H GP UXUY V I, HIP, G IY F BI, ID DB / PPI K KIH I VU # UY I BH, H V BI, ID V P IDX F H V PIIY P PIIY P H P PIIY P UH P PIIY P V PVIG, GDIG D DIG P PIIY P V UIIY P K KIH I VU # UY I BH, ID BV GIIG, I H V BH, ID PH () GI IDI IV UVY, I H V BH, ID PH (),, & PUD G H PPD PJ I IDI PD UI DVP H IIU IZ I x (, F) H PPD V I D V BU, PH () I =,, F = c = % BUIDIG =, F = c = % IPVIU =, F = c = % P =,, F = c = % UVY I =,, F = c = % BUIDIG =, F = c = % PV =, F = c = % =, F = c = % (IPVIU) =, F @ % I X =, F = c = % IPVIU =, F = c = % P =,, F = c = % IDI IV UVY, I Professiona urveying and apping H V BH, PH: () IY F BI PUD I P PPV IY F BI PI IY F BI PIIY P PPV IY F BI PPV IDI IV UY UIII PI IDI IV UY FI DP PPV JH IV D PI DIFII FDP I PI FDP DIIBUI PI FDP I F I H UBJ PPY I D I D Z X P D IU P #H, DD D H, IDI IV UY UIII (XIIG PV GVIY) IDI IV UY UIII (XIIG PV I),,, D B, H GP UBDIVII PH II, DIG H P HF, DD I P BK, PG HUGH, F H PUBI D F IDI IV UY, ID H ID: UH ID: B D F IDI V I G & GG PKIG PF J B o F D G J B P # D: D: PJ: H F
D I B V PIIY P B ID D H GP UXUY V F G & GG PKIG BU, PH () V IDI V I G B I IDI V I B B IDI V B ID I V B B B B IDI V B B B IDI V B IDI V B D IDI V B IDI V B I IDI V IDI V IDI V B D B UV DIU G GH UV B IDI V GH VII D GPHI : = ( I F ) inch = ft IY F BI BIG I J B o F F D G P F J B P # D:
urve # ength adius Deta urve # ength adius Deta B F G & GG PKIG GPHI F F ( I F ) inch = ft J B o F D G ID X G ( UI) X G ( UI) IG FUU I G PIIY P H P BU, PH () IDI V H GP UXUY V B B V UD P : = GZB B B B I I ( P BY UID) FF= ID I V G/ IDI V GUD HU B B B B B IDI V B B D IDI V I DI V B IDI V IDI V B B IDI V B D UV DIU G GH UV B IDI V VII Direction ength D ine # IY F BI urve abe urve abe GH ine abe BIG I B I J B P # D:
DIG IGH F Y V IG D IDI V : = V ( I F ) inch = ft F G & GG PKIG BI HIGHD UI PB, PG I + B B B + B B B V IDI V IDI V IDI V B B B IDI V I D F B UV I I B BIG GH DIU UV B G GH GPHI : = ( I F ) inch = ft H I B H I H I GPHI H I B IG H I H I B urve abe urve # ength adius Deta PF D J o F G B J B P # D: IY F BI H GP UXUY V PIIY P UH P BU, PH () ID VII D
D D F F D DIFY UU P GU I FD I I XIYP V IV @ (GU X H XD IGH) F F D H X X P FF = H X F F D D F F D F F D D F F D D FF= X P D F F D F F D F F D XD P XIIG BI H JUI HIGH H XD X HD XD XD F F D FF= FF= X P X P D H X DIFY UU P GU I FD YP V V PI F XIIG PIP D P IGH H F F D XD X P FF= FF= D X P X HD IV = (), () X P X P H X D XD X P XD F GD K BK F FF= F F D I G D D F F D D D X F F D F F D D D XD XD D D XD D F F D X F F P X P F F D X P F F D F F D D F F D D D F F D D D F F D V PPD PIVY/ IIG (DIG BY H) F F D D PIP B PFD F D IV= D F F D D F F D F F D D D F F D D * H BI FD DD DIG IDX #, DII, D B D BIG U HI D F F D D ID D X HD P = IV = = XIIG X DI HD = IV = (), XIIG () H GP PD XD I U F F IV = D X HD IV = (), (), () XD X HD IV = (), () X HD IV = (), () GPHI ( I F ) inch = ft J B o PPD PH XIIG P F PPD F F D G : = D F F D D H GP UXUY V X P P X P GD K BK X P FF= F F FF= D X DIFY UU P GU I FD YP V XD D IY F BI XD F F D D F F D PIIY P V PVIG, GDIG D DIG P F F D H X DIFY UU P GU I YP V XD X P X P P D F F D D D D DI P VPD D D K F F D D PIP B PFD F D IV= D PPD Y UBHU FF = F F D F F D F F D VII F F D I IV= F F D D I IV= D X YP D H BI YP H BI H YP D H BI / J B H / J B YP H BI H YP H BI YP H BI H YP D H BI / J B YP H BI YP H BI H YP H BI YP H BI YP D H BI / J B YP H BI YP H BI YP H BI YP H BI H YP H BI YP H BI YP H BI H YP H BI YP H BI YP H BI YP H BI YP H BI YP H BI x YP BI x YP BI x YP BI x YP BI x YP BI x YP BI x YP BI YP JUI BX YP H BI I H H D () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () B V F F D BIDG DIG D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D IV VI GD PD K BK BU, PH () D F F D GD K BK GD K BK PPD DIG UU HDU I V UU UB D PIP B PFD F D IV= UB I UB I H BI UB I UB I UB I UB I UB I UB I H BI / IFI H BI H BI H BI H BI H BI H BI X P () () () () () () () () () () () () () () () P B V X XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD XD IV VI I V UU UB XIIG DIG UU HDU PPD KIG PH J B P # D: XIIG VI PPD VI DIG P
() () () () () () () () () () IY H IY H IY H PPD IY UU HDU F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F PV @ % G P PV @ % PDI YV (BY H) F F F F F F PV @ % F F F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F PV PB UBHU F F F F PV @ % F F F F X F F X F F X H F F F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F F F F F XIIG BI H JUI HIGH H F F F F F F PV @ % F F F F PV @ % () D, UDGUD I IG Y XIIG PPD GVIY VUUYP IY H B ID H UID F H I I IX IH, D PFBY IH, BV IH B H UID F H H PIPI HV, I I PFB Y H I BV H H PIPI (B) D, UDGUD I IG Y XIIG PPD PUYP IY, F I, PIPI VYIG ID H B ID H UID F H I I IH BV B H UID F H H PIPI HV, I I PFB Y H I BV H H PIPI () H UIIY IG DIBD I PGPH () D (B) BV, FU GH F I PIP H B D BV B H H PIPI H I JI I B F PIB F H H PIPI IVY, UH IG, H PIP H B GD H I JI H F F JI I VUUYP IY,, F I, PIPI VYIG ID GUD UD P III F HP, F, D IX F F JI I GVIY PUYP IY, F I, PIPI VYIG ID GUD UD P III F HP, F UIIY F F F F F F G F F UIIY F F F F F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F I F F F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F F F F F F F PV @ % F F UIIY F F VI F F F F V F F X V, F F PV I / GV F F F F F F GV F F F F PV @ % F F F F PV @ % V PUG X F F F F PV @ % F F F F PV @ % F F VI PI B UDGUD I D IY, F I, D ID PIPI F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F F F VI F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F F F PV @ % F F F F PV @ % F F F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F PV @ % F F F F F F PV @ % F F F F F F PV @ % X F F X P P I () D, UDGUD I H B ID PVID HIZ DI F H F B H UID F H I D H UID F Y XIIG PPD, F I, PIPI VYIG ID GUD UD P III F HP, F (B) D, UDGUD I H B ID PVID HIZ DI F H F, D PFBY F, B H UID F H I D H UID F Y XIIG PPD VUUYP IY () D, UDGUD I H B ID PVID HIZ DI F IX F, D PFBY F,B H UID F H I D H UID F Y XIIG PPD GVIY PUYP IY, F I, PIPI VYIG ID GUD UD P III F HP, F H IIU HIZ PI DI B I D GVIYYP IY H B DUD H F H H B F H I I ID IX IH BV H P F H (D) D, UDGUD I H B ID PVID HIZ DI F F B H UID F H I D P F Y XIIG PPD I G D DIP Y DFID I I (), F, D U, F F F F FII UBHU F UB UBHU FDP PI HIZ PI B UDGUD I D IY, F I, ID PIPI, D I G D DIP Y F F F F PV @ % F F IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY H IY DP H IY H () () () PI B I D IY H () I H P HUGH, I IH, Y P F IY H (B) FFIV UGU,, I H B UD D P HUGH, I IH, Y P F H I UU ID F F PI B FI HYD DI D IY, F I, ID PIPI, D I G D DIP Y D FI HYD IH UDGUD DI H B D H H DI H F F Y XIIG PPD, F I, PIPI VYIG ID GUD UD P III F HP, F; H F, D PFBY F, F Y XIIG PPD VUUYP IY ; IX F, D PFBY F, F Y XIIG PPD GVIY PUYP IY, F I, PIPI VYIG ID GUD UD P III F HP, F; D F F Y XIIG PPD I G D DIP Y DFID I I (), F, D U, F GPHI ( I F ) inch = ft J B o PPD PH XIIG P F PPD F F D G : = IY F BI F F PV @ % () () () () () () () () BU, PH () F F () () () () () () () () () () PIIY P V UIIY P IV VI H GP UXUY V F F PV @ % I V BIDG (BY H) UU UB F F D VII X X X IV VI I V UU UB XIIG IY UU HDU PPD KIG PH J B P # D: XIIG VI PPD VI DIG P