Final Exam Review - DO NOT WRITE ON THIS

Name: Class: Date: Final Exam Review - DO NOT WRITE ON THIS Short Answer. Use x =,, 0,, to graph the function f( x) = x. Then graph its inverse. Describe the domain and range of the inverse function.. Graph the inverse of the relation. Identify the domain and range of the inverse. x 5 7 y 4 0. Tell whether the function y = 4( ) x shows growth or decay. Then graph the function. 4. Write the exponential equation = 7 in logarithmic form. 5. Evaluate log 0.000 by using mental math. 6. Simplify the expression log 5 5. 7. A initial investment of $0,000 grows at % per year. What function represents the value of the investment after t years? 8. Write the logarithmic equation log 9 9 = in exponential from. 9. Nadav invests $6,000 in an account that earns 5% interest compounded continuously. What is the total amount of her investment after 8 years? Round your answer to the nearest cent. 0. Simplify log 7 x log 7 x.. Solve x + 4 = 9 x.. The amount of money in a bank account can be expressed by the exponential equation A = 00(.005) t where A is the amount in dollars and t is the time in years. About how many years will it take for the amount in the account to be more than $900?

Name:. Graph f(x) = e x. 4. Solve x = 656. 5. Solve log 5 x log 5 x 4 =. 6. Simplify lne x. 7. Multiply 8x 4 y 9xy z 6 z 4y 4. Assume that all expressions are defined. 8. Find the least common multiple for 8(x + ) (x 4) and 4(x + ) 8 (x 4) 6. 9. The number of lawns l that a volunteer can mow in a day varies inversely with the number of shrubs s that need to be pruned that day. If the volunteer can prune 6 shrubs and mow 8 lawns in one day, then how many lawns can be mowed if there are only shrubs to be pruned? 0. Distance that sound travels through air d varies directly as time t, and d =,675 ft when t = 5 s. Find t when d = 8,75 ft.. Simplify 0 x x. Identify any x-values for which the expression is undefined. x x. Subtract 6x x + 5 x + 8 4x. Identify any x-values for which the expression is undefined. x + 8. Add x + 6 8x 6 +. Identify any x-values for which the expression is undefined. x 5 x 4x 5 4. Simplify x 4 + x 6 8. Assume that all expressions are defined. x 5 x 4 5. Identify the zeros and vertical asymptotes of g(x) = x + 5x + 4 x +. Then graph. 6. Identify the zeros and asymptotes of f(x) = x. Then graph. x 6 7. Identify holes in the graph of f( x) = x + 8x +. Then graph. x +

Name: 8. Identify the asymptotes, domain, and range of the function g(x) = x +. 9. Solve the equation x = x. 0. Solve the equation. Solve the equation. Solve x x 6 x x = x + 4 x. x x 7x 8 = algebraically. 6x x + x.. Graph the function f(x) = 5 x +, and identify its domain and range. 4. Using the graph of f( x) = x as a guide, describe the transformation and graph g( x) = x + 5. 5. Simplify the expression 4 8x. Assume that all variables are positive. 6. Write the expression 6 4 in radical form, and simplify. Round to the nearest whole number if necessary. 7. The function g is a translation 4 units right and 7 units down of f(x) = x + 7. Write the function g(x). 8. Simplify the expression (7) (7). 9. Solve the equation 5 + x = 5. 40. Solve 9x = x + 5. 4. Solve ( x + 8) = x. 4. Solve 5x 4 8.

Name: 4. An experiment consists of spinning a spinner. The table shows the results. Find the experimental probability that the spinner does not land on orange. Express your answer as a fraction in simplest form. Outcome Frequency orange 8 purple 5 yellow 9 44. A person is selected at random. What is the probability that the person was not born on a Monday? Express your answer as a percent. If necessary, round your answer to the nearest tenth of a percent. 45. The table shows the distribution of the labor force in the United States in the year 000. Suppose that a worker is selected at random. Find the probability that a female works in the Industry field. Express your answer as a decimal, and round to the nearest thousandth. Agriculture Industry Services Male,,000 5,056,000 50,,000 Female 667,000 8,004,000 57,6,000 46. A grab bag contains 6 football cards and 4 basketball cards. An experiment consists of taking one card out of the bag, replacing it, and then selecting another card. Determine whether the events are independent or dependent. What is the probability of selecting a football card and then a basketball card? Express your answer as a decimal. 47. A poll of 50 senior citizens in a retirement community asked about the types of electronic communication they used.the table shows the joint and marginal frequencies from the poll results. If you are given that one of the people polled uses text messaging, what is the probability that the person is also using e-mail? Express your answer as a decimal. If necessary, round your answer to the nearest hundredth. Uses text messaging Uses e mail Yes No Total Yes 0.6 0.64 0.8 No 0.08 0. 0. Total 0.4 0.76 48. Joyce asked 00 randomly-selected students at her school whether they have one or more brothers or sisters. The table shows the results of Joyce s poll. Make a table of the joint and marginal relative frequencies. Express percentages in decimal form. Brother(s) No Brothers Sister(s) 8 No Sisters 9 4

Name: 49. Joel owns shirts and is selecting the ones he will wear to school next week. How many different ways can Joel choose a group of 5 shirts? (Note that he will not wear the same shirt more than once during the week.) 50. There are 5 singers competing at a talent show. In how many different ways can the singers appear? 5. Find the probability of rolling a 5 or an odd number on a number cube. Express your answer as a fraction in simplest form. 5. An experiment consists of rolling a number cube. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 4? Express your answer as a fraction in simplest form. 5. A factory produces nails whose lengths have a mean of inches and a standard deviation of 0.05 inches. Lengths of 8 nails are shown. Do the data appear to be normally distributed? Explain. Nail Lengths (inches).0.06.0.07.99..99.96.9.9.04.98.0.97.98.0.94.0 54. Constellations are made up of more than one star. The table shows the number of stars that make up various constellations. Find the mean, median, and mode of the data set. Constellation Number Number of Stars in Constellation Constellation 9 Constellation Constellation Constellation 4 9 Constellation 5 55. The table shows the probability distribution for the number of people who contract a disease in a scientific study. Find the expected number of people who contract the disease. Round your answer to the nearest tenth. Number of People 4 5 6 Probability 0.0 0. 0.88 0.56 0.084 56. The data {5,, 0, 4, 0} represent a random sample of the number of days absent from school for five students at Monta Vista High. Find the mean and the standard deviation of the data. 57. The heights of adult males in the United States are approximately normally distributed. The mean height is 70 inches (5 feet 0 inches) and the standard deviation is inches. Use the table to estimate the probability that a randomly-selected male is more than 7.5 inches tall. Express your answer as a decimal. 5

Name: 58. Make a box-and-whisker plot of the data. Find the interquartile range. 7,9,,,,5,,7,8,,9,7,,5,8,0 59. At a school carnival, you can win tickets to trade for prizes. A particular game has 5 possible outcomes. What is the expected number of tickets won? Tickets won 7 0 45 7 90 P robability 0. 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.08 60. The heights of adult males in the United States are approximately normally distributed. The mean height is 70 inches (5 feet 0 inches) and the standard deviation is inches. Use the table to estimate the probability that a randomly-selected male is between 70 and 74.5 inches tall. Express your answer as a decimal. 6. Find the sum S 8 for the geometric series 6 + 8 + 54 + 6 +... 6. Find the 7th term of the geometric sequence 5, 5, 45, 5, 405,... 6. Determine whether the sequence, 8, 64, 90 could be geometric or arithmetic. If possible, find the common ratio or difference. 64. Determine whether the sequence, 8, 4, 0, 6,... could be an arithmetic sequence. If so, find the common difference and the next three terms in the sequence. 65. Find the nd term in the arithmetic sequence,, 5, 7, 9,... 66. Write a possible explicit rule for nth term of the sequence., 0., 7., 4.4,.5, 8.6,... 67. Write the series + 4 6 + 8 0 + in summation notation. 7 68. Expand the series ( ) k (8 k)k and evaluate. k = 69. Find the missing terms in the arithmetic sequence 0,,,,. 70. Find the first 5 terms of the sequence a n = n 5. 6

Name: 7. Draw an angle with 55 in standard position. 7. Find the measures of a positive angle and a negative angle that are coterminal with 45. 7. Find the measure of the reference angle for θ = 56. 74. P(,8) is a point on the terminal side of θ in standard position. Find the exact value of the six trigonometric functions for θ. 75. Convert 7π 0 from radians to degrees. 7

Name: 76. Convert 60 to radians. 77. Use the unit circle to find the exact value of the trigonometric function cos 0. 78. Use a reference angle to find the exact value of sin 00. 8

Final Exam Review - DO NOT WRITE ON THIS Answer Section SHORT ANSWER. Ï The domain of f ( x) is Ô Ìx x > 0 Ô ÓÔ Ô, and the range is all real numbers. Graph f( x) = x using a table of values. x 0 f( x) = x 8 4 4 To graph the inverse f ( x) = log x, reverse each ordered pair. x f ( x) = log x 8 4 4 0 Ï The domain of f ( x) is Ô Ìx x > 0 Ô ÓÔ Ô and the range is all real numbers.

. Domain: {x 0 x 4}; Range: {y y 7} For the inverse relation, switch the x and y-values in each ordered pair. x 4 0 y 5 7 Graph each point and connect the points. The inverse is the reflection of the original relation across the line y = x. Domain: {x 0 x 4}; Range: {y y 7}

. This is an exponential growth function. Step Find the value of the base:. The base is greater than. So, this is an exponential growth function. Step Choose several values of x and generate ordered pairs. Then, graph the ordered pairs and connect with a smooth curve. 4. log 7 = The base of the exponent becomes the base of the logarithm. The exponent is the logarithm. = 7 becomes log 7 =. 5. 4 0? = 0.000 The log is the exponent. 0 4 = 0.000 Think: What power of the base is the number? log 0.000 = 4 6. Factor 5. Then write it in the form of 5, and apply the Inverse Properties of Logarithms and Exponents. 7. f(t) = 0000(.) t The investment follows an exponential growth of % per year with an initial value of $0,000. Using the formula f(t) = P( + r) t, substitute the given values. f(t) = 0000( + %) t f(t) = 0000( + 0.) t f(t) = 0000(.) t 8. 9 = 9 Logarithmic form: log 9 9 = Exponential form: 9 = 9 The base of the logarithm becomes the base of the power, and the logarithm is the exponent.

9. $8950.95 A = Pe rt Substitute 6,000 for P, 0.05 for r, and 8 for t. A = 6000e 0.05( 8) Use the [e^x] key on a calculator. A 8950.95 The total amount after 8 years is $8950.95. 0. log 7 x log 7 x log 7 x = log 7 x log 7 x Use the Power Property of Logarithms. = log 7 x Simplify.. x = 4 Ê Á ˆ x + 4 = ˆ Á x Rewrite each side as powers of the same base. x + 4 = x To raise a power to a power, multiply the exponents. x + 4 = x The bases are the same, so the exponents must be equal. x = 4 The solution is x = 4.. 9 years 900 = 00(.005) t Write 900 for the amount. =.005 t Divide both sides by 00. log = log.005 t Take the log of both sides. log = (t) log.005 Use the Power Property. log = t log(.005) Divide by log(.005). t = 8.6 Evaluate with a calculator. t 9 years Round to the next year. 4

. Make a table. Because e is irrational, round the values. x 0 f(x) = e x.05.4.7 4 5.7 0.9.09 5

4. x = 4 Use a graphing calculator. Enter x as Y and 656 as Y. Use the table to locate the value of x where Y = Y. X Y Y 9 656 8 656 79 656 4 656 656 5 59049 656 The graph shows x = 4 as the point of intersection of Y and Y. 5. x = 5 7 x log 5 x 4 = Apply the Quotient Property. log 5 x 7 = Simplify. 7log 5 x = Use the Power Property. log 5 x = 7 Divide. 5 log 5 x = 5 x = 5 7 Use 5 as the base for both sides. 7 Use inverse properties. 6. x lne x = x lne = x() = x 6

7. 6x 5 z Arrange the expressions so like terms are together: 8 9(x 4 x)(y y )z 6 4 z y 4. Multiply the numerators and denominators, remembering to add exponents when multiplying: 7x 5 y 4 z 6 z y 4. Divide, remembering to subtract exponents: 6x 5 y 0 z. Since y 0 =, this expression simplifies to 6x 5 z. 8. 56(x + ) 8 (x 4) 6 List the factors for each polynomial. 8(x + ) (x 4) = 4 (x + ) (x 4) and 4(x + ) 8 (x 4) 6 = 7 (x + ) 8 (x 4) 6 If the polynomials have common factors, use the highest power of each common factor. The LCM is 4 7 (x + ) 8 (x 4) 6 = 56(x + ) 8 (x 4) 6. 9. 6 lawns One method is to use s l = s l. (6)(8) = ()l Substitute given values. 48 = l Simplify. 6 = l Divide. 0. 5 sec r = 5 ft per sec Find the constant of variation r.. d = 5t Write the direct variation function. 8,75 = 5t Substitute. t = 5 Solve. It would take 5 seconds for sound to travel 8,75 feet. x 5 ; The expression is undefined at x = and x =. x + (x + x 0) x x (x + 5)(x ) = (x + )(x ) = x 5 x + Factor from the numerator and reorder the terms. Factor the numerator and denominator. Divide the common factors and simplify. The expression is undefined at those x-values, and, that make the original denominator 0. 7

.. 0x x + 8 ; The expression is always defined. x + 8 6x x + 5 x + 8 4x x + 8 = 6x x + 5 4x + x + 8 Subtract the numerators. Distribute the negative sign. = 0x x + 8 Combine like terms. x + 8 There is no real value of x for which x + 8 = 0; the expression is always defined. x + 4 x + ; The expression is undefined at x =. x + 6 x 5 + 8x 6 Factor the denominators. The LCD is (x + )(x 5). (x + )(x 5) Ê = Á = x + x + ˆ x + 6 x 5 + 8x 6 (x + )(x 5) x + 7x + 6 (x + )(x 5) + 8x 6 (x + )(x 5) Ê x + ˆ Multiply by Á x +. x x 0 = (x + )(x 5) Add the numerators. (x + 4)(x 5) = (x + )(x 5) Factor the numerator. = x + 4 x + Divide the common factor. To determine where the expression is undefined, solve for x + = 0. 8

4. x 0x + 6 8( x 5) Method Write the complex fraction as division. Ê x 4 + x 6 ˆ Á 8 x 5 Divide. x 4 Ê = x 4 + x 6 ˆ Á 8 x 4 Multiply by the reciprocal. x 5 Ê Ê 8ˆ = x 4 Á 8 + x 6 Ê x 4ˆˆ 8 Á x 4 Á x 4 Add by finding the LCD. x 5 = x 0x + 6 8( x 4) = x 0x + 6 8( x 5) x 4 x 5 or x 0x + 6 8x 40 The common factor (x 4) cancels. Simplify. Method Multiply the numerator and denominator of the complex fraction by the LCD of the fractions in the numerator and denominator. x 4 ( 8) ( x 4) + x 6 8 ( 8) ( x 4) The LCD is 8( x 4). x 5 x 4 ( 8) ( x 4) = ( 8) + ( x 6) ( x 4) 8( x 5) = x 0x + 6 8( x 5) or x 0x + 6 8x 40 Cancel common factors. Simplify. 9

5. Zeros at 4 and. Vertical asymptote: x = Factor the numerator. (x ( 4))(x ( )) g(x) = x ( ) The zeros are the values that make the numerator zero, x = 4 and x =. The vertical asymptote is where the denominator is zero, x =. Plot the zeros and draw the asymptote, then make a table of values to fill in missing points. 0

6. Zeros: and Vertical asymptotes: x = 4, x = 4 Horizontal asymptote: y = f(x) = ( x + ) ( x ) ( x + 4) ( x 4) Factor the numerator and denominator. Zeros: and The numerator is 0 when x = or x =. Vertical asymptotes: x = 4, x = 4 The denominator is 0 when x = 4 or x = 4. Horizontal asymptote: y = Both p and q have the same degree:. The horizontal asymptote is leading coefficient of p y = leading coefficient of q = =.

7. There is a hole in the graph at x =. f( x) = x + 8x + x + = ( x + ) ( x + 6) x + Factor the numerator. x + is a factor in both the numerator and the denominator, so there is a hole at x =. = x + 6 Divide out common factors. Except for the hole at x =, the graph of f is the same as y = x + 6. On the graph, indicate the hole with an Ï open circle. The domain of f is Ô Ìx x Ô ÓÔ Ô. 8. Vertical asymptote: x = Domain: {x x } Horizontal asymptote: y = Range: {y y } Write the function in the form g(x) = + k where x = h is the vertical asymptote and helps find the x h domain, and y = k is the horizontal asymptote and helps find the range. g(x) =, so h = and k =. x () Vertical asymptote: x = Domain: {x x } Horizontal asymptote: y = Range: {y y }

9. x = or x = x( x) ( x) = ( x x ) Multiply each term by the LCD. x x = Simplify. Note x 0 x x = 0 Write in standard form. ( x ) ( x + ) = 0 Factor. x = 0 or x + = 0 Apply the Zero-Product Property. x = or x = Solve for x. Check: x = x x = x 0. There is no solution. x x + 4 (x ) = (x ) Multiply each term by the LCD, (x ). x x x = x + 4 Simplify. Note that x g. x = 4 Solve for x. x = The solution x = is extraneous because it makes the denominators of the original equation equal to 0. Therefore the equation has no solution.. x = 0 or x = x x 7x 8 = 6x x + x x (x + )(x 9) = 6x (x + )(x ) Factor the denominator. x(x ) = 6x(x 9) Multiply each term by the LCD (x + )(x 9)(x ) and simplify. Note that x, x 9, and x. x x = 6x 54x Use the Distributive Property. 4x 5x = 0 Write in standard form. 4x(x ) = 0 Factor. 4x = 0 or x = 0 Use the Zero-Product Property. x = 0 or x = Solve for x.

. x or x > 6 Use a graphing calculator. Let Y = x x 6 and Y = X Y Y 0.5 4 5 5 6 ERROR 7 7 8 4 The graph of x x 6 Also notice in the table that y = is greater or equal to for values of x that are less than or equal to or greater than 6. x x 6 is undefined when x = 6. 4

. The domain is the set of all real numbers. The range is also the set of real numbers. Make a table of values. Plot enough ordered pairs to see the shape of the curve. Choose both negative and positive values for x. x 5 x + (x, f(x)) 5 + = 5 8 = 0 (, 0) 4 5 4 + 5 + 5 + 5 5 5 + = 5 = 5 0 = 5 = 5 8 = 5 ( 4, 5) = 0 (, 0) = 5 (, 5) = 0 (5, 0) The domain is the set of all real numbers. The range is also the set of all real numbers. 4. Stretch f vertically by a factor of and translate it left 5 units. Write g( x) in the form g( x) = a b ( x h) + k. g( x) = Ê Á x ( 5) ˆ + 0 Thus a = and h = 5. Stretch f vertically by a factor of and translate it left 5 units. 5

5. x 4 8x = 8 x 4 x 4 x 4 Factor into perfect powers of four. = x x x Use the Product Property of Roots. = x Simplify. 4 6. ( 6 ) ; 8 4 6 4 = ( 6 ) Write with a radical. = () Evaluate the root. = 8 Evaluate the power. 7. g(x) = x + 7 8. 7 (7) x + 7 (x 4) + 7 = x + Replace f(x) with f(x h) and simplify. x + x + 7 Replace f(x h) with f(x h) + k. (7) + = (7) Product of Powers = (7) Simplify. = 7 9. x = 0 x = 0 x = 00 x = 0 Subtract 5 from both sides. Square both sides. Simplify. Check 5 + 0 = 5 5 + 00 = 5 5 + 0 = 5 5 = 5 OK 40. x = 4 ( 9x ) = ( x + 5 ) Square both sides. 9x = 4( x + 5) Simplify. 9x = 4x + 0 Distribute 4. 5x = 0 Solve for x. x = 4 6

4. x = 4 Step Solve for x. ( x + 8) = x È ( x + 8) = x Raise both sides to the reciprocal power. ÎÍ x + 8 = x Simplify. x x 8 = 0 Write in standard form. ( x + ) ( x 4) = 0 Factor. x + = 0 or x 4 = 0 Use the Zero-Product Property. x = or x = 4 Solve for x. Step Use substitution to check for extraneous solutions. ( x + 8) = x ( x + 8) = x È ÎÍ ( ) ( ) + 8 ( 4) È ÎÍ ( ) ( 4) + 8 4 ( 6) 4 4 4 4. Because x = does not satisfy the original equation, it is extraneous. The only solution is x = 4. 4 5 5 Step Solve for x. ( 5x 4) (8) Square both sides. 5x 4 64 Simplify. 5x 68 Solve for x. x 68 5 Step Consider the radicand. 5x 4 0 The radicand cannot be negative. 5x 4 Solve for x. x 4 5 4. The solution to 5x 4 8 is x 68 and x 4 or 4 x 68 5 5 5 5 7 When the spinner does not land on orange, it must land on yellow or purple. number of times the event occurs experimental probability = = 9 + 5 number of trials = 4 = 7 7

44. 85.7% P(different days) = P(Monday) Use the complement. = ( ) 7 There are 7 days in the week. = 85.7% 45. 0. Use the Female row. Of 66,0,000 female labor force, 8,004,000 work in the Industry field. P(Industry Female ) = 8,004,000 66,0,000 0. 46. independent; 0.4 One outcome does not affect the other, so the events are independent. To find the probability that A and B both happen, multiply the probabilities. P(A and B) = P(A) P(B) = 0.6 0.4 = 0.4. 47. 0.67 48. Brother(s) No Brothers Total Sister(s) 0.8 0. 0.5 No Sisters 0. 0.9 0.5 Total 0.49 0.5 49. 79 ways Step Determine whether the problem represents a combination or a permutation. The order does not matter because choosing a green shirt, a blue shirt, and a red shirt is the same as choosing a red shirt, a blue shirt, and a green shirt. It is a combination. Step Use the formula for combinations. The number of combinations of n items taken r at a time is n C r = C 5 =! 5! ( 5)! C 5 C 5 = 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 5 4 (7 6 5 4 ) = 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 5 4 (7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + + + ) = 0 9 8 5 4 n! r!(n r)!. n = and r = 5 Expand. Divide out common factors. C 5 = 0 9 8 5 4 = 0 9 5 = = 79 Simplify. There are 79 ways to select a group of 5 shirts from. 50. 0 ways Since the order matters, use the formula for permutations. P 5! 5! 5! (5 5)! = 5! 0! Since 0! =, the number of ways is 5! = 0. 8

5. P(5 or odd) = P(5) + P(odd) P(5 and odd) = + 6 6 6 = 5 is also an odd number. 5. There are six possible outcomes when a fair number cube is rolled. Because the number cube is fair, all outcomes are equally likely. There are two numbers greater than 4 on the number cube: 5 and 6. So the probability of rolling one of these numbers is 6 =. 5. The data appear to be normally distributed. The actual number of data values for each z-value is close to the expected number. z Area below z x Projected values less than x Actual values less than x 0..90 0 0 0.6.95 0 0.5.0 9 9 0.84.05 5 5 0.98.0 8 7 54. mean = 4.8; median = ; mode = 9 To find the mean, add all the values in the list and divide by 5. To find the median, sort the values in ascending order and choose the third value, which is the middle number, in the sorted list. To find the mode, look for the value that appears the most times in the list. 55..5 The expected value is the weighted average of all the outcomes of the study. Expected value = (.0) + (.) + 4(.88) + 5(.56) + 6(.084) =.504.5 9

56. The mean is, and the standard deviation is about.. Step Find the mean. x = 5 + + 0 + 4 + 0 = 5 Step Find the difference between the mean and each data value, and square it. Data Value 5 0 4 0 x x Ê ˆ x x Á 9 4 4 4 Step Find the variance. Find the average of the last row of the table. σ = 9 + + 4 + 4 + 4 = 4.4 5 Step 4 Find the standard deviation. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance. σ = 4.4. The mean is, and the standard deviation is about.. 57. 0.69 58. Interquartile range: 5.5 Order the data from least to greatest. Find the minimum, maximum, median, and quartiles. Minimum = 7 Maximum = 8 Median = Lower Quartile = 9.5 Upper Quartile = 5 Interquartile range = 5 9.5 = 5.5 59. 9.49 60. 0.4 0

6. 9,680 Step Find the common ratio. r = + 8 6 = Step Find S 8 with a = 6, r =, and n = 8. Ê r n ˆ S n = a Sum formula r Á Ê S 8 = 6 ˆ (8 ) ( ) Substitute. Á Ê S 8 = 6 (6,56) ˆ Use the order of operations. Calculate exponents before ( ) Á adding or subtracting. Ê S 8 = 6 6,560 ˆ Á = 9,680 Simplify. The sum of the first 8 terms of the geometric sequence is 9,680. 6.,645 Step Find the common ratio. r = a = 5 a 5 = Step Write a rule, and evaluate for n = 7. a n = a r n General rule a 7 = 5( ) 7 Substitute 5 for a, 7 for n, and for r. a 7 =,645 The 7th term is,645. 6. It could be arithmetic with d = 6. 8 64 90 Difference 6 6 6 Ratio 9 6 9 45 It could be arithmetic with d = 6. 64. Yes; common difference 6; next terms are, 8, 44 For a sequence to be an arithmetic sequence, each number subtracted from the one before it should result in a common difference. This sequence is arithmetic. Each term differs from the previous one by 6.

65. 4 Find a specific term from a given sequence by using the equation a n = a + (n )d, where: a n = your result a = the initial term of the sequence n = the number in the sequence you want to calculate d = the common difference between the terms n is given in the problem, a is the first term in the sequence, and d is the difference between adjacent terms. 66. a n = 6.9n Examine the differences.. 0. 7. 4.4.5 8.6 First difference.9.9.9.9.9 The first differences are constant, so the sequence is linear. a n =..9(n ) The first term is., and each term is.9 less than the previous. Use (n ) to get. when n =. a n =..9n +.9 Distribute and simplify. a n = 6.9n 6 Ê 67. ( ) k ˆ Á k k = Find a rule for the kth term. Ê a k = ( ) k ˆ Á k Explicit formula Write the notation for the first 6 items. 6 Ê ( ) k ˆ Summation notation Á k k = 68. 9 Expand the series by replacing k. Then evaluate the sum. 7 ( ) k (8k k ) k = = ( ) ((8)() ) + ( ) 4 ((8)(4) 4 ) + ( ) 5 ((8)(5) 5 ) + ( ) 6 ((8)(6) 6 ) + ( ) 7 ((8)(7) 7 ) = 5 + 6 5 + 7 = 9

69. 7, 4, Step Find the common difference. a n = a + (n )d General rule = 0 + (5 )d Substitute for a n, 0 for a, and 5 for n. = d Solve for d. Step Find the missing terms using d = and a = 0. a = 0 + ( )( ) a = 0 + ( )( ) a = 7 a = 4 The missing terms are 7, 4, and. a 4 = 0 + (4 )( ) a 4 = 70., 4,, 76, 8 Make a table. Evaluate the sequence for n = through n = 5. n n 5 a n 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 76 5 5 5 8 7. The first 5 terms are, 4,, 76, and 8. Start with the initial side on the positive x-axis and rotate the terminal side 55 counterclockwise. 7. 9 and 8 Add 60 to find one coterminal angle. 45 + 60 = 9 Subtract 60 to another coterminal angle. 45 60 = 8 There are an infinite number of angles that are coterminal with 45. You can find them by adding or subtracting other integer multiples of 60.

7. 4 The reference angle is the acute angle created by the terminal side of θ and the x-axis. For example: When θ = 05, the reference angle measures 75. When θ = 05, the reference angle also measures 75. 4

74. sinθ = 5 5 ; csc θ = 5 ; cos θ = 7 5 5 ; sec θ = 5 7 ; tanθ = 7 ; cot θ = 7 Step Plot point P, and use it to sketch angle θ in standard position. Find r. r = ( ) + (8) = 7 Step Find sinθ, cos θ, and tanθ. sinθ = y r = 8 7 = 8 7 7 ; cos θ = x r = 7 Step Use reciprocals to find csc θ, sec θ, and cot θ. = 7 7 ; tanθ = y x = 8 csc θ = sinθ = 7 8 ; sec θ = cos θ = 7 ; cotθ = tanθ = 8 75. 6 Ê 7π 0 radians ˆÊ 80 ˆ Á Á π radians = 6 Multiply by Ê 80 ˆ Á π radians. 76. π Multiply 60 by π radians. 80 77. Ê The angle passes through the point Á cos θ = x cos 0 = ˆ, on the unit circle. 5

78. Step Find the measure of the reference angle. The angle is in Quadrant IV. The measure of the reference angle is 60. Step Find the sine of the reference angle. sin60 = Step Adjust the signs if needed. In quadrant IV, the sine is negative. sin00 = 6