Invariant Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups Dennis Barrett Geometry and Geometric Control (GGC) Research Group Department of Mathematics (Pure and Applied) Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape Postgraduate Seminar in Mathematics NMMU, Port Elizabeth, 12 13 September 2014 Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 1 / 19
Introduction The mathematics of (continuous, dynamic) optimisation considered by Newton, Euler, Lagrange, Hamilton, Gauss, etc. significant developments: calculus of variations (18th & 19th century) Pontrygin s Maximum Principle (1950s) modern geometric treatments (1930s present) Original motivation Nature does nothing in vain, and more is in vain when less will serve. Newton If there occurs some change in nature, the amount of action necessary for this change must be as small as possible. Maupertuis s Principle of Least Action Nature always acts in the shortest way. Fermat Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 2 / 19
Outline 1 Classical approach: the calculus of variations 2 Geometric approach: invariant Riemannian structures on Lie groups 3 Constrained systems Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 3 / 19
Outline 1 Classical approach: the calculus of variations 2 Geometric approach: invariant Riemannian structures on Lie groups 3 Constrained systems Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 4 / 19
Lagrangian systems on smooth manifolds Ingredients Configuration space M n-dimensional smooth manifold (q i ) coordinates on M; (q i, v i ) induced coordinates on T M Lagrangian function L : T M R assumed to be regular: velocity Hessian [ ] 2 L v i v j is nonsingular Action functional L [γ] = b a L(γ(t), γ(t)) dt, where γ : [a, b] M Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 5 / 19
Extremal curves Hamilton s Principle A curve γ : [a, b] M is called an extremal if δl [γ] 0 a minimiser if γ minimises L Here δl [γ] = differential of L at γ {minimisers} {extremals} Euler-Lagrange equations d L (γ, γ) L (γ, γ) = 0, dt v i q i i = 1,..., n system of second-order ODEs necessary for minimisers; necessary and sufficient for extremals Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 6 / 19
Example: brachistochrone problem A Γ B Description a bead moves along a curve γ from A to B subject to gravity what shape should γ be to minimise the travel time of the bead? posed by Johann Bernoulli (1696) solved by Newton, Leibniz, L Hôpital, Jakob Bernoulli and Tschirnhaus Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 7 / 19
In terms of the calculus of variations let ds = element of arclength along γ, v = ds dt we wish to minimise travel time along γ: T = γ dt conservation of energy: 1 2 mv 2 = mgy v = 2gy then v = ds dt and ds2 = dx 2 + dy 2 gives v dt = ds = dx 2 + dy 2 = 1 + (dy/dx) 2 dx therefore T = γ ds xb v = x A 1 + (dy/dx) 2 2gy dx Action functional for the brachistochrone problem xb 1 + (dy/dx) 2 T [y] = dx (extremal curves are cycloids) 2gy x A Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 8 / 19
Outline 1 Classical approach: the calculus of variations 2 Geometric approach: invariant Riemannian structures on Lie groups 3 Constrained systems Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 9 / 19
Tangent bundle and second tangent bundle G Lie group g = T 1 G Lie algebra Tangent bundle T G trivialisable: T G = G g natural projection: τ G : (g, X ) g g T g G τ G T G G Second tangent bundle T (T G) trivialisable: T (T G) = T (G g) = (G g) (g g) two natural projections: τ T G : (g, A; X, B) (g, X ) T τ G : (g, A; X, B) (g, A) Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 10 / 19
Second order differential equations Semisprays A smooth map Z : T G T (T G) is called a semispray if τ T G Z = id and T τ G Z = id geometric representation of second order ODE Z(g, X ) = (g, X ; X, z(g, X )) if g( ) : [a, b] G, then ġ(t) = (g(t), X (t)) (for some X ( ) : [a, b] g) g(t) = (g(t), X (t); X (t), Ẋ (t)) g( ) is a solution of a semispray Z if g(t) = Z(ġ(t)), i.e., Ẋ (t) = z(g(t), X (t)) Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 11 / 19
Symplectic structures on T G A symplectic form on T G ω : X(T G) X(T G) C (T G) C (T G)-bilinear skew-symmetric: ω(w, Z) = ω(z, W ) nondegenerate: if ω(w, Z) = 0 for every Z, then W = 0 Poincaré-Cartan 2-form ω L induced by a Lagrangian function L ω L symplectic L regular Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 12 / 19
Invariant Lagrangian systems on Lie groups Ingredients Configuration space G n-dimensional connected (matrix) Lie group Lie algebra g = T 1 G Lagrangian function L : T G R, L(g, X ) = 1 2 G g ((g, X ), (g, X )) G is a Riemannian metric: G g : T g G T g G R is a positive definite inner product on T g G, for every g G. G is left invariant: G g ((g, X ), (g, Y )) = G 1 (X, Y ) Left invariance = L(g, X ) = L(X ) = 1 2 G 1(X, X ). Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 13 / 19
The Euler-Lagrange vector field Ξ X(T G) is called an Euler-Lagrange vector field if ω L (Ξ, Z) = dl(z) for every Z X(T G) unique (since ω L nondegenerate) Ξ is a semispray: Ξ(g, X ) = (g, X ; X, ξ(g, X )) ξ is left invariant: ξ(g, X ) = ξ(x ) g( ) is a solution of Ξ g( ) satisfies E-L equations Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 14 / 19
Explicit expression for the E-L vector field Adjoint map ad A : g g, ad A B = [A, B] (A g) [, ] is the Lie bracket in g let ad A be the G 1-adjoint of ad A, i.e., G 1 (ad A B, C) = G 1(B, ad A C), A, B, C g Euler-Lagrange vector field Ξ(g, X ) = (g, X ; X, ad X X ) let g( ) : [a, b] G with ġ(t) = (g(t), X (t)) g( ) is an extremal Ẋ (t) = ad X (t) X (t). Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 15 / 19
Example: motion of a rigid body Lagrangian system Configuration space G = SO(3) SO(3) = {g R 3 3 : g g = 1} Lie algebra: so(3) = {X R 3 3 : X + X = 0} Lagrangian function L : T SO(3) R L(X ) = 1 2 (J 1x 2 1 + J 2x 2 2 + J 3x 2 3 ) Euler-Lagrange vector field J 0 2 x 3 ad X = J 1x 3 J 1 J 3x 2 J 1 J J 2 0 3 x 1 J 2 J 1 x 2 J 3 J 2x 1 J 3 0 (J i moments of inertia ) = ξ(x ) = J 1 x 2 x 3 J 3 J 1 J 2 x 1 x 3 J 1 J 2 J 3 x 1 x 2 J 2 J 3 Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 16 / 19
Example: motion of a rigid body, cont d Finding the extremals first solve the reduced equations of motion: ẋ 1 = J 2 J 3 J 1 x 2 x 3 ẋ 2 = J 3 J 1 J 2 x 1 x 3 ẋ 3 = J 1 J 2 J 3 x 1 x 2 need to recover the extremal g( ) from X ( ) this amounts to solving the reconstruction equation ġ(t) = g(t)x (t) Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 17 / 19
Outline 1 Classical approach: the calculus of variations 2 Geometric approach: invariant Riemannian structures on Lie groups 3 Constrained systems Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 18 / 19
Constrained systems What are constraints? classically: f k (g, X ) = 0, k = 1,..., m geometrically: m-dim submanifold of T G Types integrable: constraints on position nonintegrable: constraints on velocity Dynamics of systems with nonintegrable constraints nonholonomic mechanics Lagrange-D Alembert Principle extremals are straightest curves correct approach for physical systems obeying Newton s law vakonomic mechanics variational principle extremals are shortest curves main examples: sub-riemannian geometry, optimal control theory Dennis Barrett (Rhodes) Lagrangian Systems on Lie Groups PG Sem. Math. 2014 19 / 19