. l & a s s Vo Flds o as l axwll a l sla () l Fld () l olasao () a Flx s () a Fld () a do () ad è s ( ). F wo Sala Flds s b dd l a s ( ) ad oool a s ( ) a oal o 4 qaos 3 aabls - w o Lal osas - oz abo Lal-Sd () Lal-oda ( ) ad sa osas ( ) ls ( ) ad ( ) s aa l ad d l abl o a ad s Lal-ssa - abo 377 Ω s all- oda s all-ssa ad () s F S osa. s a addo o è s ( ) a al Faada s ( γ ) ad o w ss ( ) ( ) ( ) ad ( ) wll b asd w abls s o w sx s qaos b l la So.4 w ass a w dads a γ o-l qao s lassal è-axwll law. boo- s lassal axwll- Faada law as o a ds ( γ ). ss abs o a Lal oool. wo ( ) s a sl a sa o axwll-faada law. a d o ( ) ( ) ( ) ad ( ) s a o qao ad a w a s aas Obs a () - () ss oools w ( ) as oool s.. Vo ad Sala oals () ad () abs o Flx oools o abls s o w a Flx s () as a l o a o oal () ad s a ol solo o axwll-faada qao () ad () W od ld () w wll bo sl. s l o a ad s zo a Flx s () s o ald o () w add a ad o a sala. () s aa o Sala oal () w sba a osod oal da. s oss a a asoao. Fo sas ad oa ld () ls obsd a-a s. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
.3 Lal s ( ) W o ad sala oals () ad () a ald o è-axwll qao a w ds ( ) aa w osss o ( ) ad ( ). W labl s Lal s w ds ssl sass a dal qao o o as oal è s s ( ) dd. F ( ) s oool s w d ( ) as olasao s. W a ow ad o a w a o axwll s qao w o oos o od s. Lal s ( ) s bol. w s ( ) s s ll dal. a s s s ow dal ad o ds o labl w al a s ao Wa a ad a a as a. W wll o ass a sz o as ool do as o sol axwll s qaos. Wa a s lobal a a a b loal ad sold o b xd - ad also ss o ol o a..4 axwll s qao Lal oa o oos s a al oao o a o-sala bd l s xd a o s as w xd a al b o olx doa. O w xdd o-sala a s a oo dd w a ld axwll s -qaos a ow b xssd all wo so o & lds as a () s allad a sol qao a a a a a so bo a solo s so. a wll dd o s o a o a s obl. oao w a xa aaos o Lal axwll qao as s qaos wll b sb o a ad owads b ow w d o xlo oos. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
.5 oos ad Lal doa W wll ow xlo al alba o a o-sala bd ad oo a w dsod axwll s loa o. L s sa w L-o-oo s. ooso oao ad dooso ls a dal o ls o olx la w sx s s ( s s ) ( s s ) wo sala ods a ossbl al s o ods ad al s o oa ods bo a al b la os d ad a aal o o sqad oo-no (s ) s s s s Obs Loz-s qao o oaao o l sals (s ) ad os o (s ). od o wo oos as a 4x4 ob o a ax w oa o oos. W a wo s s x x zx x x z xz z z z x z s s s s s s ss s o asos oao a daoal lo o oos..6 oss od ad ossd od o oos s o ls a oo od s la ooso o all ossbl as od ob all ls o wo oos. o xas s aos wo wll b dd. Na wo oaos oss od () ad ossd od ( ) z s x z x x z x z z s x s as o a s x s -s s a sala. oss od o a ossd od wll b ad oss-l o ossd-l w oao s oo-a z x x z ( ) ( ) a Flx s a l Fld ad a aa as a oll bo ls. oao ad asoso s sx o ls oal o oo-ls. x z ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
.7 oo oals ad loa dal o ad osdaos sow a o oal () s assoad w ad qas l a a o a ass b o o oos s l a ds. w l oo oal Φ s asd Vols ad wll b sow o b b adda. a oo oal Φ s s dal asd s. s ad dso a w O s Law Φ. s ss d bo a-ad l oals. Lal-ssa ( ) s a l w oals (Φ ad ). xlo aaa o l ld () ad a lx ds () w xssd o os ( Φ ) ad salas ( ). sala a oal (oa) s o o b osd w olx b () Φ Φ w oals (Φ) ad () wll b sow o bo ad sl loa xssos..8 xd a 3-Vo o a Vo-Sala bd a 3 oa a o sa- s ad oals oo ad Lal oa a b ald o a sal o ad s os aal sala. o w o s b aowldd a so-alld o oal () s o a oal l ss b a a o a as ald xsso q. s xsso a a b sd as a sa o do o wol s o sal obsabl ad sal o-obsabl. aoal o () w xdd o oo bos. aa a osss o Lal Sd () s ass (). s o bos s w lld w Lal Sd Φ Vola U o a o. os d o o oo U s qal o las o a ass. la o a ols s o s o a o oo Ã. Vola o o ad s osd as a. s ow obos a o () qals o ba a Vo oal. w Vola oal oo (Φ) lld w s oo () s -lx Φ s ow s aa a xsso o loa ow s s b dd w ss. a a b s w oad w a al-lx ad as. o do so w d dal als o ass () ad al ds () o dal als U s ow lx a aa a xsso o aal ow s s a las oll ss ad osods o las loa ss. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
.9 Lal s ad Flx o obabls l oo oal Φ ad s dal a oo oal Φ dd so.7 a sl a olx obls. o s ow sa b w a abl ( ) s o F S osa () ad os daal sal osas ( & ) Lal Sd () ad Lal oda ao s o Φ. sad o d a w o o () w s ll xsso Φ Φ Φ s do od as d ass a b dod las qal. ds ( ) s a sod od saal da o a oo oal (Î). las qao ds o o obabl ds () qa as. o s a a o-o od. o s sla l () b a oalsd wa o asd [ -3 ]. obabl qa as asd [z ] ads W asod o oao ba o a o ad wa o o a oao. ass () s a ad qa s as a (q) ad wll sla-obls. O ossbl solo s o o o q o a o ds w s qal o a a lx [Ks ]. o dl s ad dal o loa (q) ad aal () loo a obabl lxs [z ] dd o a Fq oals q ad λ q χ χ χ χ Fo oss s loa ds oao s oalsd b (χ χ)(q) b o as al obabl ds ( )(). o ao sa a Qa ss ds los a axwll s ss. dl o s (q ) ad ( ) ld qaos s llsad ad d. Nal lx ( ) ad ad lx ( q ) s bo dabl o a Fq oal (). wo w q oals q ad λ la a (q) o a wal (λ)! oo o Qa as s ow s. W sbsql d a a s s o b oad o o oao qa as - w s also a olx oao oa o a olx oad. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
. olob s oal o la s Qa o o olob Sala oal ( ) was dsod a bo la s o - ad sbsq dlo o Qa ss. W olob oal s xdd o daal ad las s s ow as Lad-W Sala oal. o d o w d a sala q ad a o q bo wll dd o ( >) 4 4 F S osa () s s o o olob oal o la s oo. Kaa () s a oalsd oso o ad ba s lo ao. xd lo-ao o a oo s aa a sala ad o oals a b obd o a Vo-Sala-bd s ll () w () ad add (). s wll dd olob oo oal Φ Φ W a dd olob oo oal (Φ) o a xsso ol ol Fq oo ( ) ad daal osas. λ. olob s oal o s s & o lassal ads o lo a ( o -) s. a a so s ads! owld a s ads s dd o o o a b als qall o ad ad ad sas o a. Sala ad Vo olob oals a dd o ( ) ad o () as sow Φ oals a s (>). W old a lassal ads ( ) s ads w ao s os bod ao o la a () qso. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
. oal () dd o oal L () F S osa s sall qal o o Lal ssa ( ) b wa o daal osas () () ad () as s xsso. W b o d a w oo () a sal dso o oal l. W do so b ll o al oo oal () w ao. s ds a w o () ad a sala (ω) ω ω o llsa w a xal 4 s olob oal asoao wold b ad ω. ao w o () ad () s obad w xssd o () & (ω) ω oo d o () as a sal dso o oal aa. W a s d () ad a la o old d a (). a s ( ) Lal s ( ) ad oo Fo (dd so 3.) a o a ss o w xssd o () ad (ω) 8 4 ω 4 obsa ad wll a od a l ad a lds a b oalsd w o Qa o xa-la Flx ( ds) o. s s aoda w a a doa o ao o l ad a lds a xa-la o ao o -ao..3 s o loa Flds ad Flxs as s o aos o s o d as o loa s ( & ). a wll s al xsso o oal ad o aal dss. L s sa w ollow dos Lal-Sd () Lal-oda ( ) Lal-ssa w al dd so. sll w a o o as bo s all-oda s all-ssa ad () s F S osa. a o o 8 osas ( ) abls s o xss a loa sa w salls ao o osas. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
.4 ad o aso w loa s o la wa a oo loas sads o l s w wo os ola o ods o l dsla ( ) asd [ ] ad a ( ) s o xssos sow ds o loa lds ( ). o a sll-b loo oa w sx s o xdd s o axwll s qao o So. γ γ Ol s s s wdl ow - s ( ) wl las ( γ ) s ll zo b Faada-axwll qao. sd dda Lal oool ( γ ) o s o w ad q ss. Now ala oss od o all ossbl as o l ad a s Fo S.3 w a s a dss w ( - ) o s ads o Lal s ( ) aas w axwll s qao a xssd s o lds () ad () ol Lal s s s ad a w sa s o a a o S.9. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.
.5 O s law xdd o oos a a () W ds o () s xdd o a oo lo a b a aal osa w a b lzd o saalz aabl s ad o ob loa ad losa oals o a o-sala bd w s o as sd b oo Φ. Now xdd oals o ld al s Τ q q Φ Φ λ λ τ τ ( ) s o-oal slo ad (τ ) s bw ollsos o all as. o sl xssos w a dd a w ollso dsa λ τ ad a w sala ( ) loa ss Τ Τ w sbs s o all ad oals. q Φ Φ Φ Φ s sa a s oo sl o b! w a a aad o d a daal ad dssa ss (q) o wo xssos ol ol o sal osa ( ) ad ol o all ad 4-oal (Φ )! sala a o o wl obad xso o O s-law s d ad all obl xsso o l a od ( ) - w asl oba τ W a xd ol a o d τ - ad dslad a oo bw ass () ad a (). o wods a s assd zo a ls a zo ass ad al a sal ossbl! ll ow as a so ass. zo a a also b aad sa ds o. a wold os a oall al. W a s bo a a () s a s obl ( - ). a s s o. S- o d s [sla] s as o a Flx s l. a () ad () ol a o as Vo ad Sala a Flx s. L s saz lo W a ood O s Law o Vo-Sala oa o oos - ad dsod a w da O s Law s o a ds o od. ðla Ks Óasso 3..6 ss o o 999-6 () o%nl Sss.