Name Class Date Practice 6-1: Exponential Equations Which of the following are exponential functions? For those that are exponential functions, state the initial value and the base. For those that are not, explain why not. 1. y = x 8 2. y = 3 x 3. y = 5 x 4. y = 4 2 5. y = x x 6. y = x 1.3 Determine a formula for the exponential function whose values are given in the table to the right. 7. f(x) 8. g(x) x f(x) g(x) -2 6 108-1 3 36 0 3/2 12 1 3/4 4 2 3/8 4/3 Match the given function with its graph. Explain how to make the choice without using a calculator. 9. y = 3 x 10. y = 2 x 11. y = 0.5 x True or False 12. Every exponential function is strictly increasing. Justify your answer.
Name Class Date Practice 6.2 Without graphing, determine whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay. Then find the y-intercept. 1. y = 0.99 ( 1 3 )x 2. y = 20(1.75) x 3. Suppose you deposit $1500 in a savings account that pays interest at an annual rate of 6%. No money is added or withdrawn from the account. a. How much will be in the account after 5 years? b. How much will be in the account after 20 years? c. How many years will it take for the account to contain $2500? d. How many years will it take for the account to contain $4000? Write an exponential function to model each situation. Find each amount after the specified time. 4. A population of 1,236,000 grows 1.3% per year for 10 years. 5. A new car that sells for $18,000 depreciates 25% each year for 4 years. 6. The value of a piece of equipment has a decay factor of 0.80 per year. After 5 years, the equipment is worth $98,304. What was the original value of the equipment? 7. An investment of $75,000 increases at a rate of 12.5% per year. What is the value of the investment after 30 years?
8. The population of an endangered bird is decreasing at a rate of 0.75% per year. There are currently about 200,000 of these birds. a. What exponential function would be a good model for the population of these endangered birds? b. How many birds will there be in 100 years? For each annual rate of change, find the corresponding growth or decay factor. 9. 35% 10. -20% 11. 62% 12. Identify the meaning of the variables in the exponential growth or decay function. a. a = b. r = c. t = A(t) = a(1 + r) t 13. The population of Lehi is 2000. The population is supposed to grow by 10% each year for the next 5 years. How many people will live in Lehi in 5 years? 14. Describe a situation that could be modeled by the function A(t) = 200(1.05) t 15. A cake is 190 F when you remove it from the oven. You must let it cool to 75 F before you can frost it. The table at the right shows the temperature readings for the cake. a. Given a room temperature of 68 F, what is an exponential model for this data set? b. How long must the cake cool before you can frost it? Time (min) Temp ( F) 0 190 5 149 10 122 15 104 20 92
Use the graph of y = e x to evaluate each expression to four decimal places. 16. e 2 17. e 2.5 Find the amount in a continuously compounded account for the given conditions. 18. Principal: $1500 Annual interest rate: 6.9% Time: 30 years 19. Principal: $20,000 Annual interest rate: 3.75% Time: 2 years 20. Suppose you invest $2000 at an annual interest of 5.5% compounded continuously. a. How much will you have in the account in 10 years? b. How long will it take for the account to reach $5000?
Practice 6-3: Logarithms as Inverses Write each equation in logarithmic form. 1. 32 = 2 5 2. 243 = 3 5 3. 625 = 5 4 Write each equation in exponential form. 4. log 3 9 = 2 5. log 5 125 = 3 6. log 8 512 = 3 Evaluate each logarithm. 7. log 9 27 8. log 8 256 1 9. log 125 The formula log I 1 I 2 = M 1 M 2 is used to compare the intensity levels of earthquakes. The variable I is the intensity measured by a seismograph. The variable M is the measurement on the Richter scale. Use the formula to answer the following problem. 10. In 1906, an earthquake of magnitude 8.25 hit San Francisco, California. Indonesia was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 8.5 in 1938. Compare the intensity of the two earthquakes. 11. Error Analysis. A student drew the graph below to represent the function y = log 4 x. What mistake did the student make when she drew her graph? 25 Graph each logarithmic function. 12. y = log 2 x 13. y = log1 x 3 Identify each function as a compression, a stretch, or a translation of the parent function. 14. y = 4 log 3 x 15. y = log 2 x + 10 16. y = 0.25log 4 x Transform the function y = log 5 x as indicated below. 17. Stretch by a factor of 3 and translate 6 units up. 18. Compress by a factor of 0.4 and reflect in the x-axis.
Name Class Date Practice 6.4 5.4 Properties of Logarithms Form K Properties of Logarithms Product Property Quotient Property Power Property log b mn = log b m + log b n log b m n = log b m - log b n log b m n = n log b m Write each expression as a single logarithm. 1. log 3 9 + log 3 24 2. log 4 16 3 3. log 2 7 - log 2 9 4. log 3 8 5 5. log 4 x - log 4 y 6. log 5 + log 7 Expand each logarithm. Simplify if possible. 7. log 3 27x 8. log 3 7 9. log 4 y2 z 3 10. log 5 32 x 11. log 3 15xy 12. log 8xz 4 13. Open-Ended Write three different logarithms. You should be able to expand each logarithm by one of the properties of logarithms. Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Name Class Date Practice (continued) Form K Properties of Logarithms Change of Base Formula For any positive numbers m, b, and c, with b 1and c 1, log b m = log c m log c b Use the Change of Base Formula to evaluate each expression. 14. log 32 4 15. log 9 27 16. log 4 12 log 2 4 log 2 32 = 17. Error Analysis Your friend used the Change of Base Formula to evaluate the expression log 4 8. Her answer was 2 3. What error did your friend make? What is the correct answer? Use the following formula to solve Exercise 18. Formula for Loudness of a Sound (decibels) L = 10 log I I 0 is the intensity of a sound in watts per square meter (W/m 2 ). 0 is the intensity of a sound that can barely be heard. 0 = 10-12 W/m 2 18. Your classmate went to a rock concert. At the loudest point during the concert, the sound had an intensity of 2.35 x= 10-3 W/m 2. What was the loudness of this sound in decibels? Copyright by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Name Class Date Practice 6-5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Solve each equation by rewriting each side with a common base. 1. 8 2x = 32 2. 7 n = 343 3. 9 2x = 27 Solve each equation. Round answers to the nearest hundredth. 4. 5 2x = 20 5. 8 n+1 = 3 6. 15 2x 3 = 245 7. The equation y = 281(1.01) x is a model for the population of the United States y, in millions of people, x years after the year 2000. When will the United States population reach 400 million? Solve algebraically or using a graph. Solve each equation. Check your answers. 8. log x 25 = 2 9. 8 log x = 16 10. log(3x 2) = 3 Use the properties of logarithms to solve each equation. 11. 2 log x + log 4 = 3 12. log y log 4 = 2 13. log(x + 21) + log x = 2 14. The function y = 1000(1.005) x models the value of $1000 deposited at an interest rate of 6% per year (0.005) per month x months after the money is deposited. a. Use a graph (on your graphing calculator) to predict how many months it will be until the account is worth $1100. b. Solve algebraically to find how many years it will be until the account is worth $5000. 15. Suppose the population of a country is currently 8,100,000. Studies show this country s population is increasing 2% per year. a. What exponential function would be a good model for this country s population? b. Using the equation you found in part (a), how many years will it take for the country s population to reach 9 million? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. 16. Suppose you deposit $2500 in a savings account that pays you 5% interest per year. a. How many years will it take for you to double your money? b. How many years will it take for your account to reach $8,000?\ Mental Math: Solve each equation. 17. 4 x = 64 18. log 3 81 = x 19. log 1,000,000 = x Review! 20. Multiply and Simplify a. 12 3 3 b. 2 6x 4 y 21. Simplify 3 a. ab 3 3 9x 5 y 2 4 (ab) 2 b. ( 8x xy) 2 3
Practice 6-6: Natural Logarithms Write each expression as a single logarithm. 1. ln 3 + ln 4 2. 3 ln x ln 5 3. (ln 3x + ln 4) ln 8 Solve each equation. Round your answers to the nearest tenth. 4. ln(3x + 1) = 4 5. ln(y 2) = 3 6. 3 ln 2x = 3 Use the following formula to complete Exercises 7 and 8. Maximum Velocity of a Rocket v = 0.0098t + c ln R v = maximum velocity t = rocket s firing time c = velocity of exhaust R = mass ratio of the rocket 7. A rocket has a mass ratio of 24. The rocket s exhaust has a velocity of 2.4 km/s. The rocket s firing time is 32 seconds. Approximately what is the rocket s maximum velocity? Round to the nearest tenth. 8. The rocket in Exercise 7 was changed to prepare it for a new mission. The new mass ratio is 26, and the new exhaust velocity is 2.3 km/s. Will these changes increase or decrease the rocket s maximum velocity? What is the difference between the maximum velocities? Solve each equation. Round your answers to the nearest thousandth. 9. 2e 4x 4 = 10 10. e x 2 + 6 + 12 11. e x 2 = 28 12. e x 4 3 = 21 13. e x+2 + 4 = 17 14. 3e x 2 5 = 19 15. Writing. Explain the steps you would follow to solve the equation 4e x + 6 = 30. What is the answer?
Use the following formula to complete Exercise 16. Bacteria Culture Decline H = 1 (ln P ln A) r H = number of hours r = rate of decline P = initial bacteria population A = reduced bacteria population 16. A scientist tests an antibiotic that causes a rate of decline of 0.18. About how long will it take this antibiotic to shrink a population of 4000 bacteria to 300? Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.