Australia/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Florida. Data used for analysis published in: Gordon, D.R., D.A. Onderdonk, A.M. Fox, R.K. Stocker, and C. Gantz. 28. Predicting Invasive Plants in Florida using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Invasive Plant Science and Management : 78-95. Malvaviscus penduliflorus (mazapan) Question number Question Answer Score. Is the species highly domesticated? y -3.2 Has the species become naturalised where grown? y.3 Does the species have weedy races? 2. Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.2 Quality of climate match data (-low; -intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.3 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) 2.4 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation 2.5 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural y range? 3. Naturalized beyond native range y 3.2 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 3.3 Weed of agriculture n 3.4 Environmental weed n 3.5 Congeneric weed n 4. Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 4.2 Allelopathic n 4.3 Parasitic n 4.4 Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.5 Toxic to animals n 4.6 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 4.7 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 4.8 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n 4.9 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y 4. Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils) y 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n 4.2 Forms dense thickets n 5. Aquatic n
5.2 Grass n 5.3 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 5.4 Geophyte 6. Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat 6.2 Produces viable seed n 6.3 Hybridizes naturally y 6.4 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.5 Requires specialist pollinators y 6.6 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y 6.7 Minimum generative time (years) 7. Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) 7.2 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.3 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n 7.4 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n 7.5 Propagules water dispersed n 7.6 Propagules bird dispersed n 7.7 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n 7.8 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) n 8. Prolific seed production n 8.2 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) n 8.3 Well controlled by herbicides - - - - - - - - - - 8.4 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation 8.5 Effective natural enemies present in Florida, or east of the continental divide Total Score -5 Outcome Accept* *Used secondary screen from: Daehler, C. C., J.L. Denslow, S. Ansari, and H. Kuo. 24. A risk assessment system for screening out harmful invasive pest plants from Hawaii s and other Pacific islands. Conserv. Biol. 8: 36-368. 2
section # questions answered satisfy minimum? A 7 yes B yes C 6 yes total 34 yes Data collected 26-27 Question number Reference Source data. Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic known only from cultivation or former cultivation; plants sterile.2. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the. "sparingly naturalized in Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 2. Turner disturbed mesic sites, -33 m, at and Mendenhall (993) A revision of Malvaviscus least on Kaua'i, Maui, and Hawai'i" (Malvaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical 2. "often escaping or persisting Garden 8: 439-457. following cultivation".3 2. 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 3.. Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 2. Turner and Mendenhall (993) A revision of Malvaviscus (Malvaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 8: 439-457. 3. Webb, Sykes, and Garnock- Jones (988) Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. "now in cultivation throughout tropical and warm temperate regions worldwide". "sparingly naturalized in disturbed mesic sites, -33 m, at least on Kaua'i, Maui, and Hawai'i" 2. "often escaping or persisting following cultivation" 3. "naturalised in the tropical Pacific" 3.2 no evidence 3.3 no evidence 3.4 no evidence 3.5 no evidence 4. Turner and Mendenhall (993) A revision of Botanical Garden 8: 439-457. no description of these traits 4.2 no evidence 4.3 Turner and Mendenhall (993) A revision of Botanical Garden 8: 439-457. no description of this 3
4.4 4.5 no mention of toxicity in horticultural or toxicity references 4.6 Floridata (http://www.floridata.com/ref/m/malv_pen.cfm) "mostly pest-free" 4.7 no mention of toxicity in horticultural or toxicity references 4.8 no evidence 4.9 "Grow in full sun for a compact Floridata (http://www.floridata.com/ref/m/malv_pen.cfm) shape and the most flowers. It is, however, tolerant of shade." 4. Floridata (http://www.floridata.com/ref/m/malv_pen.cfm) "Turk's cap will tolerate just about any soil." 4. USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 7874-449 shrub 4.2 no evidence 5. terrestrial 5.2 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 7874-449 Malvaceae 5.3 USDA, NRCS. 25. The PLANTS Database, Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 7874-449 Malvaceae 5.4 6. 6.2 Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic 6.3 Turner and Mendenhall (993) A revision of Botanical Garden 8: 439-457. 6.4 6.5 Fryxell (979) The Natural History of the Cotton Tribe (Malvaceae, Tribe Gossypieae). Texas A&M University Press, College Station and London. 6.6. Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic 2. Webb, Sykes, and Garnock-Jones (988) Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. 6.7 7. 7.2 Wagner, Herbst, and Sohmer (999) Manual of the "it is believed to hybridize occasionally with locally native taxa, mostly M. arboreus" In Malvaviscus spp., "the corolla is tightly tubular and bright red and the exsertion is much greater; the adaptation is evidently to pollination by hummingbirds". "It is evidently propagated only by vegetative means" 2. (about M. arboreus, which the authors considerd M. penduliflorus a variant of) "often spreading vegetatively by layering" "now in cultivation throughout tropical and warm temperate 4
Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. regions worldwide" 7.3 [no fruits/seeds to be contaminants, Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic and unlikely to come into contact with produce] 7.4 [no Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic fruits/seeds to be dispersed by wind] 7.5 no evidence 7.6 Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic [no fruits to be consumed] 7.7 Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic 7.8 Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic 8. Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic 8.2 Fryxell (988) Malvaceae of Mexico. Systematic 8.3 8.4 8.5 [no fruits/seeds to attach] [no fruits to be consumed] 5