Supporting information for: Supramolecular Control over Diels-Alder Reactivity by Encapsulation and Competitive Displacement Maarten M. J. Smulders and Jonathan R. Nitschke Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK) E-mail: jrn34@cam.ac.uk Contents 1. Experimental... S2 1.1. General... S2 1.2. Synthesis... S2 1.3. Kinetic experiments... S2 2. Supporting graphs and Figures... S4 2.1. NOESY Spectrum... S4 2.2. K a determination for furan... S4 2.3. Furan + Maleimide in D 2 O: control reaction... S7 2.4. Furan release kinetics at 25 C... S8 2.5. Diels-Alder kinetics at 25 C... S10 2.6. Furan release kinetics at 5 C... S11 2.7. Diels-Alder kinetics at 5 C... S13 3. References... S14 S1
1. Experimental 1.1. General All reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial sources and used as supplied. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DPX400 spectrometer; δ H values are reported relative to the internal standard tbuoh (δ H = 1.24 ppm). Mass spectra were provided by the EPSRC National MS Service Centre at Swansea and were acquired on a Thermofisher LTQ Orbitrap XL. 1.2. Synthesis Cage 1 was prepared as the tetramethylammonium salt according to the method reported earlier by our group. S1 1.3. Kinetic experiments A J-Young NMR tube was loaded with 5 ml of a 4.4 10 3 M solution of 1 dissolved in D 2 O. To this NMR tube was added 50 µl of a 3.6 10 2 M of furan in D 2 O. After addition, the concentration of 1 was 4.0 10 3 M, while the concentration of furan was 3.6 10 3 M (i.e. 0.9 equiv. furan per 1). This solution was left to equilibrate overnight at 50 C. For the room temperature experiments 3.20 mg (3.3 mmol) maleimide was added to the solution, while for the experiments at 5 C 9.71 mg (10 mmol) maleimide was added. To initiate the reaction 10 µl of benzene-d 6 added and the solution was kept at the appropriate temperature. For the control reaction, the reaction was started directly after the addition of maleimide (i.e. no benzene-d 6 was added). 1.3.1 Monitoring exit kinetics As hosts with a different guest are in slow exchange on the NMR timescale, simple integration of the imine peaks corresponding to the empty host 1 and its host-guest complexes allowed for the determination of these species relative proportions as a function of time. Table S1 gives the imine peak s chemical shift for each different host species. S2
Table S1 Chemical shifts for the imine peaks of cage 1 in different host-guest states. Guest Chemical shift / ppm Furan 9.65 Benzene 16 Empty 9.35 1.3.2 Monitoring Diels-Alder kinetics At room temperature or below, the reaction between furan and maleimide leads primarily to the formation of the kinetic endo product. S2 Hence, the progress of the Diels-Alder reaction was monitored by following the formation of this product. To quantify the yield of the reaction, the integrated intensity of the endo product peaks was compared to the internal standard s peak. The internal standard used was tbuoh at a concentration of 5.3 10 3 M. S3
2. Supporting graphs and Figures 2.1. NOESY Spectrum Fig. S1 NOESY spectrum of furan 1 (4.0 10 3 M) in D 2 O. The highlighted cross peaks indicate the NOE interactions between the two furan proton resonances (6.30 and 5.62 ppm) and the inwardly-oriented protons on the cage s ligand (f (7.20 ppm) and h (5.96 ppm); see Scheme 1 in the main text for assignment). 2.2. Ka determination for furan To 5 ml of a 1.0 10 3 M solution of 1 in D 2 O was added 4.0 µl of furan, resulting in a total furan concentration of 1.1 10 2 M. The solution was allowed to equilibrate overnight at 50 C. Aliquots of this solution were added to 0.50 ml of a 1.0 10 3 M solution of 1 in D 2 O. After each addition the mixture was equilibrated for 6 hours, after which the 1 H NMR spectrum was recorded (Fig S2). The degree of encapsulation, [HG]/[H] 0, was determined by comparison of the integrals of the imine peaks of empty 1 (at 9.35 ppm) and furan 1 (at 9.65 ppm). Plotting the degree of encapsulation as a function of the total concentration of furan yielded a binding isotherm (Fig S3), which was fitted using a 1:1 binding model we S4
previously derived. S3 In this model the degree of encapsulation, [HG]/[H] 0, is given by Eq S1: [ HG [ H [1 + K([ H ] + [ G] )] [1 + K([ H ] + [ G] 4K [ H ] [ G] 2 2 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 = (S1) ] 0 2K[ H ] 0 )] in which: K = Binding constant, in M 1 ; [H] 0 = Total host concentration, in M; [G] 0 = Total guest concentration, in M. 0 eq. 0.13 eq. 3 eq. 0.59 eq. 0 eq. 1.08 eq. 1.26 eq. 1.38 eq. 1.65 eq. 2.28 eq. 4.65 eq. 6.51 eq. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Chemical Shift / ppm Fig. S2 1 H NMR spectra for 1 in D 2 O in the presence of increasing equivalents of furan. Total concentration of 1: 1.0 10 3 M. S5
1.0 [HG]/[H] 0 / M Model Equation Reduced Chi-Sqr OnetoOneBindingREAL (User) y = Y0+DY*((Ka*(P+x)+1)-sqrt(((Ka*(P+x)+1)^2)-4*Ka *Ka*P*x))/(2*Ka*P) 6.51693E-4 Adj. R-Square 0.99429 B Value Standard Error Ka 8254.8754 748.01278 P 1E-3 0 Y0 0 0 DY 1 0 00 02 04 06 [Furan] 0 / M Fig. S3 Degree of encapsulation, [HG]/[H] 0, as a function of the total concentration of furan and corresponding fit of the data to the 1:1 binding model, revealing a binding constant of 8.3 ± 0.7 10 3 M 1. S6
2.3. Furan + Maleimide in D2O: control reaction To 900 µl of a solution of maleimide in D 2 O (4.2 10 2 M) was added 100 µl of a solution of furan in D 2 O (2.3 10 2 M). After addition, the concentration of maleimide had become 3.7 10 2 M, while the concentration of furan had become 2.3 10 3 M. The progress of the Diels-Alder reaction was monitored by disappearance of the resonances of the furan (at 7.55 and 6.49 ppm). 1 H NMR spectroscopy by following the t = 20 min t = 50 min t = 200 min t = 225 min t = 300 min t = 1265 min t = 1425 min t = 1670 min t = 2715 min 8 7 6 5 4 3 Chemical Shift / ppm Fig. S4 1 H NMR spectra showing the progress of the Diels-Alder reaction between furan (resonances at 7.55 and 6.49 ppm) and maleimide (6.79 ppm) in D 2 O. The resonances of the endo product appear at 6.57, 5.40 and 3.73 ppm, while those of the exo product appear at 6.61, 5.32 and 3.12 ppm. S7
[Furan]/[Furan] 0 / - 1.0 Model Equation ExpDec1 y = A1*exp(-x/t1) + y0 Reduced 2.47586E-4 Chi-Sqr Adj. R-Square 0.99814 Value Standard Error y0 7639 1073 G A1 0.93667 1447 t1 476704 24.58263 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Time / min Fig. S5 Progress of the Diels-Alder reaction between furan and maleimide. The consumption of furan could be fitted with a mono-exponential decay function, confirming the validity of pseudo-first order conditions. 2.4. Furan release kinetics at 25 C Fraction of Host / - 1.0 Furan 1 Empty 1 Model ExpDec1 Equation y = A1*exp(-x/t1) + y0 Reduced Chi-Sqr 3.80714E-4 3.80714E-4 Adj. R-Square 0.99389 0.99389 Value Standard Error Furan y0 0.10873 1355 Furan A1 0.71012 172 Furan t1 60.59724 4.18056 Empty y0 9127 1355 Empty A1-0.71012 172 Empty t1 60.59724 4.18056 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time / Hr Fig. S6 Release kinetics of furan from cage 1 at 25 C in the absence of benzene (i.e. the control reaction). The release of furan was fitted to a mono-exponential decay function, resulting in a first-order rate constant (inverse of the life time t 1 ) of 1.65 ± 0.11 10 2 h 1. S8
Fraction of Host / - 1.0 Benzene 1 Furan 1 Empty 1 0 50 100 150 200 Time / Hr Fig. S7 Release kinetics of furan from cage 1 at 25 C. At t = 0 benzene was added to the sample, leading to an almost instant release of furan from the cage and encapsulation of benzene. As the release of furan was too fast to be monitored, it could not be fitted to a mono-exponential decay function. The dotted line is a simulated trace assuming a first-order rate constant of 10 h 1, showing that the release of furan upon addition of benzene is at least three orders of magnitude faster than in the control reaction. S9
2.5. Diels-Alder kinetics at 25 C Progress of D-A Reaction / - 1.0 Benzene Control Model ExpDec1 Equation y = A1*exp(-x/t1) + y0 Reduced Chi 023 0267 Adj. R-Squar 0.97712 0.97537 Value Standard Err Control y0 0.9865 3772 Control A1-1.01389 4947 Control t1 66.91479 8.64006 Benzene y0 1.02536 3983 Benzene A1-1.00247 5676 Benzene t1 49.18072 7.03383 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time / Hr Fig. S8 Progress of the Diels-Alder reaction between furan and maleimide at 25 C. The formation of the Diels-Alder product was fitted to a mono-exponential growth function, resulting in a rate constant (inverse of the life time t 1 ) of 1.49 ± 0.19 10 2 h 1 for the control reaction and 2.03 ± 9 10 2 h 1 for the benzene-initiated reaction. This means that at 25 C the benzene-initiated Diels-Alder reaction is 36% faster compared to the control reaction. S10
2.6. Furan release kinetics at 5 C Fraction of Host / - 1.0 Furan 1 Empty 1 Model ExpDec1 Equation y = A1*exp(-x/t 1) + y0 Reduced 4.71482E-5 Chi-Sqr Adj. R-Square 0.99718 Value Standard Error y0 0 0 Control_Furan A1 0237 0442 t1 334.19914 6.09087 0 50 100 150 200 Time / Hr Fig. S9 Release kinetics of furan from cage 1 at 5 C in the absence of benzene (i.e. the control reaction). The release of furan was fitted to a mono-exponential decay function, resulting in a first-order rate constant (inverse of the life time t 1 ) of 2.99 ± 5 10 3 h 1. 1.0 Fraction of Host / - Benzene 1 Furan 1 Empty 1 0 50 100 150 200 Time / Hr Fig. S10 Release kinetics of furan from cage 1 at 5 C. At t = 0 benzene was added to the sample, leading to an almost instant release of furan from the cage and encapsulation of benzene. S11
Fraction of Host / - 1.0 Addition of Benzene-d 6 Benzene 1 Furan 1 Empty 1 0 50 100 150 200 Time / Hr Fig. S11 Release kinetics of furan from cage 1 at 5 C. At t = 70 h benzene was added to the sample, followed by an almost instant release of furan from the cage and encapsulation of benzene. S12
2.7. Diels-Alder kinetics at 5 C 1.0 Control Benzene Delayed Addition Progress of D-A Reaction / - Addition of Benzene-d 6 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time / Hr Model Equation ExpDec1 y = A1*exp(-x/t1) + y0 Reduced 6.60896E-4 7.01886E-4 Chi-Sqr Adj. R-Square 0.97855 0.99289 Value Standard Error y0 1 0 Blanco A1-1 0 t1 317.969 10.95092 y0 1 0 Benzene A1-1 0 t1 12.89043 981 Model ExpDec_Offset (User) Equation y = A1*exp(-(x-t 0)/t1) + y0 Reduced 012 Chi-Sqr Adj. R-Square 0.98511 Value Standard Error A1-1 0 Delayed t1 20.1867 1.96491 t0 65.5783 1.07181 y0 1 0 Fig. S12 Progress of the Diels-Alder reaction between furan and maleimide at 5 C. The formation of the Diels-Alder product was fitted to a mono-exponential growth function, resulting in a rate constant (the inverse of the life time t 1 ) of 3.14 ± 0.11 10 3 h 1 for the control reaction and 7.76 ± 2 10 2 h 1 for the benzene-initiated reaction. This means that at 5 C the benzene-initiated Diels-Alder reaction is 25 times faster compared to the control reaction. For the experiment where the benzene was added at t = 70 h, the following data points were fitted to a mono-exponential growth function, resulting in a rate constant (the inverse of the life time t 1 ) of 4.95 ± 8 10 2 h 1. S13
3. References S1. I. A. Riddell, M. M. J. Smulders, J. K. Clegg and J. R. Nitschke, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 457. S2. H. Kwart and I. Burchuk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1952, 74, 3094. S3. Y. R. Hristova, M. M. J. Smulders, J. K. Clegg, B. Breiner and J. R. Nitschke, Chem. Sci., 2011, 2, 638. S14