UNIT 2 CHEMISTRY Atomic Structure: Ionic Bond: Hydrogen Bond: Covalent Bond: 1
Carbohydrates: >energy yield- >elements- >monomers- >functions- >examples- >misc- Lipids: Proteins: Nucleic Acids: I. Energy Kinetic Energy: > Actually doing work to move an object Potential Energy: > Stored energy All forms of energy have capability of being Kinetic or Potenetial energy One form can be converted into another form quite easily, however energy (in form of heat) is lost to environment 2
I. Energy cont'd Energy Forms: > Chemical Energy: Energy stored in chemical bonds ATP will release net energy when hydrolyzed (requires some energy to break the bond...) > Electrical Energy: Energy from the movement of charged particles moving across a membrane > Mechanical Energy: Directly involved in moving matter > Radiant Energy: Energy that travels in waves «ex. x ray, light, radio, UV 3
II. Matter Elements: > Substances containing only one type of atom Most common in humans: Atomic Structure > Protons: Positively charged particles Within nucleus, 1 amu > Neutrons: Neutrally charged particles Within nucleus, 1 amu > Electrons: Negatively charged particles Within energy levels (electron shells), 0 amu II. Matter cont'd Atomic Number: > # of protons within an atom, never changes Atomic Mass: > mass of atom = # protons + # neutrons Isotopes: > Form of an atom, having different # of neutrons Average Atomic Mass: > Average between different types of atoms 4
III. Bond Formation: energy relationship Chemical Reactions: > When atoms combine/separate with/from other atoms Energy Levels: > e are found in this "region" around nucleus of atom 2, 8, 8 Rule Octet Rule: > Atoms interact in a way that will fill their outermost shell Valence e : > e found in outer most energy level > Bonds are created with these Determines chemical properties 5
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III. Bond Formation cont'd Types of Reactions: > Synthesis Rxn: combine to form larger Anabolic > Decomposition Rxn: break down to smaller Catabolic > Exchange Rxn: involve both above to break & make bonds rearranging molecules IV. Types of Bonds Ionic Bond: > Gain or lose e (complete transfer) > Atoms become charged & attract > ( ) anions (+) cations Covalent Bond: > Share e to become stable Polar vs Nonpolar Hydrogen Bond: > Weak bond between partially charged H (that is already bonded to an O or N) and another partially charged O or N > Water, proteins, DNA ex. surface tension H 2 O 7
IV. Types of Bonds cont'd IONIC BONDS: IV. Types of Bonds cont'd COVALENT BONDS: SINGLE COVALENT BOND DOUBLE COVALENT BOND 8
IV. Types of Bonds cont'd HYDROGEN BONDS: V. Biochemistry Organic Compounds: > A compound containing carbon (C), found in any living organism Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins: Nucleic Acids: 9
V. Biochemistry cont'd A. Carbohydrates > C, H, O with a ratio of 1:2:1 > Contains 4 Kcal/gram of energy > Monomers: monosaccharides > Function: energy > Forms: Monosaccharides «glucose, fructose, ribose Disaccharides «sucrose (glucose + fructose) Polysaccharides «Animals: glycogen «Plants: starch, cellulose Dehydration Synthesis vs Hydrolysis + + 10
Hydrolysis: Hydrolysis: 11
V. Biochemistry cont'd B. Lipids > C, H, O with very few O > Contains 9 Kcal/gram of energy > Monomers: fatty acids & glycerol > Functions: energy storage... > Forms: Neutral Fats: «Fat deposits, protect & insulate body organs, major source of stored energy «Saturated vs Unsaturated 12
V. Biochemistry Cont'd > Forms cont'd Phospholipids: «Found in cell membranes, abundant in brain & nervous tissue (insulation) Steroids: «Ring molecules, fat soluble, liver makes some & rest consumed in diet «Cholesterol: basis for all body steroids» Cell membranes, raw material for Vit D, used in some hormones, bile salts «LDL's: too much build up in arteries (bad) «HDL's: cleaning lipids (good) V. Biochemistry cont'd C. Proteins: > C, H, O, N and sometimes S > Contains 4 Kcal/gram of energy > Monomers: amino acids 20 amino acids What makes each amino acid unique? > Function: see next slide... 13
V. Biochemistry cont'd > Forms of Proteins (with functions): Structural (Fibrous): «Stable proteins / strong bonds «Function: body structures «ex. Collagen: bones, cartilage, tendons «ex. Keratin: hair, nails, skin Functional (Globular): «Unstable / Weak bonds» Become denatured (unfolded) when H bonds break; unable to carry out function «Function (and example):» Defense» Regulation» Catalyst» Transport Enviornmental Stressors? V. Biochemistry cont'd Levels of Protein Structure: 1. Primary: sequence of amino acids (aa) 2. Secondary: pleated sheets or coils 3. Tertiary: folds into 3D shape (R group interactions) 4. Quaternary: 2+ proteins connect to form 1 protein 14
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V. Biochemistry cont'd D. Nucleic Acids: > C, H, O, N, P > Contains 0 Kcal/gram of energy > Monomers: nucleotides Composed of N Base, Sugar, Phosphate «Bases: A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), U* (uracil) Function: store / carry genetic info V. Biochemistry cont'd > Forms of Nucleic Acids: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid «Genetic material located in nucleus «Able to replicate itself into exact copies «Carries instructions to build proteins RNA: ribonucleic acid «Carries out orders of DNA for protein synthesis DNA vs. RNA 16
V. Biochemistry cont'd *E. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) > Energy currency within the body 17
p. 49 VI. Inorganic Compounds A. Water: > Composes about 2/3 of body weight > Contains important properties... High Heat Capacity: «Absorbs & releases heat without large changes in temp. Polarity: «Good solvent & transfer agent Reactant: «Many reactions require H 2 O «Hydrolysis Body Lubricants: «Mucus: moves food through Digestive system «Synovial fluids: within joints Protective Functions: «CSF: cerebrospinal fluid «Amniotic fluid 18
VI. Inorganic Compounds cont'd B. Salts: > When broken down, form ions important to growth & body functions ex: Ca and P: bones & teeth ex: Na and K: nerve impulses ex: Fe: hemoglobin > All salts are considered electrolytes Can conduct electrical currents in solution VI. Inorganic Compounds cont'd C. Acids & Bases: > Electrolytes dissolve in H 2 O & form ions that have ability to conduct electrical current Acids: «Sour taste «Release H + ions ( proton donors ) «Strong acids are those that give up more H + Bases: «Bitter taste «Accept H + ( proton acceptors ) «Release OH which will soak up H + > Bodies are very sensitive to changes in blood ph 7.35-7.45 > ph regulated by kidneys, lungs, & buffers Buffers: act as weak acid or base, balances out changes 19
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