Enhancing sensitivity of gravitational wave antennas, such as LIGO, via light-atom interaction

Enhancing sensitivity of gravitational wave antennas, such as LIGO, via light-atom interaction Eugeniy E. Mikhailov The College of William & Mary, USA New Laser Scientists, 4 October 04 Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 / 8

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory L = 4 km h 0 3 L 0 0 m Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 3 / 8

LIGO sensitivity, S5 run, June 006 e-6 e-7 e-8 Strain Sensitivity for the LIGO Interferometers S5 Performance - June 006 LIGO-G06093-0-Z LHO 4km - (006.03.3) S5: Binary Inspiral Range (.4/.4 Msun) = 4.5 Mpc LLO 4km - (006.06.04) S5: Binary Inspiral Range (.4/.4 Msun) = 5. Mpc LHO km - (006.06.8) S5: Binary Inspiral Range (.4/.4 Msun) = 7.4 Mpc LIGO I SRD Goal, 4km h[f], /Sqrt[Hz] e-9 e-0 e- e- e-3 e-4 0 00 000 0000 Frequency [Hz] Inspiral search range during S5 is 4Mpc Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 0 / 8

Upgrade to advanced LIGO Goals How Factor of 5 increase in sensitivity inspiral range from 0 Mpc to 350 Mpc Factor of 3000 in event rate One day > entire -year initial data run better seismic isolation decreasing thermal noise higher laser power injection of squeezed state Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 / 8

Squeezed quantum states zoo Unsqueezed coherent φ φ Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 3 / 8

Squeezed quantum states zoo Unsqueezed coherent Amplitude squeezed φ φ φ Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 3 / 8

Squeezed quantum states zoo Unsqueezed coherent Amplitude squeezed φ φ φ Phase squeezed φ Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 3 / 8

Squeezed quantum states zoo Unsqueezed coherent Amplitude squeezed φ φ θ Phase squeezed Vacuum squeezed φ θ Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 3 / 8

Squeezing and interferometer Vacuum input laser Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 4 / 8

Squeezing and interferometer Vacuum input Squeezed input laser laser Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 4 / 8

Limiting noise - Quantum Optical noise Next generation of LIGO will be quantum optical noise limited at almost all detection frequencies. shot noise Uncertainty in number of photons h P () Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 6 / 8

Limiting noise - Quantum Optical noise Next generation of LIGO will be quantum optical noise limited at almost all detection frequencies. shot noise Uncertainty in number of photons h P () radiation pressure noise Photons impart momentum to mirrors P h M f 4 () Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 6 / 8

Limiting noise - Quantum Optical noise Next generation of LIGO will be quantum optical noise limited at almost all detection frequencies. shot noise Uncertainty in number of photons h P () radiation pressure noise Photons impart momentum to mirrors P h M f 4 () There is no optimal light power to suit all detection frequency. Optimal power depends on desired detection frequency. Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 6 / 8

Interferometer sensitivity improvement with squeezing Projected advanced LIGO sensitivity F. Ya. Khalili Phys. Rev. D 8, 00 (00) Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 7 / 8

Squeezing and detection noise quadratures Noise vs quadrature angle θ Noise (db) 8 7 6 5 4 3 0 - - 4 6 8 0 Quadrature angle (Arb.Units) Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 8 / 8

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) filter Probe transparency dependence on its detuning. a Transparency [Arb. Unit] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0. ω p 0-00 -50 0 50 00 Probe detuning [Arb. Unit] c b ω bc Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 9 / 8

Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) filter Probe transparency dependence on its detuning. a Probe transparency dependence on its detuning. Transparency [Arb. Unit] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0. ω p ω d Transparency [Arb. Unit] 0.8 0.6 0.4 0. 0-00 -50 0 50 00 Probe detuning [Arb. Unit] b ω bc c 0-00 -50 0 50 00 Probe detuning [Arb. Unit] Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 9 / 8

Squeezing and EIT filter ( V out V out ) ( A = + A A A + ) ( V in V in ) [ ( )] ( + A + + A ) A ± = (T + ± T ) a ω p ω d c b ω bc Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 0 / 8

Squeezing and EIT filter ( V out V out ) ( A = + A A A + ) ( V in V in ) [ ( )] ( + A + + A ) A ± = (T + ± T ) a ω p ω d c b ω bc Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 0 / 8

Squeezing and EIT filter ( V out V out ) ( A = + A A A + ) ( V in V in ) [ ( )] ( + A + + A ) A ± = (T + ± T ) a ω p ω d c b ω bc Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 0 / 8

Squeezing and EIT filter ( V out V out ) ( A = + A A A + ) ( V in V in ) [ ( )] ( + A + + A ) A ± = (T + ± T ) a ω p ω d c b ω bc Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 0 / 8

Squeezing and EIT filter setup Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 / 8

Squeezing and EIT filter setup Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 / 8

EIT filter and measurements without light Transmission (Arb. Units) 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.5 - -.5 - -0.5 0 0.5.5 Noise Frequency (MHz) Signal in the noise quadratures Coherent signal ωp b ω bc a ω d c 4 4 0 0 8 8 6 6 4 4 0 0 - - -4-4 0 0.5.5 0 0.5.5 Noise Frequency (MHz) Noise Frequency (MHz) Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 / 8 Noise power (dbm) Noise power (dbm)

Wide EIT filter and squeezing a ωp Peak ω d transmission = 5% b ω bc c FWHM= 4MHz 0 Input anti-squeezed noise Noise power (db) 8 6 4 0 (i) attenuated (iii) (v) (vi) (iv) (ii) 0.5.0.5 Noise frequency (MHz).0 Calculated anti-squeezed Measured anti-squeezed Measured squeezed noise Calculated squeezed noise Input squeezed noise Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 3 / 8

Narrow EIT filter and squeezing a ωp Peak ω d transmission = 50% b ω bc c FWHM= MHz 0 Input anti-squeezed noise Noise power (db) 8 6 4 0 filtered (iii) (v) (vi) (iv) (ii) 0.5.0.5.0 Noise frequency (MHz) (i) Calculated anti-squeezed Measured anti-squeezed Measured squeezed noise Calculated squeezed noise Input squeezed noise Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 4 / 8

Squeezing angle rotation θ θ ( V out V out ) = Locked at 300kHz ( cos ϕ + sin ϕ + sin ϕ + cos ϕ + ) ( A + A A A + ) ( V in V in Locked at 00kHz ) [ ( )] ( + A + + A ) Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 6 / 8

Summary It is possible to boost sensitivity of gravitational wave antennas via light-atom interaction. Proposed work narrow EIT resonance/filter maintain high transmission match squeezing filter to LIGO λ = 064 nm find atomic media which is resonant to 064 nm use existing methods to up convert atom-filtered squeezing λ from 795 nm to 064 nm Eugeniy E. Mikhailov (W&M) Sensitivity boost with light-atom interaction New Laser Scientists, 04 7 / 8