Name: Date: Class: Earth Science: A Year in Review Safety, Measurement, & the Scientific Method 1. Density can be determined using. 2. Your teacher hands out a copy of a laboratory experiment. What is the first thing you should do to conduct the experiment safely? 3. What is a variable? 4. A factor/variable that the scientists can change during an experiment is called the. 5. A factor/variable that changes because of the factor/variable that the scientist changed is called the. *****Use the chart below to answer the following questions**** Hank has always loved flying paper airplanes. He wondered if changing the mass of his paper would affect how far the planes flew. He got three types of paper, each with a different mass. Hank made sure that each plane was the same except for the difference in mass. Finally, he spent several hours perfecting the ideal toss, making sure to use the same amount of force for each throw. He threw each plane four times. His results are in the data table below. Plane A (5 grams) Plane B (10 grams) Plane C (15 grams) Distance of Trial 1 10 meters 15 meters 20 meters Distance of Trial 2 12 meters 14 meters 21 meters Distance of Trial 3 9 meters 16 meters 19 meters Distance of Trial 4 13 meters 17 meters 18 meters 6. What is the manipulated variable (Independent) in the above experiment? 7. What is the responding variable (dependent) in the above experiment? 8. What are the controls in the above experiment? 9. What would be a hypothesis for Hank s experiment? 10. What is the difference between an observation and an inference? 11. What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
Unit I: Rocks and Minerals 1. What type of scientist studies the solid Earth? 2. What are the characteristics of a mineral? 3. How are minerals identified? 4. Which minerals would scratch Fluorite? 5. What are the two main ways that minerals form? 6. What is an ore? 7. How minerals are removed from ore deposits? 8. What are four characteristics scientists use to classify rocks? 9. How is an igneous rock formed? 10. What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive rocks and what is the most common of each? 11. What effect does the amount of silica have on the color of rocks? 12. How is sedimentary rock formed? 13. What are the three major types of sedimentary rocks and how are they described? 14. How are metamorphic rocks formed? 15. What is the difference between foliated and nonfoliated rocks? 16. What is a common use for igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks?
17. Classify each rock into its major group (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and subgroups (intrusive, extrusive, clastic, chemical, organic, foliated or nonfoliated). 18. What is the rock cycle? 19. What are the processes that change rocks from one form to another? 20. What is the difference between absolute and relative age? 21. Determining the order of events and the relative age of rocks by examining the position of rocks in a sequence is called. 22. dating uses the properties of atoms in rocks and other objects to find their ages. 23. What is the difference between a mold, cast, index and trace fossil? 24. What is the geologic time scale? 25. What does the geologic record suggest about the evolution of living things? Unit II: Plate Tectonics-Earthquakes-Volcanoes 1. What is the correct order starting with the surface, of Earth s layers? 2. Which of the two cores is a solid and why? 3. What was Alfred Wegner s hypothesis? 4. What evidence did he use to support his hypothesis? 5. What is sea-floor spreading and what is the relationship between the age of crust? 6. What is the evidence of sea-floor spreading? 7. What is subduction and where does it take place?
8. What is the theory of plate tectonics? 9. What causes plate tectonics? 10. What are the three types of boundaries and how are they described? 12. Looking at the figure, what type of plate boundary is represented by plates A and B? 13. What feature occurs at X and how does it form? 14. Looking at the figure, what type of plate boundary is represented by plates B and C? 15. Name the feature represented by Y and explain the process taking place at Z. 16. Explain the relative age of the crust at X compared to the age of the crust at Y? 17. Label each of the pictures below with the three types of stress forces and how each are described? 18. What are the major types of faults and what happens in each? 19. What is the difference between P and S waves? 20. Label the focus and an epicenter of an earthquake in the diagram below
21. What is the Ring of Fire? 22. What are the three main types of volcanoes? Unit III: Weathering- Erosion Soil 1. What is the difference between chemical and mechanical weathering? 2. What is erosion? 3. What two factors determine the rate of weathering? 4. Soil formation begins with the weathering of. 5. The decayed organic material in soil is called. 6. The layer of soil in which topsoil is found is the. 7. The process in which sediment is laid down in a new location is called. Unit IV: Earth s Waters 1. What is the water cycle? 2. What happens during evaporation, condensation, and precipitation? 3. What is salinity? 4. What creates tides? 5. What are waves? 6. What are the percentages of Earth s total water supply? 7. Using water wisely to avoid wasting it is called. 8. How does salinity affect density? 9. How is climate affected by ocean current? 10. What is an aquifer?
11. What is the difference between permeable and impermeable? Unit V: Weather and Climate 1. What are the main layers of the atmosphere from the ground up? 2. In which layer of the atmosphere does weather occur? 3. What are the two most abundant gases in the atmosphere? 4. As you rise farther in the atmosphere, air pressure. 5. The boundary between air masses is called a. 6. What is the greenhouse effect? 7. The point at which condensation begins is called. 8. What type of scientists would give a weather report? 9. Weather patterns in the United States travel in what direction? 10. What are the two main factors that determine the climate of a region? 11. What are global winds and what are the major belts? Unit VI: Astronomy 1. What causes day and night? 2. Why does the Earth have seasons? 3. What does the phase of the moon you see depend on? 4. What is a solar eclipse? 5. What is a lunar eclipse? 6. How was the moon most likely formed? 7. What was Nicolaus Copernicus idea about the motions of the planets? 8. The sun produces energy by. 9. What do all of the inner planets have in common? 10. What do all of the outer planets have in common? 11. How are stars classified? 12. What color are the hottest stars? 13. The brightness of a star depends on its.
14. The Hertsprung-Russell diagram shows that main sequence stars. 15. The lifetime of a star depends on. 16. The theory that astronomers have developed to describe the formation of the universe is called the. 17. One piece of evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory is the observation that most galaxies are moving. 18. What two factors keep the planets in orbit?