. Lines. True. True. If the slope of a line is undefined, the line is vertical. 7. The point-slope form of the equation of a line x, y is with slope m containing the point ( ) y y = m ( x x ). Chapter Linear Equations 9. A = (, ); B = (6, ); C = (, ); D = (, ) E = (, ); F = (, ); G = (6, ) H = (, 0). The set of points of the form, (, y), where y is a real number, is a vertical line passing through on the x-axis. The equation of the line is x =.. y = x + x y. x y = 6 x y 0 0 8 0 0 6 0 0 7. a. The vertical line containing the point (, ) is x =. b. The horizontal line containing the point (, ) is y =. c. y+ = ( x ) y+ = x 0 = x y The line with a slope of containing the point (, ) is x y =. 9. a. The vertical line containing the point (, ) is x =. b. The horizontal line containing the point (, ) is y =. c. y = ( x+ ) y = x+ 0 = x y The line with a slope of containing the point (, ) is x y =.. a. The vertical line containing the point (0, ) is x = 0. b. The horizontal line containing the point (0, ) is y =. c. y = x = x y The line with a slope of containing the point (0, ) is x y =. 0. m = = = x x 0 We interpret the slope to mean that for every unit change in x, y changes unit. That is, for every units x increases, y increases by unit.
Chapter Linear Equations. m = = = x x We interpret the slope to mean that for every unit change in x, y changes by unit. That is, for every unit increase in x, y decreases by unit. 0 7. m = = = = x x A slope of means that for every unit change in x, y will change units.. 7. 9. 9. m = = = = x x ( ) A slope of means that for every unit increase in x, y will decrease unit.. ( ) ( ) 0. m = = = = 0 x x ( ) A slope of zero indicates that regardless of how x changes, y remains constant. ( ). m = = = x x ( ) ( ) 0 The slope is not defined.. Use the points (0, 0) and (, ) to compute the slope of the line: 0 m = = = x x 0 Since the y-intercept, (0, 0), is given, use the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line: 0 y = x Then write the general form of the equation: x y = 0.. Use the points (, ) and (, ) to compute the slope of the line: m = = = = x x ( ) Now use the point (, ) and the slope m = to write the point-slope form of the equation of the line: y y = m( x x) y = ( )( x ) y = x+ x+ y = This is the general form of the equation.
. Lines 7. Since the slope and a point are given, use the point-slope form of the line: y y = m( x x) y = ( x ( ) ) y = x+ 8 x y = 9 This is the general form of the equation. 9. Since the slope and a point are given, use the point-slope form of the line: y y = m( x x) y ( ) = ( x ) y+ = ( x ) y+ = x+ x+ y = This is the general form of the equation.. Since we are given two points, (, ) and (, ), first find the slope. m = = ( ) Then use the slope, one of the points, (, ), and the point-slope form of the line: y y = m( x x) y = ( x ) y 6= x x y = This is the general form of the equation.. Since we are given the slope m = and the y-intercept (0, ), we use the slope-intercept form of the line: y = mx+ b x+ y = This is the general form of the equation.. We are given the slope m = and the x-intercept (, 0), so we use the point-slope form of the line: y y = m( x x) y 0= ( x ( ) ) x y = This is the general form of the equation. 7. We are given the slope m = and the point (0, 0), which is the y-intercept. So, we use the slope-intercept form of the line. y = mx+ b 0 y = x x y = 0 This is the general form of the equation. 9. We are given two points, the x-intercept (, 0) and the y-intercept (0, ), so we need to find the slope and then use the slope-intercept form of the line to get the equation. 0 ( ) slope = = 0 y = mx+ b y = x y = x x y = This is the general form of the equation. 6. Since the slope is undefined, the line is vertical. The equation of the vertical line containing the point (, ) is x =. 6. Since the slope = 0, the line is horizontal. The equation of the horizontal line containing the point (, ) is y =. 6. y = x + slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) 67. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we transform the equation into its slope-intercept form by solving for y. y = x y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, )
Chapter Linear Equations 69. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we transform the equation into its slope-intercept form by solving for y. x y = 6 y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) 7. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we transform the equation into its slope-intercept form by solving for y. x+ y = slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) 7. The slope is not defined; there is no y- intercept. So the graph is a vertical line. 79. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we transform the equation into its slope-intercept form by solving for y. y x = 0 y = x y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, 0) 8. To graph an equation on a graphing utility, first solve the equation for y..x+ 0.8y = 0.8y =.x+ y =.x+. Window: Xmin = 0; Xmax = 0 Ymin = 0; Ymax = 0 7. slope: m = 0; y-intercept: (0, ) 77. To obtain the slope and y-intercept, we transform the equation into its slope-intercept form by solving for y. y x = 0 y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, 0) The x-intercept is (.67, 0). The y-intercept is (0,.0). 8. To graph an equation on a graphing utility, first solve the equation for y. x y = y = x 7 y = x = x Window: Xmin = 0; Xmax = 0 Ymin = 0; Ymax = 0 The x-intercept is (., 0). The y-intercept is (0,.).
. Lines 8. To graph an equation on a graphing utility, first solve the equation for y. 6 x+ y = 7 6 7 6 y = x+ = x+ 6 7 9 Window: Xmin = 0; Xmax = 0 Ymin = 0; Ymax = 0 The x-intercept is (.8, 0). The y-intercept is (0,.6). 87. To graph an equation on a graphing utility, first solve the equation for y. π x y = 6 y = π x 6 π y = x Window: Xmin = 0; Xmax = 0 Ymin = 0; Ymax = 0 The x-intercept is (0.78, 0). The y-intercept is (0,.). The y-intercept is (0,.). 89. The graph passes through the points (0, 0) and (, 8). We use the points to find the slope of the line: 8 0 8 m = = = = x x 0 The y-intercept (0, 0) is given, so we use the y-intercept and the slope m =, to obtain the slope-intercept form of the line. y = mx+ b 0 y = x This is choice (b). 9. The graph passes through the points (0, 0) and (, 8). We use the points to find the slope of the line: 8 0 8 m = = = = x x 0 The y-intercept (0, 0) is given, so we use the y-intercept and the slope m =, to obtain the slope-intercept form of the line. y = mx+ b 0 y = x This is choice (d). 9. Using the intercepts (, 0) and (0, ), 0 m = = = = x x 0 ( ) Slope-intercept form: y = x + General form: x y = 9. Using the intercepts (, 0) and (0, ), 0 m = = = = x x 0 Slope-intercept form: General form: y = x+ y = x+ x+ y = 97. a. The equation is C = 0.x, where x is the number of miles the car is driven. b. x =,000 C = 0.(,000) = 800 It costs $800 to drive the car,000 miles. c. d. For every unit increase in x, the number of miles driven, C, the cost, increases by 0.x. This represents the additional cost of driving a standard-sized car another mile.
6 Chapter Linear Equations 99. a. The fixed cost of electricity for the month is $8.. In addition, the electricity costs $0.08 (0.8 cents) for every kilowatthour (KWH) used. If x represents the number of KWH of electricity used in a month, the total monthly charge is represented by the equation C = 0.08x+ 8., 0 x 00. b. c. The charge for using 00 KWH of electricity is found by substituting 00 for x in part (a): C = 0.08( 00) + 8. = 0.8 + 8. = 8.668 $8.67 d. The charge for using 00 KWH of electricity is found by substituting 00 for x in part (a): C = 0.08( 00) + 8. =. + 8. = 9. $9. e. The slope of the line, m = 0.08, indicates that for every extra KWH used (up to 00 KWH), the electric bill increases by 0.8 cents. 0. a. Since we are told the relationship is linear, we will use the two points to get the slope of the line: C C 00 0 00 m = = = = F F 80 9 We use the point (0, ) and the fact that the slope is to obtain the point-slope form of 9 the equation. C C = m( F F ) C 0= ( F ) 9 C = ( F ) 9 b. To find the Celsius measure of 68 ºF, substitute 68 for F in the equation and simplify: C = ( 68 ) = 0 9 0. a. If t = 0 represents December, then January 0 is represented by t = 0. Use the points (0, 0.7) and (0, 0.) to find the slope of the equation. 0. 0.7. m = = = 0.067 0 0 0 We will use the slope and the point (0, 0.7) to write the point-slope form of the equation. A 0.7 = 0.067 ( t 0) A = 0.067t + 0.7 b. A = 0.067(0) + 0.7 = 0.67. On December, 009 there were 0.67 billion gallons of water in the reservoir. c. The slope indicates that the reservoir gains 0.067 billion (or 6.7 million) gallons of water a day. d. A = 0.067() + 0.7 = 0.67. The model predicts that there will be 0.67 billion gallons of water in the reservoir on January, 00. e. The reservoir will be full when A = 6.. 0.067t + 0.7 = 6. 0.067t = 6.8 t 86. The reservoir will be full after day 86, or about 9. years. 0. a. When x = 0, that is in 006, S = 000 0 + 80,000 = $80,000 ( ) b. When x =, that is in 009, S = 000 + 80,000 = $9,000 ( ) c. If the trend continues, sales in 0 should be equal to S when x = 6, S = 000( 6) + 80,000 S = $0, 000 d. If the trend continues, sales in 0 should be equal to S when x = 9. S = 000( 9) + 80, 000 S = $,000 07. a. Writing % as a decimal, % = 0.0, we form the equation S = 0.0x + 00. b. If x = $000.00, then Dan s earnings will be S = 0.0(000) + 00 = 00 + 00 = $600.
c. Let S equal the median earnings, and solve for x. 87. = 0.0x + 00 7. = 0.0x 96. = x Dan would need to have sales that generate $96.0 in profit to earn the median amount. 09. a. Since the rate of increase is constant, we use the points to find the slope of the line. S S 96 7 m = = = =. t t 009 999 0 Then we choose a point, say (999, 7), and write the point-slope form of the line. S S = m( t t) S 7 =.( t 999) S =.( t 999) + 7 S =.t 7.9 b. If the trend continues, in 0, S =.( 0) 7.9 = 00. The projected SAT mathematics score is about 00.. a. Since we assume the rate of increase is constant, we use the points to find the slope of a line. P P 9.. m = = = = 0. t t 008 998 0 Now we choose a point, say (., 998), and write the point-slope form of the line. P P = m( t t) P. = 0.( t 998) P = 0.( t 998) +. P = 0.t 97.6 b. To find the predicted percentage of people who will have a bachelor s degree, let t = 0. P = 0.(0) 97.6 = 0.9 By 0 it is predicted that 0.9% of people over years of age will have a bachelor s degree or higher. c. The slope is the annual average increase in the percentage of people over years of age who have a bachelor s degree or higher. For every unit change in the year t, P increases by 0... a. Since the cost of the houses is linear, we first use the points to find the slope of the line. C C 88, 80 9,8 m = = = 6 t t 009 008 Next, choose a point, say (008, 98), and write the point slope form of the line. ( ) ( t ) ( t ). Lines 7 C C = m t t C 9,8 = 6 008 C = 6 008 + 9,8 C = 6t+,,67 b. The projected average cost of a house in 0 is found by letting t = 0 in the equation. C = 6 0 +,,67 = $7,9 ( ). a. First we find the slope of the line. S S 6.908.09 m = = = 0.87 t t 008 007 Then we use the point (007,.09) to write the point-slope form of the equation of the line. S S = m( t t) S.09 = 0.87( t 007) S = 0.87( t 007) +.09 S = 0.87t 0,77.68 b. S = 0.87 ( 0) 0,77.68 = 7.9 The model predicts that the total sales and other operating income for Chevron Corporation will be $7.9 billion in 0. 7. a. If the Smiths drive x miles in a year, and their car averages 7 miles per gallon of gasoline, then they will use about 7 x gallons of gasoline per year. In 00, the Smith s annual fuel cost is given by x.79 C.79 = = x 0.6 x. 7 7 b. In 009, the Smiths annual fuel cost is given x.87 by C.87 = = x 0.086 x. 7 7 c. Assuming that the Smiths drove,000 miles, their fuel cost in 00 was, 000 C =.79 $7. 7 d. Assuming that the Smiths drove,000 miles, their fuel cost in 009 was,000 C =.87 $60. 7 e. The difference in the annual costs is about $7 $60 = $787. The Smiths spend $787 more at the 00 price than at the 009 price.
8 Chapter Linear Equations 9. a. First we compute the slope of the line. N N 7. 9.7 m = = t t 0 9.8 = 6. Then we use the slope and the point (0, 9.7) to write the point-slope form of the line. N N = m( t t) N 9.7 = 6.( t 0) N = 6.t+ 9.7 b. The slope indicates that credit and debit cards in force are increasing at an average rate of 6. million cards per year. c. In 0, t =, and N = 6.() + 9.7 = 76. There will be an estimated.76 billion credit cards in force at the end of the first quarter of 0. d. To estimate the year that the number of credit cards will first exceed. billion, let N = 00 (since the equation is written in millions), and solve for t. 00 = 6.t + 9.7. = 6.t. t = 8. 6. Since t = 0 represented the year 006, t = 8. is in the year 0. The number of credit and debit cards will surpass. billion in 0.. From the graph we can see that the line has a negative slope and a y-intercept of the form (0, b) where b is a positive number. Put each of the equations into slope-intercept form and choose those with negative slope and positive y-intercept. (a) (c) (f) (g) 0. A vertical line cannot be written in slopeintercept form since its slope is not defined.. Two lines that have equal slopes and equal y-intercepts have equivalent equations and identical graphs. 7. If two lines have the same slope, but different x-intercepts, they cannot have the same y-intercept. If Line has x-intercept (a, 0) and Line has x-intercept (c, 0), but both have the same slope m, write the equation of each line using the point-slope form then change them to slope-intercept form and compare the y-intercepts: Line : y 0 = m( x a) y = mx ma y-intercept is (0, ma) Line : y 0 = m( x c) y = mx mc y-intercept is (0, mc) 9. The line y = 0 has infinitely many x-intercepts, so yes, a line can have two distinct x-intercepts or a line can have infinitely many x-intercepts.. monter (t.v.) to go up; to ascend, to mount; to climb; to embark; to rise, to slope up, to be uphill; to grow up; to shoot; to increase. (source: Cassell s French Dictionary). We use m to represent slope. The French verb monter means to rise, to climb or to slope up.. Pairs of Lines. parallel. To determine whether the pair of lines is parallel, coincident, or intersecting, rewrite each equation in slope-intercept form, compare their slopes, and, if necessary, compare their y- intercepts. L : x+ y = 0 0 slope: m= ; y-intercept: (0, 0) M : x+ y = 6 y = x+ 6 slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) The slopes of the two lines are the same, but the y-intercepts are different, so the lines are parallel.. To determine whether the pair of lines is parallel, coincident, or intersecting, rewrite each equation in slope-intercept form, compare their slopes, and, if necessary, compare their y-intercepts. L : x+ y = y = x+ slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) M : x y = 8 y = x+ 8 y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) The slopes of the two lines are the different, so the lines intersect.
. Pairs of Lines 9 7. To determine whether the pair of lines is parallel, coincident, or intersecting, rewrite each equation in slope-intercept form, compare their slopes, and, if necessary, compare their y-intercepts. L : x+ y = slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) M : x y = y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) Since both the slopes and the y-intercepts of the two lines are the same, the lines are coincident. 9. To determine whether the pair of lines is parallel, coincident, or intersecting, rewrite each equation in slope-intercept form, compare their slopes, and, if necessary, compare their y- intercepts. L: x y = 8 y = x 8 8 slope: m = ; y-intercept: 8 0, M : 6x 9y = 9y = 6x 9 slope: m = ; y-intercept: 0, 9 The slopes of the two lines are the same, but the y-intercepts are different, so the lines are parallel.. To determine whether the pair of lines is parallel, coincident, or intersecting, rewrite each equation in slope-intercept form, compare their slopes, and, if necessary, compare their y- intercepts. L: x y = y = x+ y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: 0, M : x y = y = x slope: m = ; y-intercept: (0, ) The slopes of the two lines are the different, so the lines intersect.. L: x = ; slope: not defined; no y-intercept M: y = ; slope: m = 0, y-intercept: (0, ) Since the slopes of the two lines are different, the lines intersect.. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form. L: x+ y = M : x y = 7 y = x 7 Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. x + = x 7 = x x = 0 0 0 0 y 0 = () + = The point of intersection is (, ). 7. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form. L: x y = M : x+ y = 7 y = x 7 Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. x0 = x0 + 7 x = 9 x = 0 0 y 0 = = The point of intersection is (, ).
0 Chapter Linear Equations 9. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form. L: x+ y = M : x y = y = x Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. x0 + = x0 = x0 x = 0 y 0 = () + = 0 The point of intersection is (, 0). Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. x0 + = x0 x0 + = 6x0 9x = 9 x = 0 0 ( ) y 0 = = The point of intersection is (, ).. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form. L: x y = M : x+ y = y = x Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. x0 = x0 + x0 = x0 + 8 x0 = 0 x = 0 y 0 = () + = The point of intersection is (, ).. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form. L: x y = M : x+ y = y = x. L is the vertical line on which the x-value is always. M is the horizontal line on which y- value is always. The point of intersection is (, ). 7. L is parallel to y = x, so the slope of L is m =. We are given the point (, ) on line L. Use the point-slope form of the line. y y = m( x x) y = ( x ) y = x 6 slope-intercept form: y = x general form: x y = 9. We want a line parallel to y = x. So our line will have slope m =. It must also contain the point (, ). Use the point slope form of the equation of a line: y y = m( x x) y = ( x+ ) y = x+ slope-intercept form: 6 general form: x y = 6
. Pairs of Lines. We want a line parallel to x y =. Find the slope of the line and use the given point, (0, 0) to obtain the equation. Since the y-intercept (0, 0) is given, use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line. Original line: x y = m = Parallel line: y = mx+ b 0 y = x general form: x y = 0. We want a line parallel to the line x =. This is a vertical line so the slope is not defined. A parallel line will also be vertical, and it must contain the point (, ). The parallel line will have the equation x =.. To find the equation of the line, we must first find the slope of the line containing the points (, 9) and (, 0): 9 ( 0) 9 9 m = = = = x x ( ) The slope of a line parallel to the line containing 9 these points is also. Use the slope and the point (, ) to write the point-slope form of the parallel line. y y = m( x x) 9 y+ = ( x+ ) Solve for y to get the slope-intercept form: 9 8 9 6 y = x y = x Multiply both sides by and rearrange terms to obtain the general form of the equation: 9x+ y = 6 7. We will let x = the number of caramels the box of candy, and y = the number of creams in the box of candy. Since there are a total of 0 pieces of candy in a box, we have x + y = 0, or y = 0 x. Each caramel costs $0.0 to make, and each cream costs $0.0 to make. So, the cost of making a box of candy is given by the equation: C = 0.x+ 0.y = 0.x+ 0.(0 x) The box of candy sells for $8.00. So to break even, we need R = C 8 = 0.x+ 0.(0 x) 8 = 0.x+ 0 0.x 8= 0 0.x 0.x = x = 0 y = 0 x = 0 0 = 0 To break even, put 0 caramels and 0 creams into each box. If the candy shop owner increases the number of caramels to more than 0 (and decreases the number of creams) the owner will obtain a profit since the caramels cost less to produce than the creams. 9. Investment problems are simply mixture problems involving money. We will use a table to organize the information. Let x denote the amount Mr. Nicholson invests in AA bonds, and y denote the amount he invests in S & L Certificates. Amount Interest Interest Earned Investment Invested Rate AA Bonds x 0.0 0.0x S&L y = 0,000 x 0.0 0.0(0,000 x) Certificates Total x + y = 0,000 0,000 The last column gives the information we need to set up the equation solve since the sum of the interest earned on the two investments must equal the total interest earned. 0.x+ 0.0(0,000 x) = 0,000 0.x+ 700 0.0x = 0,000 0.0x + 700 = 0,000 0.0x = 00 x = 0,000 y = 0, 000 x = 00, 000 Mr. Nicholson should invest $0,000 in AA Bonds and $00,000 in Savings and Loan Certificates in order to earn $0,000 per year.. Let x denote the amount of Kona coffee and y denote the amount of Columbian coffee in the mix. We will use the hint and assume that the total weight of the blend is 00 pounds. Amount Price per Total Coffee Mixed Pound Value Kona x.9.9x Columbian y = 00 x 6.7 6.7(00 x) Mixture x + y = 00 0.80 0.80(00) (continued on next page)
Chapter Linear Equations (continued) The last column gives the information necessary to write the equation, since the sum of the values of each of the two individual coffees must equal the total value of the mixture..9x+ 6.7( 00 x) = 0.80( 00).9x+ 67 6.7x = 080 6.x = 0 x = y = 00 = 7 Mix pounds of Kona coffee with 7 pounds of Columbian coffee to obtain a blend worth $0.80 per pound.. Let x represent the amount of Acid A used and let y represent the amount of Acid B used in the solution. We will use a table to organize the information. We will use a table to organize the information. Amount Mixed Protein Content Amount of Protein Acid A x 0. 0.x Acid B y = 00 x 0.0 0.0(00 x) Mixture x + y = 00 0.08 0.08(00) The last column gives the information necessary to write the equation, since the sum of the two individual solutions must equal the total solution. 0.x+ 0.0(00 x) = 8 0.x+ 0.0x = 8 0.x = x = 0 y = 00 0 = 70 We should mix 0 cubic centimeters of % solution with 70 cubic centimeters of % solution to obtain a 00 cubic centimeters of 8% solution.. a. The realized gain, y, is the difference between the 006 value and the 00 value of the gold. y =.0x 9.86x = 6.x. b. The point of intersection is the point (x 0, y o ) that satisfies both equation y = 6.x and equation y = 0,000. 0,000 = 6.x 0, 000 x = 7.8 6. The individual would have had to bought and sold about 7.8 ounces of gold to realize a gain of $0,000.00. 7. a. Assuming that the rate of growth is constant, we find the slope of the line passing through the points (0, 6) and (6, 877). 877 6 6 m = = = x x 6 0 6 Next use the slope and the point (0, 6) to write the point-slope form of the line. y y = m( x x) 6 y 6 = ( x 0) 6 6 6 6 6 b. 000 = x + 6 6 6 8 = x 6 x 6. There were 000 HD radio stations 7 days after February, 008 or on July, 009.. Applications to Business and Economics. False. The break even point is the intersection of the revenue graph and the cost graph.. The break-even point is the point where the revenue and the cost are equal. Setting R = C, we find 0x = 0x+ 600 0x = 600 x = 0 That is, 0 units must be sold to break even. The break-even point is x = 0, R = 0(0) = 900 or (0, 900).. The break-even point is the point where the revenue and the cost are equal. Setting R = C, we find 0.0x = 0.0x+ 0 0.0x = 0 x = 00 That is, 00 units must be sold to break even. Break-even point: (00, 0) (continued on next page)
. Applications to Business and Economics (continued) b. To find the quantity supplied at market price, let p = and solve for S: S = 0.7() + 0. =. So. million pounds are demanded at $.00. c. 7. The market price is the price at which the supply and the demand are equal. S = D p+ = p p = p = At a price of $.00 supply and demand are equal, so $.00 is the market price. 9. The market price is the price at which the supply and the demand are equal. S = D 0 p+ 00 = 000 0 p 0 p = 00 p = 0 At a price of $0.00 supply and demand are equal, so $0.00 is the market price.. The break-even point is the point where the revenue and the cost are equal. Cost is given by the variable cost of producing x pennants at $0.7 per pennant, plus the fixed operational overhead of $00 per day. C = $0.7 x+ $00 Revenue is the product of price of each pennant ($) and the number of pennants sold. R = $x Setting R = C, we find x = 0.7x+ 00 0.x = 00 x = 00 00 pennants must be sold each day to break even.. a. The market price is the price at which the supply and the demand are equal. S = D 0.7 p+ 0. = 0.p+.6. p =. p = The market price is $.00 per pound. d. The point of intersection called the market equilibrium. It is the price where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.. At the market price of $.00, S = () + =, so units of the commodity are supplied. Since at the market price the supply and demand are equal, the point (, ) satisfies the demand equation. In addition, we are told that at a price of $.00, 9 units are demanded. To find the demand equation, use the points (, ) and (, 9) to find the slope. D D 9 8 m = = = = p p We then use the point (, 9), the slope m =, and the point-slope form of the equation. D D = m( p p) D 9 = ( p ) D = p+ 7. Let x denote the number of DVDs purchased. The cost of purchasing x DVDs from the club is C = 0.9() + 7.9( x ) +.x =.96 + 7.9x 7.8 +.x = 0.6x 69.8 The cost of purchasing x DVDs from the discount retailer is D =.9(.07)x = 6.00x. We want to buy as many DVDs as possible from the club, while keeping the cost below the retailers. So we set C = D and solve for x. 0.6x 69.8 = 6.00x.6x = 69.8 x = 6.9 At most sixteen DVDs can be ordered from the club to keep the price lower than that of the discount retailer.
Chapter Linear Equations. Scatter Diagrams; Linear Curve Fitting. True. A relation exists, and it appears to be linear.. A relation exists, and it appears to be linear. 7. No relation exists. 9. a. f.. a. [, 0] by [, 0] b. We select points (, ) and (9, 6). The slope of the line containing these points is: 6 m = = = = x x 9 6 The equation of the line is: y y = m( x x) y = ( x ) y = x 6 y = x c. The line on the scatter diagram will vary depending on the choice of points in part (b). b. We select points (, ) and (, ). The slope of the line containing these points is: ( ) 9 m = = = x x ( ) The equation of the line is: y y = m( x x) 9 y = ( x ) 9 9 y = x 9 c. The line on the scatter diagram will vary depending on the choice of points in part (b). d. d. e. [, 0] by [, 0] e. [ 6, 6] by [ 6, 7] y =.07x.7 y =.x +.
. Scatter Diagrams; Linear Curve Fitting f. f.. a. [ 6, 6] by [ 6, 7]. a. [0, 00] by [, 0] b. We select points (0, 00) and (60, 70). The slope of the line containing these points is: 70 00 0 m = = = = x x 60 0 0 The equation of the line is: y y = m( x x) y 00 = ( x 0) y 00 = x+ c. The line on the scatter diagram will vary depending on the choice of points in part (b). b. We select points ( 0, 00) and ( 0, 0). The slope of the line containing these points is: 0 00 0 m = = = = x x ( 0) ( 0) 0 The equation of the line is: y y = m( x x) y 00 = ( x ( 0) ) y 00 = x+ 80 80 c. The line on the scatter diagram will vary depending on the choice of points in part (b). d. d. e. [0, 00] by [, 0] e. [ 0, 0] by [0, 60] y =.86x + 80.997 y = 0.7x + 6.6
6 Chapter Linear Equations f. b. 7. a. [ 0, 0] by [0, 60] c. y = 0.0788x + 9.0909 9. a. b. Answers will vary. We select points (0, 6) and (0, 9) with numbers in thousands. The slope of the line containing these points is: C C 9 6 m = = = I I 0 0 0 The equation of the line is: C C = m( I I) C 6 = ( I 0) 0 6 C 6 = I 0 C = I + 0 c. The slope of this line indicates that a family will spend $ of every extra $0 of disposable income. d. To find the consumption of a family whose disposable income is $,000, substitute for x in the equation from part (b). 7 C = ( ) + =.86667 0 The family will spend about $,867. e. y = 0.789x + 0.666 [ 0, 0] by [0, 70] d. The slope indicates the apparent change in temperature in a 6ºF room for every percent increase in relative humidity. e. To determine the apparent temperature when the relative humidity is 7%, evaluate the equation of the line of best fit when x = 7. y = 0.0788( 7) + 9.0909 = 6.9 When the relative humidity is 7%, the temperature of the room will appear to be 6ºF.. a. Using the LinReg function, the line of best fit is y = 0.06t + 0.609. The predicted energy use in 0, t = 0, is y = 0.06(0) + 0.609.9 quadrillion BTU. The predicted energy use in 00, t =, is y = 0.06() + 0.609.88 quadrillion BTU. The predicted energy use in 0, t = 0, is y = 0.06(0) + 0.609. quadrillion BTU. b. When we graph the scatterplot and the line of best fit, we see that the points are not strictly linear. Therefore, estimates based on the line of best fit are approximations. The line of best fit may differ depending on which points are chosen or a linear model may not have been used. [ 0, 0] by [0, 70] [0, ] by [9, ]
Chapter Review Exercises 7 Chapter Review Exercises.. b. Use the point (, ) and the slope to get the point-slope form of the equation of the line: y y = m( x x) y = x ( ) ( ) Simplifying and solving for y gives the slopeintercept form: y = x+ 7 Rearranging terms gives the general form of the equation: x y = 7 c.. a. m = = = = x x ( ) A slope of means that for every unit change in x, y will change ( ) unit. That is, for every units x moves to the right, y will move down unit. b. Use the point (, ) and the slope to get the point-slope form of the equation of the line: y y = m( x x) y = ( x ) Simplifying and solving for y gives the slopeintercept form: y = x+ Rearranging terms gives the general form of the equation: x+ y = 9. Since we are given the slope m = and a point, we get the point-slope equation of the line: y y = m( x x) y ( ) = x ( ) Solving for y puts the equation into the slopeintercept form: y+ = x+ 6 Rearranging terms gives the general form of the equation: x+ y = c.. Since we are given the slope m = 0 and a point on the line. We either use the point-slope formula or recognize that this is a horizontal line and the equation of a horizontal line y = b. The general form of the equation is y =. 7. a. y y m = = = = x x ( ) ( ) A slope of means that for every one unit change in x, y changes by units. That is, for every unit x moves to the right, y moves up units.
8 Chapter Linear Equations. We are told that the line is vertical, so the slope is not defined. We also know the line contains the point (8, ). The general equation of a vertical line is x = a, so the general form of this equation is x = 8.. We are given the x-intercept and a point. First we find the slope of the line containing the two ( ) 0 points. m = = = = x x We then use the point (, 0) and the slope to get the point-slope form of the equation of the line. y y = m( x x) y 0= ( x ) To get the slope-intercept form, solve for y: Rearrange the terms for the general form of the equation: x+ y = 0. 9. Since the line we are seeking is parallel to x+ y =, the slope of the two lines are the same. Find the slope of the given line by putting it into slope-intercept form: x+ y = y = x y = x The slopes of the two lines are m =. Use the slope and the point (, ) to write the pointslope form of the equation of the parallel line. y y = m( x x) y = ( x ( ) ) y = ( x+ ) To put the equation into slope-intercept form, solve for y. 0 y = x y = x Rearrange the terms to obtain the general form of the equation: x+ y = 7. We are given the x-intercept and the y-intercept. Use the two points to find the slope of the line. ( ) 0 m = = = = x x 0 ( ) Since one of the points is the y-intercept, use it and the slope to write the slope-intercept form of the equation: y = x Rearrange the terms for the general form of the equation: x+ y =.. To find the slope and y-intercept of the line, put the equation into the slope-intercept form. 9x+ y = 8 y = 9x+ 8 9 9 9 The slope is, and the y-intercept is (0, 9).
Chapter Review Exercises 9. To find the slope and y-intercept of the line, put the equation into the slope-intercept form. x+ y = 9 y = x+ 9 9 9 The slope is, and the y-intercept is 0,.. To find the slope and y-intercept of the line, put the equation into the slope-intercept form. x+ y = 6 6 The slope is, and the y-intercept is 0,.. Put each equation into slope-intercept form: x+ 6y = x+ y = 6 6y = x y = x 6 y = x y = x Since both lines have the same slope and the same y-intercept, the lines are coincident.. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form: L: x y = M: x+ y = 7 y = x 7 Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. 7 x0 = x0 + y0 = x0 x0 8= x0 + 7 y0 = x0 = y0 = x = 0 7. Put each equation into slope-intercept form: x y = 6x 8y = 9 y = x 8y = 6x 9 6 9 8 8 9 8 Since both lines have the same slope but different y-intercepts, the lines are parallel. 9. Put each equation into slope-intercept form: x y = x y = y = x y = x Since the lines have different slopes, they intersect.. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form: L: x y = M: x+ y = 7 7 Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. 7 x0 + = x0 + y0 = x0 + x0 + = x0 + 7 y0 = + x0 = y0 = x0 = The point of intersection is (, ).
0 Chapter Linear Equations 7. To find the point of intersection of two lines, first put the lines in slope-intercept form: L:x y = 8 M: x+ 6y = 0 y = x 8 6y = x y = x Since the point of intersection, (x 0, y 0 ), must be on both L and M, we set the two equations equal to each other and solve for x 0. Then we substitute the value of x 0 into the equation of one of the lines to find y 0. x0 + = x0 y0 = x0 x0 + = x0 y x0 = 0 = ( ) x = y = 0 The point of intersection is (, ). 9. Use a table to organize the information. Amount Invested 0 Interest Rate Interest Earned B-Bonds x 0. 0.x Bank y = 90,000 x 0.0 0.0(90,000 x) Total x + y = 90,000 0,000 The last column gives the information needed for the equation since the sum of the interest earned on the individual investments must equal the total interest earned. 0.x+ 0.0( 90,000 x) = 0,000 0.x+ 00 0.0x = 0,000 0.07x =,00 x 78,7. y = 90,000 78,7. =, 8.7 Karen should invest $78,7. in B-rated bonds and $,8.7 in the well-known bank in order to achieve their investment goals.. a. The break-even point is the point where the cost equals the revenue, or when the profit is zero. Before we can find the break-even point we need the equation that describes cost. We are told the fixed costs, the band and the advertising, and the variable costs.. If we let x denote the number of tickets sold, the cost of the dance is described by the equation: C = 00 + 00 + x = x+ 600. The revenue is given by the equation, R = 0x, since each ticket costs $0. Setting C = R, and solving for x, will tell how many tickets must be sold to break even. x+ 600 = 0x 600 = x x = 0 So, 0 tickets must be sold for the group to break even. b. Profit is the difference between the revenue and the cost. To determine the number of tickets that need to be sold to clear a profit of $900, we will solve the equation: P = R C 900 = 0x ( x+ 600) 900 = x 600 00 = x x = 00 The church group must sell 00 tickets to realize a profit of $900. c. If tickets cost $, the break-even point will come from the equation R = C x = x+ 600 7x = 600 x = 8.7 To break even, 86 tickets must be sold. To find the number of ticket sales needed to have a $900 profit, solve the equation: P = R C 900 = x ( x+ 600) 900 = 7x 600 00 = 7x x =.9 So the church group needs to sell tickets at $ each to realize a profit of $900. This relation does not appear to be linear.
Chapter Project. a. The market price is the price for which supply equals demand. To find market price set S = D and solve for p. 0.8p+ 0. = 0. p+.8. p =.6 p =. The market price is $. per bushel. b. When p =., S = 0.8(.) + 0. =.6. There will be.6 million bushels of corn supplied at the market price of $.. c. 7. a. d. At a price of $. per bushel the supply and the demand for corn are equal. f. 9. a. The slope of the line of best fit is a =,960. g. The mean price of houses sold in the United States increased by an average of $,960 per year from 998 through 008. h. The average annual increase in mean price of houses sold in the United States is not constant. The slope depends on the points used to calculate it. i. The average price of houses sold in the United States increased from 998 though 007 and then started to decline. p p 8,700 8,900 = = 00 998 6,800 = =,700 b. m x x c. The mean price of houses sold in the United States increased by an average of $,700 per year from 998 through 00. p p 9,600 8,700 = = 008 00 6,900 = = 0,60 6 d. m x x e. The mean price of houses sold in the United States increased by an average of $0,60 per year from 00 through 008. b. The data do not appear to be linearly related. c. Since the data are not linearly related, the prediction in Problem 8 is not valid. d. Answers will vary.. a. This is the equation of a vertical line that includes the point (0, 0). Its graph is the y- axis. b. The graph of y = 0 is the x-axis. It is a horizontal line and has a slope of zero. c. This is an equation of a line with a slope of and a y-intercept of (0, 0). Its graph is a negatively sloped diagonal line through the origin. Chapter Project. Since Metro PCS charges a flat rate that does not depend on the number of minutes, x, the equation is that of a horizontal line. M = 60
Chapter Linear Equations.. From the graph, we can see that if you talk more than 9. minutes per month, the Metro PCS plan is more economical. 7. Set T (for x 60) = M to find the intersection of the two graphs. 0.0( x 60) + 9.99 = 60 0.0x 7.0 = 60 0.0x =.0 x 670 Set V (for x 0) = T = 9.99 to find the intersection of the two graphs. 0.( x 0) + 9.99 = 9.99 0.x 6. = 9.99 0.x =. x 7. 9. T-Mobile is cheapest if you talk between 7 and 670 minutes per month. Metro PCS is cheapest if you talk more than 670 minutes per month.. The monthly charge for Metro PCS is $70 including the phone. 0.( x 0) + 9.99 = 70 0.x 6. = 70 0.x =. x 6.7 Verizon is the better deal if you talk less than 7 minutes per month. Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams. The break-even point is the value of x for which the revenue equals cost. If x units are sold at price of $.00 each, the revenue is R = x. Cost is the total of the fixed and variable costs. We are told that the fixed costs are $6000, and that the variable cost per item is 0% of the price. So the cost is given by the equation: C = (0.0)() x+ 6000 = 0.8x+ 6000. Setting R = C and solving for x yields R = C x = 0.8x+ 6000.x = 6000 x = 000 The answer is (b).. Profit is defined as revenue minus cost. If x rodaks are sold for $6.00 each, the revenue equation is R = 6x. We are told that to manufacture rodaks costs $.00 per unit and $7,00 in fixed costs. So the cost equation for producing x rodaks is C = x + 7,00. The Breiden Company wants to realize a before tax profit equal to % of sales, which is P = 0.R = (0.)(6x) = 0.9x. To find the number of rodaks that need to be sold to meet Breiden s goal, we solve the equation P = R C 0.9x = 6 x (x+ 7,00) 0.9x = x 7,00.x = 7,00 x =,096.77 The answer is (d).. The break-even point is the number of units that must be sold for revenue to equal cost. Using the notation given, we have R = SPx and C = VCx + FC. To find the sales level necessary to break even, we set R = C and solve for x. R = C SPx = VCx + FC SPx VCx = FC ( SP VC) x = FC FC x = SP VC The answer is (d)
Chapter Mathematical Questions from Professional Exams. At the break-even point of x = 00 units sold, cost equals revenue. We are told cost, C = $00 + 00 = 600, so revenue R = $600. Since R = price quantity, the price of each item is $600 = $.0. The variable cost per unit is 00 $.00, so the 0 st unit contributes $.0 $.00 = $0.0 to profits. The answer is (b).. Since straight-line depreciation remains the same over the life of the property, its expense over time will be a horizontal line. Sum-ofyear s-digits depreciation expense decreases as time increases. The answer is (c). 6. The answer is (c). Y = $000 + $X is a linear relationship. 7. The answer is (b). Y is an estimate of total factory overhead. 8. The answer is (b). In the equation $ is the estimate of variable cost per direct labor hour.