqv hv e h Kv bv eq mi Ges wj ½i wkï I h Kv bv wkÿvmz ch v qi wkÿv_ x fwz n Z ci e cixÿvq GKwU wel q Lvivc Ki ji wkÿv_ x K cvm Kwi q `qv nq Aek wba vwiz mg qi g a mb welqwui cov kl Ki Z n e G Z Zviv dj Kivi e _vq gyl o c o bv we` vjq- Kw `ªK c wz Z wkÿvmöny K m e mnrjf DcKi Y Avb `Nb K i Zvjvq we kl g bv hvm `qv n q Q Gi g a mvs wzk PP v QvovI cvrwjs, bvbm cø Kb vi, I cb Wvi Mg, cø GÛ jvwb s, wd«cø BZ vw` AšÍfz ³ G mkj Ljvayjvi gva g wkï-wkÿv_ x Zvi AÁvZmv i jlvcovi RM Z ax i ax i cö ek K i gvuv`v M Beªvnxg mvenvb D vwez we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wzi gšwjk ˆewkó jv h_vμ g - 1. MZvbyMwZK wkÿv c wzi cwiez b K i wkÿv_ xi cvv`vb, cvv cö Z I cvv g~j vqb kªyxk ÿb mgvß Kiv, hv Z M n cov kvbvi cö qvrb _v K bv 2. M n A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ð mnvqzvi gva g ` k `vwi`ª we gvp bi ÿî m wó nq 3. wkÿv_ xi AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv Avq Ëi `vqfvi wkÿ Ki Ici b Í niqvq Revew`wnZvi my hvm m wó nq 4. wkÿk-wkwÿkvi gh v`v e w Kiv Ges 5. wkÿv_ x `i wkï ejv _ K AvZ wbf ikxj K i M o IVvi my hvm m wó Kiv mswkøó Ab vb Kg m~wp Beªvnxg mvenvb AvaywbK I e Íem Z wkïwkÿv c wz wel q wzb `k KiI ewkkvj M elyv K iwq jb GB M elyvq wzwb hzb Mfx i hvevi cöqvm Pvwj q Qb ZZB wewfbœgylx ev ÍeZv I mgm v Zvi mvg b Dcw Z n qwqj G jvi Av jv K wzwb cybivq we køly I mgvav b DcbxZ n Z m Pó n q Qb GiB avivevwnkzvq Beªvnxg we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv e e v Qvov AviI wkqz Kg m~wp cöyqb I cö qvm K i Qb m jv n jv - K. cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh μg L. `jwfwëk wkÿv M. Avb ``vqk wkÿv (Rqdzj jvwb s) N. evrmwik cvv cwikíbv O. h_v wkÿv Z_v Avq P. we` vjq- Kw `ªK bvm vwi I e ÿ ivcy Kg m~wp Q. we` vjq- Kw `ªK nuvm-gyiwm cvjb R. PvBì-Uz-gv`vi wkÿv c wz S. wmf GÛ UK c wz Z eq wkÿv T. mz wkÿv c wz U. I cb Wvi wkÿv BZ vw` bcv j UCEP z ji Aa ÿi m ½ Beªvnxg mvenvb 17-wkÿv jvk

we Kwk ev Íevq bi djvdj Beªvnxg mvenv bi D vwez we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv (we Kwk) c wz mikv ii `ywu Awa`ßi, AšÍZ GK WRb AvšÍR vwzk `vzv ms v Ges 25wUiI AwaK vbxq emikvwi ms v Zv `i cwipvwjz z j ev Íevqb K i Q cökíwfwëk GB Kvh μ gi gqv` Lye `xn nqwb A_ eiv Ïi Afv e Z e ` ki wewfbœ GjvKvq hzuv z j GB c wz PvwjZ n q Q me ÎB Amvgvb mvdj AwR Z n q Q Avgiv GB e³ e i mg_ b AšÍZ GKwU _vbvi djvdj I GKwU ms vi g~j vqb GLv b ms hvrb Ki Z cvwi K. djvdj: Uv½vBj Rjvi wgrv cyi _vbvq BD b v Kwgk bi Av_ vbyk~ j 110wU z j we Kwk c wz cwipvwjz nq Gi mgqkvj wqj 1983-1986 Gi g a 510 Rb wkÿk K c wz m ú K cöwkÿy `qv nq me gvu QvÎQvÎxi msl v wqj 27500 DwjøwLZ gqv ` Dcw wzi nvi e o Q 44.76 kzvsk Ges S i covi nvi K g Q 7 kzvsk GLv b mikvwifv e 11 wgwbu ˆ` N i GKwU WKz g Uvwi wdj ˆZwi Kiv nq L. g~j vqb: BD b v Kwgk bi mnvqzvq 12wU _vbvi mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q we Kwk c wz Pvjy Kiv nq 1986-87 mv j z ji msl v wqj 965wU wkÿv_ xi msl v wqj 265375 Rb g~j vq b `Lv M Q, wkÿke ` gzvgz Rvwb q Qb Gfv e - wcwiq Wi mgqmxgv 90.50 fvm ÔAwZ DËgÕ Ges K vm iæwub 90.50 fvm ÔAwZ DËgÕ BD b v mvwe K g~j vq b D jøl K i Q AwZ DËg (Excellent) GKRb mdj mvgvwrk D ` v³vi cöwzk wz ivóª ev mgv R Dbœqb I AMÖMwZ wbwðz Kivi ú nv m wó Ki Z PvB j mgv Ri Af ší i wbqz cwiez bgylx Kvh μg Pjgvb ivlv cö qvrb GUv ^í mg qi g a ` k gvb nq bv ev DcjwäI Kiv hvq bv GKUv mg qi gqv`v ší G KKwU cwiez b g~z n q I V mgv Ri hviv AMÖmi ev wnzkix gvbyl Zviv GB cwiez b bz Z `b A_ev BwZevPK Dcv`vb mshy³ K ib GB cöwμqv ZB gvbe mgvr I mf Zv GwM q P j Q Kj vyev`x ciwnzki gvbyl e j cwiwpz n q PÄ gkvi ev mvm vj wn iv wn m e MY nb Beªvnxg mvenvb e vck cwim i Zvi D vwez Kg m~wp m cömvwiz Kivi my hvm cvbwb GUv mz h IB my hvm Avq Ë wb Z cvi j Beªvnxg mvenv bi we` vjq- Kw `ªK AvwRRyi ingvb cv Uvqvix cyi vi wb Qb Beªvnxg mvenvb wkÿv e e vi zj mk ji Pv zl n q DV Z cviz Z e B Zvg a w`bvrcyi, Puv`cyi, mvzÿxiv, h kvi, ivrevox, PuvcvBbeveMÄ, MvRxcyi, jvkmvg, Kzwóqv, wsbvb`n, Uv½vBj, gywýmä, XvKvmn K qkwu Rjvi gywó gq K qkwu z j GB c wz ev Íevq bi ci Amvgvb mvdj cöwzfvz n qwqj mikv ii cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi, mgvr mev Awa`ßi, dzw di nvswi B Uib vkbvj, GgwKDwm, bvix cybe vmb K `ª, BDwb md, ebm, wb Riv wkwl, gwnjv AvBbRxex mwgwz, Kg Rxex Kj vy ms v, ww DK, wegmgmd mv cvu m Uvi, ^cœ dvd Ûkb, evbwm, bmvwiqv mv jnxb GKv Wgx, emikvwi wkûvimv U b zj, cjøx wekvk K `ª, AvBAvBAviwW, BD mc, K cvzvÿ, KvW, AvBGjI, ˆkke evsjv `k, cø vb B Uvib vkbvj, BD b v, mf ` wpj Wªb cöf wz cöwzôvb wewfbœ GjvKvq cwipvwjz Zv `i z j mxwgz cwim i GB c wz ev Íevqb K iwqj G mkj we epbvq Beªvnxg mvenvb K GKRb PÄ gkvi ev mvgvwrk D ` v³v wn m e AvL vwqz Kivi m½z KviY i q Q gvwk b hy³ivóªwfwëk AvšÍR vwzk ms v Av kvkv di w` cvewjk c w_exi cövq 60wU ` k Zv `i buiqvk cömvwiz K i Q GB ms vwu evsjv ` k B Zvg a A bk K mdj mvgvwrk D ` v³v wn m e d jvwkc cö`vb K i Q Beªvnxg mvenvb evsjv ` k Av kvkvi cö_g d jwkc jvfkvix GKRb mvgvwrk D ` v³v GB weij m vbbv Beªvnxg 1989 mv j Zvi m Rbkxj Kg hvwmzvi eiv Z AR b K i Qb ZvQvov, wzwb AviI wkqz gvh v`vc~y c`k-cyi v i f~wlz n q Qb m jv h_vμ g AvwRRyi ingvb cv Uvqvwi wkÿv jvk-18

GIqvW -1984 ( kªô mgvrkg x I mgvrwfwëk wkÿvi Rb ), 1985 mv j `v qwg Kg cø GIqvW (wkï wkÿvq we kl Ae`v bi Rb ) Ges 1998 mv j wkïwkÿv M elyvq we kl Ae`v bi Rb c q Qb bvwmi Avjx cyi vi Beªvnxg mvenvb Zvi M elyvjä GB wkÿv c wz ïiæ Z wbzvšíb e w³mz D ` v M Pvjy K ib G mgq wzwb eb wfÿv K i A_ev cy iv bv eb A a K `v g μq K i wkï `i nv Z Zz j `b jlvi Rb Kj gi gv_v I Ae eüz QvU cwýj msmön K i, gv_vq cy iv bv Kj gi Lvc jvwm q e envi Ki Z wkwl q Qb m Avjy L q DØ Ë A _ zj Pvwj q Qb GiKg Z vm ^xkv ii ga w` q Beªvnxg mvenvb gnzx GK wkÿv ms vik g i m~pbv K iwq jb Beªvnx gi we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wz cvv`vb ÿ Î bzzb D veb e j cöv_wgk zj KZ cÿ cö_gw` K AvcwË Rvbvq ev Abxnv cö`k b K i AwffveKivI GKB mgq Ges GKB Kvi Y BZ ÍZ K i gvbe mf Zvq Acivci mkj be D veb cöpj b h cöwzeükzvi gy L co Z n q Q ev mpivpi nq, Beªvnx gi ÿ ÎI Zvi e wzμg nqwb gw Kv Z z ji wkÿv_ x `i m ½ Beªvnxg mvenvb gw Kv Z A kvkv d jvm Yi m ½ Beªvnxg mvenvb `vwi`ª gvpb wkÿv my hvm bq, AwaKvi - GB køvmvbwu Avgv `i ` k e Z K_vi K_v ˆe Avi wkqz bq hw`i GwU Avm j GKwU Kj vy iv óªi Rb mij mz GKvË ii gnvb gyw³hy i gva g AwR Z Avgv `i ivóªwu Kj vy iv óªi iƒc bqwb Gi d j wkÿv h cöwzwu bvmwi Ki AwaKvi Zv Avi ev ÍevwqZ nqwb ^vaxbzvi AvKv ÿvi g a G welqwu myß _vk ji ev Í e køvmvb me ^Zvq cwiyz n q Q wkÿv ez gv b μq hvm cy e qeûj wewb qv Mi gva g wkÿv MÖnY Ki Z nq weë- emvznxb `wi`ª cwiev ii mšívb `i z j hvevi mvg_ _v K bv wbiÿizv `vwi `ª i gvîv evovq, `vwi`ª wrb q iv L we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wz Z wkï-wkÿv_ xi jlvcov kl nq kªyxk ÿb we` vj qi evb ii mg q wkï SuywKgy³ DcvR bkxj K g wb qvwrz n Z cv i G Z cwiev ii Rb hrmvgvb n ji DcvR b hvm Ki Z cv i hv `vwi`ª gvp b wkwâr Ae`vb ivl Z mnvqk wkÿv DbœZ Rxeb MV bi ^cœ `Lvq GB ^ cœ ZvwoZ n q mdj Rxeb AvqË Kivi w` K fwel Zi bvmwikiv avwez nq m ev cwi, cövwzôvwbk wkÿv ckv ev Kg ÿ Î mvdj wbwðz K i cök Z ev ÁvbgyLx wkÿv AR b n j Zv nvwi q hvevi ev bó nevi Kv bv m vebv _v K bv wkÿv e Z wpi vqx GKUv g~jabb e U 19-wkÿv jvk

Beªvnxg mvenvb z ji Ôevwoi KvRÕ e Üi cöe³v AvjgMxi Lvb zj _ K `Iqv Ôevwoi KvRÕ Ñ Avgv `i wk ve e vq GKwU wel duvov G duvovwu mgmö wk v ` n bvbvikg Z ˆZwi K i Q Ñ hgb M nwk KZv, bvueb, KvwPs m Uvi, cix vq cökœcî duvm, cix vq bkj, z j cov bvq duvwk mn Av iv A bk mgm v wk vwe` I bv ej cyi vi werqx A_ bxwzwe` AgZ mb GKevi ebwrs qi wcwks wek we` vj qi QvÎQvÎx `i m ½ GK Av jvpbvq cöv_wgk wk vq M nwk K e vcviwu wkqz ZB Zv `i K evsv Z cviwq jb bv A bk DbœZ ` ki wek we` vj qi wk v_ x `i K Ô zj _ K `Iqv evwoi KvRÕ wrwbmuv wk, Gi P q Kvqv Uvg ZË evsv bv mnr n e A_P M nwk KZv, evwoi KvR BZ vkvi RwUj welq jv evsjv `k mn `w Y Gwkqvi cövq ` ki Avevje ewbzvi Kv Q Wvjfv Zi g ZvB mnr Gi KviY G `ywu welq Avgv `i wk ve e vi `ywu eo msku; msk Ui m ½ Avgv `i AvRb cwipq zj _ K `Iqv Ôevwoi KvRÕ ïay mskub bv, GKUv wele hv _ K Rb vq Ab eû mgm vi djg~j wele wu mvi-cvwb w` q ZiZvRv i L Ii djg~j Qu U mgm v `~i Kivi h cövyvší Póv Avgv `i bxwzwba vikmy K i eovb, Zv gvbyl K evkv evbv bvi wdwki gvî wkš G ` k GKRb `i`x Kg exi Avgv `i wk ve e v _ K G wele wu Dc o djv bvi hy b gwq jb wzwb evsjv ` ki cö_g ÔA kvkv d jvõ Beªvnxg mvenvb wele i Mvov a i bvov w` qwq jb wzwb, wkš mg~ j Dc o djv bvi Av M wzwb wb RB Rxe bi e _ K S i M jb 29 b f ^i 2014 lvu eqi eq m bxi e c w_ex _ K we`vq wb jb wzwb Z e gvslv b Avgv `i Rb g b Kivi g Zv wkqz KvR K i M Qb evsjv `k wkï GKv Wgx Z PvKzwiKv j wzwb `wi`ª cwiev ii wkï `i mvgvwrk my hvm-myweav MÖn Yi cöwz hvwmzvq wcwq q co Z ` L Qb Q j ejvi cjøxi Ljvi mv_x `i K_v Zuvi g b c o Q Zv `i mk jb Rxebhy mgvb Rqx nqwb, n i M Q A b KB Kv iv 1g, Kv iv 5g, Kv iv ev 10g kªwyi eov wwov bv nqwb, A b KB zj _ K S i c o Q Beªvnxg mvenvb Mfxifv e f e Qb, Kv bv wkï K v m covq wcwq q c o I GgbwK zj _ K S i c o Kb? Gme cö kœi hme Reve wzwb c q Qb Zv n jv: cövk-cöv_wgk wk v bv _vkvq `wi`ª wkï `i cö wzi Afve, iv Z covi Rb Av jv ev Kzwc Z Z ji Afve, N i covi Uwe ji Afv e weqvbvq Suy K e m covi A ^vfvwek e e v, evwo Z wbwiwewj cov jlvi cwi e ki Afve, Avq- ivrmv i j M cov, m e vcwi N i Zv K covuv eyws q `Iqvi jv Ki Afve BZ vw` Avgv `i ` ki 80 kzvs ki g Zv evev-gv wbi izvi Kvi Y ev mvivw` bi AZ wak LvUzwb-e ÍZv BZ vw` Kvi Y Zv `i mšívb K cov jlvq mvnvh Ki Z cv ib bv wkš z j wk Kiv Zv wkï K Ôevwoi KvRÕ A_ vr evwo _ K cov jlv wk L Avmvi `vwqz w` q e m Av Qb msmv ii KvRKg Ki ZB Zvi w`b Rivb nq, Ôevwoi KvRÕ Avi Kiv nq bv wk K-wkw Kv wkï K Ôevwoi KvRÕ Kb `b? bv w` q Dcvq bb GKUv kªwyk A bk wk v_ x, mvg b cix v, wm jevm kl Ki Z n e K v m G m bvg WvKv, cov aiv, LvZv `Lv, ˆn-ˆP eü Kiv Gme mvi Z mvi Z Avi mgq _v K ˆK? Beªvnxg mvenvb wnmve K i `wl q Qb cöwz 35 wgwb Ui K v m me k l cov bvi wkÿv jvk-20

Rb wk Ki nv Z _v K gvî 10 wgwbu mgq Zv AvR Avevi Kvj Ki Rb Ôevwoi KvRÕ `Iqv Qvov wkbev Zvi Kivi Av Q! zjuv nq ïay evwoi KvR `Iqv Avi evwouv nq mb evwoi KvR gv b z ji cov kl Kivi RvqMv e e vuv A bk w`b a i Pj Q e j Ges cöwz hvwmzvi wnmv e GwU ^ Qj cwiev ii ^v _ i ek AbyK~ j e j mevb K Zv g b wb Z nq GiKg e e vq GKgvÎ ^ Qj wkïiv M nwk Ki nvz a ib Kej z ji cix v-ˆeziwy jv cvi n Z cv i, Ab KD bq GiB bvg Ôwk võ! evwkiv S i c o wbi i-`wi`ª cwiev ii A bk wkï h ZviciI cix vq PvL auvav bv dj c q e m, Zv gvby li A jšwkk gzvi Kvi Y, e wzμgx NUbv gvî me msk Ui Mvovq h `vwi`ª, Zv Z Kv bv m `n bb m msku `~i Kivi mva _vk ji Beªvnxg mvenv bi mva bb wzwb Dcvq Luy R Qb wk K i zj _ K Ôevwoi KvRÕ `Iqvi iiqvr eü Kiv hvq cö Íve K i Qb, cöwzwu K vm wcwiqw evwo q 60 wgwbu Kivi Avi bvg WvKv, LvZv `Lv BZ vw` evwzj K i cy iv mgqwu K cov bv I K vm U e q Kivi Mvb, Ljvayjv BZ vw` PP vi gva g wzwb jlvcov K Avb `gq Kivi cö Íve w` q Qb Avgv `i ` ki cyi bv cvvkvjv e e v _ K wzwb K qkwu ˆewkó MÖnY K i Qb cvvkvjv e e vq cöwzw` bi cov cöwzw`b wkwl q `Iqv n Zv mlv b evwl K cix vi gva g bq, cöwzw` bi Kvh μ gi gva g Zv `i g~j vqb Kiv n Zv wk K `j MVb K i wk v_ x `i ga _ K GKRb K `j bzv wbe vpb K i Zv `i K `jmzfv e klvi e e v Ki Zb Beªvnxg mvenv bi cwikwíz wk ve e vqi evwoi KvR bb G Z evwl K cix vq dj Kivi AvZ¼ bb, h nzz cöwzw` bi g~j vq bi wfwë Z wk v_ xiv eqi k l DËxY n q hvq `jmz wk vi d j wk v_ x `i g a Rvbv evsvi wewbgq nq I Zv `i cov jlv fvj nq wzwb G bzzb e e vi bvg w` qwq jb Õwe` vjq- Kw `ªK wk v c wzõ ^cœ ev Íevq bi Rb XvKvi wbd g Wj wwwmö K j R 1978-Õ81 mv j wzwb M nkg x I c_wkï `i Rb GKwU zj Pvjy K ib zj Pvjv bvi LiP hvmv Z Gmgq wzwb fv Zi e` j ˆ`wbK Avjy m L q eu P _vkvi Af vm K ib evwo evwo aibv w` q wk v_ x `i Rb cyi bv e eüz eb, LvZv, Kjg, cwýj BZ vw` RvMvo K i Qb A b Ki `irvq ïb Z n q Q Ôgvd K ibõ Zuvi D vwez wk v c wzi Dci jlv eb qi gyle Ü Gme e w³mz msmöv gi Z_ w` q Qb Zuvi `xn w` bi eüz I ÔRbweÁvbÕ mvgwqkxi m úv`k AvBqye nv mb wzwb wj L Qb, ÔGiKg Z vm ^xkv ii ga w` q Beªvnxg mvenvb gnzx GK wk v ms vik g i m~pbv K iwq jb Õ Beªvnxg mvenv bi wpšívfvebvi eo w`k n jv, wzwb Ggb mg q Avgv `i wk ve e v wb q KZ wj gšwjk cöm½ Zz j Qb hlb Gme wb q KD Zgb gv_v Nvgvqwb Avi wzwb ïay eo eo K_v e jb `vq mv ibwb, eis Zuvi fvebvwpšív Kvh Ki Kivi Rb Kv R Suvwc q c owq jb wewfbœ `wk I AvšÍR vwzk Dbœqbms v mmgq Zuvi wpšív jy d wb qwq jv BD b v Kwgk bi A_ vbyk~ j ek wkqz mikvwi z ji G c wzi AvswkK cö qvm nq Zuvi c wz cöpv ii Rb wzwb fviz, bcvj, gw Kv cöf wz `k ågy K ib ciez x Z Zuvi Amȳ Zv, cö qvrbxq A_ vbyk~j I A b Ki mw` Qvi Afv e Zuvi wk v c wzwu ^bv g nvwi q h Z _v K Z e Zuvi wpšívi dmj GL bv A b K wewfbœfv e e envi Ki Qb m cöwz Avgvi m ½ GK dvbvjv c AvBqye nv mb G e vcv i Awf hv Mi my i e jb, ÔA bk GbwRI I wewfbœ cöwzôvb Beªvnx gi D vwez wk v c wzi wewfbœ w`k I wkïwk v_ x `i Rb Zuvi jlv ebcȳ ÍK GKUz-AvaUz cwiez b K i bvbvfv e e envi Ki Q, wkš KD b~ bzg FY ^xkvi `~ i _vk, Zuvi bvgi wb Q bv Õ wkïwk v_ x `i g a wzwb mz wk v Kg m~wp Pvjy K iwq jb Zvi m ½ hy³ K iwq jb mgv Ri wewfbœ ch v qi gvbyl KI hv Z mgv Ri me Í i ˆbwZKPP vi cömvi N U Z e Abyôvbvw` K i mwz Kvi bxwz bwzkzvi DbœwZ Kiv hvq wkbv, Zv cökœmv c Avevi wkï K Ôevwoi KvRÕ-Gi evsv _ K gy³ Ki ji wzwb Zv `i K Kv Ri evsv _ K gy&³ Ki Z Pvbwb wbtm ` n wzwb f e Qb, `wi`ª cwiev ii wkï K Afv ei ZvoYvq Zvi evev-gv Kv R jvmv eb m Î wzwb Zv `i w` q Avq- ivrmv ii wewfbœ cwikíbv K iwq jb hv Z Zviv wb R `i cov jlv wb RivB Pvjv Z cv i I cwievi K Avw_ K mvnvh Ki Z cv i Gm ei g a mgv Ri Mj` vqxfv e `~i Kivi Póv bb cöpwjz wk ve e vi mkj Ab vq w`k me Zvfv e g b wb qb hv Z `wi`ª wkïiv cov jlvq GwM q h Z cv i, GUvB Zuvi wk vc wzi g~j w`k GiKg c wz A b Ki wcöq we` gvb Mj `i m ½ GB Av cvlkvwgzvi B Qv K ev` w` j, Beªvnxg mvenv bi wk vfvebvi g~j w`kwu `~i`k x, d j Zuv K wb q Av iv Av jvpbv cö qvrb [ jlvwu ˆ`wbK msev` (9 Ryb 2015) I Bs iwr ˆ`wbK AeRvf vi (22 g 2015) cwîkvq cö_g cökvwkz GLv b cybg yw`ªz n jv ] 21-wkÿv jvk

we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wz : MÖš cöm½ we` vjq cöv½ YB m úbœ n Z n e wkïwkÿvi Kvw ÿz Kvh μg b Pr me Rbxb cöv_wgk wkÿvi jÿ AwR Z n e bv eis AeavwiZfv eb mỳ ~icivnz _ K hv e cvvcö wzmn Ab vb wel q Ôevwoi KvRÕ-Gi Rb ewki fvm wkïi evwo Z Dchy³ cwi ek bb Dciš DcvR b cöwμqvq cöz ÿ Ges c ivÿ AskMÖnY AwaKvsk wkïi Rb Av gvpbxq ev ÍeZv RvwZmsN wkï Znwej (BDwb md)-gi (21 Av ±vei 2010) cökvwkz GK cöwz e` b ejv nq, evsjv ` ki `yb KvwU 96 jvl wkï `vwi`ª mxgvi wb P evm K i GUv úó, G wkï `i wkÿv-kvh μ gi AvIZvq Avb Z n j c~y e wë cö`vb Ges mswkøó cwievi jvi Rb (cö hvr ÿ Î) RxweKvi e e v Ki Z n e A_ev cöv_wgk wkÿv c wz K Ggbfv e mvrv Z n e hv Z we` vj qi ci wkï Zvi cwiev ii DcvR b mnvqk nvz wn m e KvR Ki ji wkÿv-kvh μ gi mv _ Zvi wew QbœZv ˆZwi bv nq welqwu we epbvq G b 1978 mv j wkÿvbyivmx Beªvnxg mvenvb cöyqb I cöpjb K ib we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wz (School - Based Education System) Beªvnxg mvenv bi g Z, ` ki kzfvm gvby li wkÿvi AwaKvi wbwðz Ki Z n j we` gvb Av_ mvgvwrk, mvs wzk I wkÿvmz cwiw wzmn mvwe K ev ÍeZv we epbvq Avb Z n e d j cöv_wgk wkÿv-kvh μg K X j mvrv bvi Kv bv wekí bb Beªvnxg mvenv bi fvl g Z, me Rbxb cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevqb Ki Z n j ` ki `wi`ª Ges nz`wi`ª Rb Mvôx K (wmsnfvm gvbyl K) we epbvq Avb Z n e Ges cöv_wgk wkÿv K wbi¼zkfv e we` vjq- Kw `ªK c wz Z iƒcvšíwiz Ki Z n e G c wz Z cvvcö wzmn wkÿvi hvezxq Kvh μg we` vjq cöv½ YB m úbœ Kivi cö Íve K ib wzwb me Rbxb cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevq b we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wz, GKwU mdj wbixÿv BwZe Ë cökvk : b f ^i, 2010 mxwgz cwim i n ji Beªvnxg mvenvb KZ K Ôwe` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿvõ kxl K cökí Ges m ú~ik M elyv mdjfv e cögvy K i Q, cvvcö wzmn wkÿvi hvezxq Kvh μg we` vjq cöv½ Y m úbœ Ki Z cvi j GKB mv _ wkÿv Kvh μ g AšÍfy w³i nvi e w cv e Ges S i covi nvi Kgv bv m e n e Ôwe` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿvõ kxl K cixÿvaxb mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq I emikvwi Dbœqb ms v cwipvwjz we` vjqmg~ ni cök íi AwfÁZv m K_vB e j D jøl, wkÿv-kvh μg m ú K wkïi Abxnv `~i K i BwZevPK g bvfw½ mâv ii j ÿ I (Av_ mvgvwrk Ae vb wbwe k l) Beªvnxg mvenv bi M elyv mvdj c q Q we` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿv c wzi cvkvcvwk 1983 mvj _ K Zvi cö ÍvweZ cövk-cöv_wgk Avb `v`vqk wkÿv c wzi djcöm~ cö qvm N U Avm Q emikvwi Dbœqb ms vmg~n cwipvwjz we` vjq jv Z 1985 mv j Zvi cöyxz cövk- cöv_wgk wkïcvv ÔwKkjq cvvõ-gi Qq jÿvwak Kwc gỳ ªY I weziy m úbœ n qwqj mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vjq jv Z Rvbyqvwi 2011 mvj _ K Pvjy n q Q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv-kvh μg G ebwu Z Beªvnxg mvenvb D vwez Ges cwipvwjz (1978-1997) Ôwe` vjq- Kw `ªK wkÿvõ cökí Ges G cök íi mwbœwnz m ú~ik cökímg~ ni cövmw½kzv I AwfÁZv we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q cvkvcvwk cökímg~ ni Dci mswkøó wkÿvwe` `i M elyv Ges wbev wpz wkqz g~j vqbi Dc vcb Kiv n q Q D jøl, eb qi cö_g `ywu ce Beªvnxg mvenv bi cöz ÿ Revwb Ges mswkøó cyi bv ipbv I g vbyqvj BZ vw`i mgš^ q Dc vcb Kiv n q Q ciez x ce jv Z G msμvší cövgvy `wjj jv h_vm e msiÿ Yi Póv Kiv n q Q Rvwn`yj Bmjvg wkÿv jvk-22