THE ADJOINT GROUP OF LIE GROUPS

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PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS Vol. 32, No. 1, 1970 THE ADJOINT GROUP OF LIE GROUPS DONG HOON LEE Let G be a Lie group and let Aut(G) denote the group of automorphisms of G. If the subgroup ϊnt(g) of innerautomorphisms of G is closed in Aut(G), then we call G a (CA) group (after Van Est.). In this note, we investigate (CA) property of certain classes of Lie groups. The main results are as follows: THEOREM A. Let G be an analytic group and suppose that there is no compact semisimple normal subgroup of G. If G contains a closed uniform (CA) subgroup H, then G is (CA). THEOREM B. If G is an analytic group whose exponential map is surjective, then G is (CA). In [3], Garland and Goto proved that if an analytic group G contains a lattice, then G is (CA). Since a lattice in a solvable group is a uniform lattice, it is finitely generated and so the automorphism group of this uniform lattice is discrete, and thus this lattice is trivially a (CA) subgroup. Thus Theorem A generalizes the above theorem of Garland and Goto for solvable groups. Theorem B is an improvement of the well known theorem that every nilpotent analytic group is (CA) (see [2]). In 1, we introduce some notation and preliminary materials. 2 and 3 are devoted for the proofs of the main theorems together with their immediate corollaries. 1* Preliminaries and notations* The group Aut(G) of automorphisms of locally compact a topological group G may be regarded as a topological group, the topology being the (generalized) compact open topology defined as in [5]. Thus, if we denote by N(C, V) the set of all θ e Aut(G) for which θ(x)x~ ι e V and θ- ι (x)χ- χ e V whenever xec, then the sets N(C, V) form a fundamental system of neighborhoods of the identity element of Aut(G) as C ranges over the compact subsets of G and V over the set of neighborhoods of the identity element of G. If G is an analytic group and ^ its Lie algebra, then Aut(G) may be identified with a closed subgroup of the linear group Aut(g^) of automorphisms of <&. Under this identification, Int(G) coincides with the adjoint group Int(S^), which is generated by e adx, Jegf where ad denotes the adjoint representation of &. Thus the (CA) property of analytic groups are entirely determined by their Lie algebras. In particular, if G is a covering group of G and if G is (CA), then so is G. This fact is used in the proofs of the main theorems. 181

182 DONG HOON LEE Throughout this paper the following notation is used: If A is a subgroup of G, then Int G (A) denotes the subgroup of Int(G) which consists of inner automorphisms induced by elements of A. Thus Int G (G) is merely equal to Int(G). The center of G is denoted with Z(G). Also if xeg, then I x means the inner automorphism induced by x. 2* Proof of Theorem A* Let H be a closed uniform subgroup of an analytic group G, and H o its identity component. Then H/H o is finitely generated. In order to see this, let G be the simply connected covering group of G, H the complete inverse image of H under the covering projection and S o the identity component of 3. Then since the covering projection induces an epimorphism H/H o > H/H Q, it suffices to show that H/H o is finitely generated. Nothing that G/H Q is simply connected (see, for example, Mostow [7], Corollary 1, p. 617), we can identify the discrete group H/H o with the fundamental group of the compact manifold G/H. As the fundamental group of a compact manifold is finitely presented, it follows that H/H Q is, in particular, finitely generated. Now we can apply a theorem of Hochschild ([5], Th. 2, p. 212) to see that if H is a closed subgroup of an analytic group, then Aut( Γ) is a Lie group. The following lemma enables us to assume that G is simply connected. LEMMA. Let H be a compactly generated Lie group and A a closed discrete central subgroup of H. Let H = HI A. If H is a (CA) group, then so is H. In fact, Int(H) is a topological extension of a discrete group by Int(iϊ). Proof. Let π: H-+&IA = H be the natural map and define χ: Int(JΪ) Int(iϊ) by χ(h) = I π c h), for hes ( i) χ is continuous. To see this, note first that we can find a compact nighborhood D of 1 in H which generates H. Now let C be a compact subset of H and U a neighborhood of 1 in H. Then we have to find a compact subset C of H and a neighborhood U of 1 in H so that χ(n(c, U) Π Int(iϊ)) g N(C, U) Π Int(iϊ). Since πφ) - D is also a compact neighborhood of 1 which generates H, we can find a positive integer k such that C ad k by using the compactness of C. Now letting C = D k and U = π~~\u), it is easy to see that (C, U) is a desired pair. Hence χ is cotinuous. (ii) χ is open. In fact, since H is (CA), the canonical map H/Z(H) > Int(ίf) is an isomorphism of topological groups. Hence (ii) follows from the following commutative diagram

THE ADJOINT GROUP OF LIE GROUPS 183 H/Z(H) i lnt(h) > H/Z(H) I > lnt(h) where the left vertical map is always continuous and the top one is open. (iii) The kernel J^Γ~ of χ is a discrete subgroup of Aut(JΪ) and hence is closed in Aut(Jΐ). To see this let 3ίΓ be the closure of 3ίΓ in Aut(ίf), and Jl^ the identity component of 3?~. Since Aut(i?) is a Lie group 3ίΓ\^t\ is discrete. Since J%Γ = Ker(χ) and since A is central in H every element of J3Γ induces the identity map on H = H/A and on A. Hence θ e JyΓ implies that θ = 1 on A and θ = 1 on H = ίϊ/a, which implies that Θ(h)h~ ι ea for heβ. Let hefϊ be arbitrary and define ηι\ 3F > A by 3^(0) = θ(h)h~\ θ e J%^. Then rji is continuous and thus ijk(j%γ 0 ) is connected in the discrete A. Since ^^(^^o) contains 1, rjix^fl) 1 and this then implies that θ(h) = h for all θ e 3r*. Since h is arbitrary, j^ς = 1 and 3Γ is discrete. We have thus shown that 3ίΓ is a discrete subgroup of Aut(iϊ) and hence J3Γ is closed in Aut(if). (iv) Since (Int(#)/jr~ ^ Int(iϊ), Int(Jϊ) is closed in Aut(iϊ) as a locally compact subgroup of Aut(i?) and the lemma is proved. Now we are ready to present the proof of Theorem A. Let G denote the simply connected covering group of G and let π be the covering homomorphism. Then, by the lemma π~ ι (H) = H is also uniform and (CA). Hence no generality will be lost in assuming that G is simply connected. By the assumption, Int(iϊ) is closed in Aut(H). Thus the canonical map H/Z(H) Int(ff) is an isomorphism of topological groups. Define φ: lnt G (H) > Int(JY) to be the restricting homomorphism and let 3ίΓ be the closure of the kernel of φ, the closure being taken in Aut(G). Then Int G (H)Sr is a subgroup of Aut(G). We define H/Z(H)-> IτA σ (H)3Γ/JZr and lnt G {H)^Π^r -*Int( Γ) to be the homomorphisms induced by the canonical maps if >Int G (H) and Int G (H) > Int(ίί), respectively. Then the following diagram commutes: / \ / \ H/Z(H) > Int(H) and all three maps are continuous and algebraically isomorphisms. Since the bottom one is an isomorphism of topological groups, Int(iϊ)

184 DONG HOON LEE is topologically isomorphic with Int G (H)J?f/J?t~ and thus the latter is a locally compact subspace of the quotient space Aut(G)/J%Γ. Hence it is closed in Aut((τ)/j^"* and, accordingly, Int G (H)J%Γ is closed in Aut(G). We next claim that J^ C Int(G). In fact, if θ e 3T, define P(g) = θ(g)g-\ for g e G. Then P:G->G is continuous, and P(H) = {1} and G/H compact imply that P(G) is compact. Thus we see that θ is an automorphism of bounded displacement in the sense of Tits [8] and θ is therefore an inner automorphism induced by a central element of the nilradical of G ([8], Lemma (6), p. 102). Thus ^T S Int(G). By what we have shown, it is clear now that the closure lnt G (H) of lnt G (H) is contained in Int(G). Since G/H is compact and since G/H > lnt(g)/int G (H) is continuous, Int(G) is compact, modulo Int β (H) and hence Int(G) is closed, proving that G is (CA). COROLLARY. // a solvable analytic group G contains a closed abelian uniform subgroup, then G is a (CA) group. COROLLARY. (See, Garland and Goto [3]). If a solvable analytic group G contains a lattice, then G is a (CA) group. REMARK. In [6], we have shown that any extension of a simply connected (CA) group by a compact connected group is a (CA) group. Thus Theorem A generalizes this for the solvable case. REMARK. We have failed to see whether or not the nonexistence of compact semi-simple normal subgroup in the theorem is necessary. This was needed in order to apply the result of Tits in the proof. 3* Proof of Theorem B* In order to prove Theorem B, we first note that an analytic group G is (CA) if and only if its radical is (CA)(See Van Est [2]). Thus we may assume that the group in the theorem is solvable. Let g 7 be a finite-dimensional real solvable Lie algebra and let G be an analytic group with its Lie algebra gf. If an exponential map exp: & G is surjective, then the exponential map into its simply connected covering group is a bisection. Thus by the remark in 1, it suffices to prove: THEOREM B'. Let & be a finite-dimensional real solvable Lie algebra. If the exponential map is a bisection, then c & is a (CA) Lie algebra (that is, the adjoint group Int(gf) is closed in Aut(gf)). In order to prove this, we need the following lemma:

THE ADJOINT GROUP OF LIE GROUPS 185 LEMMA. Let ^V be the nilradical of &. If Xe^K then the one-parameter subgroup {e ad{tx) : te R} is closed in Aut(S^). Proof of lemma. Let T denote the given one-parameter subgroup. We show if T is not closed, then T is trivial. In fact, if T is not closed in Aut(^), then the closure T of T is compact. Define φ: Aut(S^) Aut(^f) to be the restricting homomorphism. Since ^f" is a characteristic ideal in &, φ is well defined and is continuous. Now let ad, r denote the adjoint representation of the nilpotent Lie algebra ^sk. Since ^V is nilpotent, IτΛ(^V) is closed in ([2], Proposition 1.2.2, p. 322), and thus φ{t)alτλ(^v). By using the fact that the maximal compact subgroup of any nilpotent analytic group is contained in its center, it follows that Int(^^*) is always simply connected. Hence the compact subgroup φ(t) must be trivial, which means that ad^rx 0 and so X is central in <yk. Next we show that X is central in ^. In order to see this, note first that [X, Sf ] C gf' C ^K 5f' being the commutator subalgebra of 5^. Thus X being a central element of <yk implies that ad(x) 2 = 0. Therefore e ad{tx) = 1 + ad(tx) for ter. Let Ye ^ be arbitrary. Thus we have exp (R[X, Y]) = exp (ad(rx)(y)) - exp (e ad{rx) = exp((γ-l)(γ)). - 1)(Γ) Since T is compact, the closure of T 1 is compact in the matrix topology of End(S^), the ring of endomorphisms of the vector space 2f. Therefore, the continuity of exp implies that exp((γ 1)(Y)) is bounded in G. Consequently, the one-parameter subgroup exp (R[X, Y]) is relatively compact. But G is simply connected and thus this oneparameter subgroup must be trivial, which implies that ad(x) 0 and we have proved that X is central in ^. Therefore T = 1 as desired. Proof of Theorem B'. By a theorem of Goto ([4], Theorem III, p. 165), it suffices to show that every one-parameter subgroup of Int(S^) is closed in Aut(S^). Noting that every one-parameter subgroup of Int(S^) is of the form e ad{rx) for some Xe S^, assume that there is a nonzero X such that T = e ad{ex) is not closed in Aut(S^). We see from the lemma that X is not in ^K Next we select a decreasing sequence of ideals of ^: 5f o = Sf > Sf x > 5^2 > > S^»+i = (0) such that dim Λ ((ί^yg^+1 ) ^ 2. Let ^ denote the endomorphism on which is induced by αd(x), i = 0, 1,, n. Then there exists

186 DONG HOON LEE p such that A v Φ 0. For, if A { = 0 for all ί, then ad(x) would be a nilpotent transformation and hence X e ^4^ which is impossible. Since T is relatively compact in Aut(^), so is S = e RΛ p in Aut(SySf p+1 ). Since A p is nonzero, S is nontrivial and thus dim R (^p/^p+1 ) = 2. Since a maximal compact subgroup of A\it(^p/^p+1 ) is a circle group, it follows that S is a circle group in Aut(^y^7p+1). Now let π: ^ be the natural homomorphism and let.^^ be the sub-algebra of which is generated by π(x) and Sy^p + i. Then from what we have seen above, it is easy to see that έ%f is the Lie algebra of the group of the rigid motions on the plane. Thus exp is not a bijection by the well known theorem of Dixmier ([1], Th. 3, p. 120). Hence every oneparameter subgroup of Int(^) is closed in Aut(S^), which proves the Theorem B\ In the proof of Theorem B', we have actually shown that Int(^) contains no compact subgroups. Hence we have: COROLLARY. Let G be a solvable analytic group such that the exponential map is surjective. Then Int(G) is simply connected. COROLLARY. Let G be as above. Then Z(G) is connected. Proof. By Theorem B, G/Z(G) = Int(G) is an isomorphism of topological groups. Since Int(G) is simply connected, it follows that Z(G) is connected. REMARK. The coverse of the Theorem B is false. The group of rigid motions on the plane is perhaps the simplest example. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. J. Dixmier, V'application exponentielle dans les groupes de Lie resolubles, Bull. Soc< Mathe France 85 (1957), 113-121. 2. W. T. van Est, Some theorems on CA Lie algebrs, Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. Series A (1952), 558-568. 3. H. Garland and M. Goto, Lattices and the adjoint group of a Lie group, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 124 (1966), 450-460. 4. M. Goto, Dense embeddings of locally compact connected groups, Ann. of Math. 61 (1955), 154-169. 5. G. Hochschild, The automorphism group of a Lie group, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (1952), 209-216. 6. D. H. Lee and T. S. Wu, On (CA) topological groups (to appear in Duke Math. J.) 7. G. D. Mostow, Extensibility of local Lie groups of transformations and groups on surfaces, Ann. of Math. 52 (1950), 606-638. 8. J. Tits, Automorphismes a deplacement borne des groupes de Lie, Topology 3 (1964), 97-107. Received July 28, 1969. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant GP 12261.

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