A zoo of transient sources. (c)2017 van Putten 1

HE sources and extreme transients Associated with supermassive black holes: Active galactic nuclei (AGN) Associated with neutron stars and black holes: Pulsars, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, X-ray and gamma-ray binaries, radio bursters (c)2017 van Putten 3

NGC 1068 (M77) Hierarchical observational classification of AGN Extended features Thermal and non-thermal emission (synchrotron emission, inverse Compton, SSC, ), outflows (relativistic or non-relativistic, one- or two-sided, symmetric or asymmetric) with or without terminal lobes, luminosities, Lorentz factors, variability and morphological properties (across different wavelengths), Host galaxy core or nucleus Non-stellar emission spectra and temporal behavior, narrow and broad emission and/or absorption lines Host galaxy: Redshift, type (Spiral, Elliptical (Lenticular, Irregular not for AGN), star formation rate, etc. Host galaxy environment Isolated (field) galaxies, interacting galaxies, or galaxies in clusters. If the latter, (X-ray) properties of the cluster (indicating gas content), Mrk421 (c)2017 van Putten 9

Cygnus A (3C 405, z=0.056): FR II (Seyfert 2) Fanaroff-Riley II http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?ident=cygnus+a Edge brightened ( lobed ), relativistic, high radio power, one-sided or asymmetric Synchrotron emission (c)2017 van Putten 10

Fanaroff-Riley (1974): Ratio of extent (distance to source) of high- to low surface brightness is correlated to radio-luminosity R FR < 0.5 :FR I L 178 MHz 2 10 25 h 2 100 WHz 1 str 1 R FR > 0.5 :FR II L 178 MHz > 2 10 25 h 2 100 WHz 1 str 1 3C449 (Perley Willis & Scott 1979) 3C47 (Bridle et al. 1994) (c)2017 van Putten 12

Optical-radio luminosity distribution Typically onesided, straight, B-parallel along the jet (except at terminal lobes): relativistic, supersonic outflows FR II FR I Often two-sided, distorted, plume-like, B- transverse to the jet, low ionization by central engine*: non-relativistic, sub-sonic outflows Owen & Ledlow 1994 *Baum, Zirbel and O'Dea (1995) (c)2017 van Putten 13

*Not including FR I-II classification Unification by viewing angle* Broad Line Region (BLR): V ~ few 1000 km/s Narrow Line Region (NLR): V < 1000 km/s BLR / NLR from central region (X-rays, UV) and further out Emission lines from BLR / NLR clouds Visible continuum from disk further UV down to IR from surrounding torus, dust, clouds Mrk421 (c)2017 van Putten 14

Eddington limits F N = GMm p r 2, F r = L / c 4πr 2 σ T : L Edd = 4πGMm p c σ T 1.3 10 38 erg s 1 M = Lσ T 4πGm p c 8 105 L 44 M Solar L 10 46 erg s 1 : M 10 8 M Solar M = M 8 10 8 M Solar : M Edd = L ηc ~ 2 η 2 0.1 1 M 8 M Solar yr 1 (c)2017 van Putten 15

NGC 1068 (M77) NGC 1068 (M77) Observationally, a Seyfert 2: Nucleus observed only indirectly, by scattered light off an inner torus. Any direct view (with Seyfert 1 like features) from nucleus is inhibited. (strong emission lines) (Optical and X-ray image) (blazar, in Ursa Major)) Mrk421 (c)2017 van Putten 16

3C273 (z=0.15834, Seyfert 1, QSO, RL): BL Lacertae (highly variable, highly polarized) HST L = 10 13 15 L Solar Discovered by Maarten Schmidt (1963) Chanrda-X image (NASA/A.Siemiginowska (CfA)/J.Bechtold Chandra-X (U. Arizona)) (c)2017 van Putten 23

Blazars Rapid time variable high energy emission TeV blazars Blazar spectrum > 200 GeV 60 s binning Mrk 421 (z=0.030021) Aharonian, F., et al. 2007 with H.E.S.S. 3C 279 (z=0.5362) (Wehrle, A.E. et al. 1997 with CGRO) Physical origin: submm-uv synchrotron by in-situ accelerated electrons, gamma-rays from inverse Compton scattering and/or SSC (c)2017 van Putten 26

Radio (red, VLA) + X-ray (blue, Chandra-X) https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1743.html X-ray: NASA/CXC/KIPAC/N. Werner et al Radio: NSF/NRAO/AUI/W. Cotton (c)2017 van Putten 30

Relativistic FR II jet from radio galaxy Pictor A (D=150 Mpc) Hardcastle et al. 2016 MNRAS 455 3526 (c)2017 van Putten 32 X-ray: NASA/CXC/Univ. of Hertfordshire/M. Hardcastle et al.; Radio: CSIRO/ATNF/ATCA