1: Motion: The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position. s 1.a) Position is defined relative to some choice of standard reference point and a set of reference directions. Identifying the relationship between motion and a reference point. p. 108 1.b) Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by the total time elapsed. The speed of an object along the path traveled can vary. Using the formula to find average speed of several objects and graph them for comparison. p. 109 1.c) How to solve problems involving distance, time, and average speed. Plotting the average speed of an object on a graph of distance versus time. MA. 3.0 p. 109 1.d) To describe the velocity of an object one must specify both direction and speed. Listing the information needed to identify speed and velocity and how they are different. Writing 2.3 p. 110 1.e) Changes in velocity can be changes in speed, direction, or both. Identifying the result of changes to an object if its speed or direction are altered. p. 110 1.f) How to interpret graphs of position versus time and speed versus time for motion in a single direction Using a graph of position to identify data and solve problems. MA. 3.0 p. 114
2: Forces: Unbalanced forces cause changes in velocity. s 2.a) A force has both direction and magnitude. Making a diagram showing the direction and magnitude of a force on an object. Algebra 5.0 p. 115 2.b) When an object is subject to two or more forces at once, the effect is the cumulative effect of all forces. Making a diagram illustrating the cumulative effect of two or more forces on an object. p. 116 2.c) When the forces on an object are balanced, the motion of the object does not change. Calculating the effect of two or more equal forces on an object that does not move. MA. 3.0 p. 118 2.d) How to identify separately two or more forces acting on a single static object, including gravity, elastic forces due to tension or compression in matter, and friction. Calculating the effect of all (gravity, tension, compression, friction) of the forces on a single static object. p. 113 2.e) When the forces on an object are unbalanced the object will change its motion. 2.f) The greater the mass of an object the more force is needed to achieve the same change in motion. Mapping the direction and effect of unbalanced forces acting on an object. Graphing the forces needed to move objects of varying mass. Writing 2.3 p. 117 p. 121 2.g) The role of gravity in forming and maintaining planets, stars, and the solar system Describing how the gravitational laws explain the forces of gravity on objects in our solar system. pp. 125-127
3: Structure of Matter: Elements have distinct properties and atomic structure. All matter is comprised of one or more of over 100 elements. s 3.a) the structure of the atom and how it is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Comparing different models of atoms and noting similarities and differences. pp. 304-305 3.b) Compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements. Compounds have properties that are different from the constituent elements. Identifying the differences between elements and compounds and listing the properties of each. pp. 86-87 3.c) Atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long chain polymers. Describing the result of the reaction of two solutions that react to form a solid. p. 60 3.d) The states of matter depend on molecular motion. Creating a diagram of models of solids, liquids, and gasses. p. 60 3.e) In solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate, in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another, while in gasses the atoms or molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently. Creating a diagram of models of solids, liquids, and gasses that illustrates the movement of the atoms in each. p. 60 3.f) How to use the Periodic Table to identify elements in simple compounds. Making a list of simple compounds and the elements, their symbols, and atomic numbers that form the compound. Writing 2.3 pp. 328-329
4: Earth in the Solar System: The structure and composition of the universe can be learned from the study of stars and galaxies, and their evolution. As a basis for understanding, students will know: s 4.a) galaxies are clusters of billions of stars, and may have different shapes. Studying pictures of galaxies and identifying their type by shape. 4.b) The sun is one of many stars in our own Milky Way galaxy. Stars may differ in size, temperature, and color. Listing the different characteristics of stars and how they are recognized. pp. 496-497 4.c) How to use astronomical units and light years as measures of distance between the sun, stars, and Earth. Using astronomical units to show the distances to five commonly seen stars. pp. 484-487 4.d) Stars are the source of light for all bright objects in outer space. The moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight, not by their own light. Listing the different magnitudes of stars and the apparent magnitudes for planets in order of brightness. p. 489 4.e) The appearance, general composition, relative position and size, and motion of objects in the solar system, including planets, planetary satellites, comets, and asteroids. Creating a diagram of objects in the solar system showing their movements, position, and relative size. MA 1.0 Writing 2.6 pp. 487-488 pp. 452-475
5: Reactions: Chemical reactions are processes in which atoms are rearranged into different combinations of molecules. s 5.a) Reactant atoms and molecules interact to form products with different chemical properties. Combining vinegar and baking soda to create a chemical reaction and naming the products of the reaction. p. 375 5.b) The idea of atoms explains the conservation of matter: in chemical reactions the number of atoms stays the same no matter how they are arranged, so their total mass stays the same. Writing balanced equations that represent chemical reactions and observing the new products formed. Writing 2.6 pp. 380-381 5.c) Chemical reactions usually liberate heat or absorb heat. Mixing water with plaster of paris and recording the temperature changes. pp. 386-387 5.d) Physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction. Listing the changes as water is frozen, melted, boiled, and vapor collected to condense back into water. pp. 68-71 5.e) How to determine whether a solution is acidic, basic or neutral. Indicating where products rate on a ph scale and how to test them. p. 404 6: Chemistry in Living Systems: Principles of chemistry underlie the functioning of biological systems.
s 6.a) Carbon, because of its ability to combine in many ways with itself and other elements, has a central role in the chemistry of living organisms. Comparing the structure of chemicals in living organisms and identifying the role of carbon in each one. 5 8; C pp. 412-413 6.b) Living organisms are made of molecules largely consisting of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. Listing the components of hydrocarbons by the elements contained in them. 5 8; C pp. 412-413 6.c) Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt, and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats proteins and DNA. Listing the various types of molecules found in living organisms and their functions. 5 8; C pp. 408-411 Eighth h Grade 7: Periodic Table: 7: Periodic Table: The organization of the Periodic Table is based on the properties of the elements and reflects the structure of atoms.
s 7.a) How to identify regions corresponding to metals, nonmetals and inert gasses. Recognizing and explaining the organization of the Periodic Table. p. 325 7.b) Elements are defined by the number of protons in the nucleus, which is called the atomic number. Different isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. Identifying the properties represented by the symbols contained for an element from each of the groups of the Periodic Table. pp. 334-335 7.c) Substances can be classified by their properties, including melting temperature, density, hardness, heat, and electrical conductivity. Describing the properties of pure substances. Written & Oral Lang. Conv. 1.0 pp. 82-83 8: Density and Buoyancy: All objects experience a buoyant force when immersed in a fluid.
s 8.a) Density is mass per unit volume. Demonstrating the density of several items by comparing their volume and mass and placing them in order from most to least dense. p. 44 8.b) How to calculate the density of substances from measurements of mass and volume. Measuring the mass of an object with a balance and the volume by displacement and calculating the density. p. 84 8.c) The buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid it has displaced. Calculating the buoyant force of several objects through the use of Archimedes principle. p. 168 8.d) How to predict whether an object will float or sink. Testing several items of the same size to see if they float, calculating their density, and graphing their results. pp. 168-171