Name: Pd: ORGANISMS & ENVIRONMENTS STUDY GUIDE KE EY 9 Weeks Test Date: Parent Signature (BONUS!): 6.12A+B CELLS (cells, cells they re made of organelles!) All living things have CELLS ELLS. Cell - The smallest and most basic unit of life _ e, found in all living things Most organisms are UNICE ELLULAR, but other organisms are MULTI ICELLULAR. UNICELLUALAR Made of one cell Carry out all functions of life within single cell Cell exposed to environment on all sides Short life span, grow by increasing in size Most microscopic and simple MULTICELLULAR Made of more than one cell Organized into tissues organs organ systems organisms Only outer cells exposed to environment Longer life span, grow by multiplying Make up more complex organisms Why is a microscope needed to view most cells? _ Microscopes are needed to view most cells because most cells are microscopic and cannot be seen wi ith the unaided eye alone. All cells have a CELL MEMBRANE. What is a cell membrane? An outer structure that surrounds the cell Functions of cell membrane: 1) Keeps substances inside the celll 2) Protects the cell from harmful substances entering There are two main types of cells: PROKARYOTIC, & EUKARYO OTIC. Prokaryotic Cells - Cells that do not have a nucleus or oth _ her membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Cells - Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles What are organelles? Structures in cells that carry out specific functions What structures are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and ribosomes, Compare & contrast PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC cells. PROKAROTIC No nucleus Few organelles Less complex and organized Smaller DNA floats freely Ex - Bacteria DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm Cells Need energy Cell membrane nucleus many organelles more complex + organized larger DNA enclosed in nucleus Ex plants + animals EUKAROTIC
CELLS STRUCTURE (you know...like the parts and stuff) OUTSIDE THE CELL CELL MEMBRANE function Protects the inside of the cell from the external environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell CELL WALL function Provides structure and protects the cell from the outside environment INSIDE THE CELL CYTOPLASM function The liquid part of a cell inside the cell membrane All cells have DNA. DNA - The genetic material that controls all of a cell s activities Where is DNA found within cells: Prokaryotic Cells: _ Floats freely within cell Eukaryotic Cells: _ Inside the nucleus NUCLEUS function Control center of the cell, contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells MITOCHONDRIA function Organelles that break down food and release energy for the cell CHOLOROPLASTS function Capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy in photosynthesis How are mitochondria and chloroplasts alike AND different? Mitochondria and chloroplasts both provide energy for the cell, but mitochondria are in animal cells and chloroplasts are in plant cells and other autotrophs RIBOSOMES function Make proteins for the cell ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM function Folded membranes in the cell that make proteins and provide pathways for movement of proteins GOLGI APPARATUS function Packages proteins inside the cell VESICLES function Transport proteins around the cell VACUOLE function Store water and provide support in a plant cell, smaller in animal cells
6.12A+D CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS (It s ALIVE!) All living things have 6 CHARACTERISTICS in common _ Are organized unicellularly or multicellularly Grow unicellular increase in size, multicellular multiply in number Reproduce asexually or sexually Respond to stimuli example octopus releasing ink Need energy autotroph or heterotroph Are made of cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic Living things are ORGANIZED organisms have everything they need inside of ONE CELL to sustain life. EXAMPLES OF LIFE _ Bacteria _ Amoebas _ Paramecia _ Slime mold MULTICELLU ICELLULAR organisms have different levels of organization beginning with CELLS. CELLS TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM Living things GROW, DEVELOP + REPRODUCE Organisms can reproduce ALY or LY. A One parent Identical offspring Most small, simple organisms reproduce asexually Two parents Offspring are varied genetically Most complex organisms reproduce sexually
Living things USE ENERGY Autotrophs - Organisms that produce their own food by converting light or inorganic materials into energy Heterotrophs - Organisms that con nsume other organisms for their energy NAMING + CLASSIFYING LIV VING THINGS (where should I put THIS guy?) Binomial nomenclature - Naming system that gives each _ living thing a two- word scientific name _ Taxon - A group or organisms Scientists divide all living things into 3 groups called DOMAINS. Identify the 3 domains ARCHAEA BACTERIA EUKARYA Organize the TAXONOMIC CLASSI IFICATIONS from BROAD DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM TO MO OST SPECIFIC. CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES Create a memory aid to remember the sequence of taxons: Do Keep Ponds Clean Or Fr rogs Get Sick What 4 traits do scientists use to classify organisms? 1) _ Type of cell 2) Number of cells 3) Energy obtainment 4) Type of reproduction What is a dichotomous key? _ A tool used to identify an organism
DOMAINS + KINGDOMS (It s a Linnaeus thing) Domains are further classified into kingdoms. How are organismss classified into kingdoms? Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on cell _ type, number of cells, type of reproduction and energy intake Complete the table to identify each KINGDOM S CHARACTERIS STICS. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA PROKARYOTIC or EUKARYOTIC? PROKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC EUKARYOITC or MULTICELLULAR? MULTICELLULAR AUTOTROPHIC or C? AUTOTROPHIC AUTOTROPHIC + EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR AUTOTROPHIC EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR MODE OF REPRODUCTION? A A A + A + A + A + ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystem - All the living and nonliving things in an areaa Identify different kinds of ecosystems: Forest, grasslands, deserts, rivers, beaches, and coral reefs Abiotic factors - The nonliving parts of an ecosystem _ Biotic factors - Living or once living things in an eco osystem Identify examples of ABIOTIC + BIOTIC FACTORS in an ecosystem. ABIOTIC Sunlight Water Temperature Atmosphere Soil Rocks Humidity Oxygen Carbon dioxide BIOTIC bacteria protists fungi plants animals
Identify examples of INTERACTIONS between ABIOTIC + BIOTIC FACTO ORS in an ecosystem. ABIOTIC FACTOR Water Dirt Oxygen Carbon dioxide Sun Rocks BIOTIC FACTOR Plants Earthworm Animal Plants Plants Snake HOW DO THEY INTERACT T? Plants absorb water through their roots An earthworm burrows into the dirt for shelter and to decompose organisms. Animals intake oxygen in respiration Plants intake carbon dioxide during photosynthesis Plants use energy from the Sun to make their own food Snakes burrow under rocks for shelter ECOSYSTEMS (What lives here?) Habitat - The place within an ecosystem that provides foo _ od, shelter, water, and other abiotic and biotic factors an organism needs What is an ORGANISM? An indivi idual living thing Population - All the organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time Community - All the populations living in the same area at the same time Diagram the LEVEL LS OF ORGANIZATION within an ECOSYS STEM. ORGANISM POPULATION COMMUNITY ECOSYSTEM