Key Issue #1 - Why is Geography a Science? Geography - means - coined by Greek philosopher Geographers Historians The Vocabulary of Human Geography (State, Explain, Apply) in regards to Luxembourg Place Region - Scale - Connection - Cartography: The Science of Mapmaking A - two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth s surface Purpose #1 - REFERENCE TOOL Purpose #2 - COMMUNICATIONS TOOL Geography in Ancient World Geography s Revival What two ancient geographers do you consider the most important and why? How did mapmaking change over the centuries? Contemporary Geographic Tools Maps are an essential tool for contemporary delivery of online services through smart phones, tablets, and computers. Global Positioning System (GPS) Three elements: (page 8) 1. 2. 3.
Geographic Information Science (GIScience) - GIS - Remote Sensing - participatory GIS (PGIS) - Mashup = Interpreting Maps Two decisions a cartographer must make BEFORE making a map: MAP SCALE PROJECTION Map scale determines level of DETAIL and amount of AREA Ratio Written Graphic Creating a flat map produces 4 types of DISTORTION - 1. 2. 3. 4. The Geographic Grid Meridian/Longitude - Parallel/Latitude Prime Meridian - Why Greenwich, England? - Longitude - telling time - 15 degrees = time zones International Date Line - How longitude was created?
Key Issue #2 - Why is each point on Earth unique? Understanding the features of a place allows geographers to explain similarities, differences, and changes across Earth. Geographers consider FOUR ways to identify location: PLACE NAME SITE SITUATION MATHEMATICAL LOCATION. Region: A Unique Area Region Cultural landscape = Carl Sauer EXPLAIN THE REGIONS USING THE MAPS BELOW FORMAL REGIONS FUNCTIONAL REGIONS VERNACULAR REGIONS OR
Describe two geographic definitions of culture? Culture - Language - Religion - Ethnicity - Key Issue #3 - Why are different places similar? Globalization = Economic globalization is led by TNCs/MNCs = Give examples of changes in economy and culture occurring at global and local scales. Space: Distribution of Features Spatial thinking Use the image above and explain the differences between density, distribution and concentration. Also include pattern, clustered, dispersed in your analysis
Space: Cultural Identity (page 24) Cultural Identity and Distribution Across Space - geographers study cultural traits to help explain why people sort themselves out in space and move across the landscape in distinctive ways Distribution by: Ethnicity in L.A. (Analysis) Figure 1-31 Sexual Orientation (Analysis) Figure 1-33 Gender Income (Analysis) Figure 1-34 Space: Inequality (page 26) Poststructuralist geography Examples - Humanistic geography Examples - Behavioral geography Examples - Connections: Diffusion (page 28) Assimilation Acculturation Syncretism
Connections: Diffusion Diffusion Hearth Relocation Diffusion Expansion Diffusion Hierarchical diffusion Contagious diffusion Stimulus diffusion Using the images below, identify and explain each type of diffusion Connections: Spatial Interaction Network
Explain hub and spoke network using the map to the right Distance decay Space-time compression Key Issue #4 - Why are some actions not sustainable? Geography, Sustainability, and Resources Resource Renewable resource Nonrenewable resource Two types of misuse of these resources Sustainability Three Pillars of Sustainability 1. Conservation = Preservation = 2. 3. Sustainability s Critics
World Wildlife Fund Sustainability and Earth s Physical Systems (page 34) Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Sustainability and Human Relationships Ecosystem Ecology Possibilism Modifying the Environment The Netherlands: Sustainable Ecosystem: What is a polder and why is the Netherlands investing billions of dollars into its development? California and Florida: Unsustainable Ecosystems: Explain the two situations and using geographic terms.